Table Of ContentNATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and
technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific
communities. .
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and
Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer-Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York
G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
H Cell Biology Barcelona Budapest
I Global Environmental
Change
NATo-pea DATABASE
The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical
references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions
from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series.
Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication
Coordination Office is possible in two ways:
- via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN,
Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy.
- via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO DATABASE" with user-friendly retrieval software
in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies
Inc. 1989).
The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers
or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium.
Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences Vol. 80
The ASI Series Books Published as a Result of
Activities of the Special Programme on
ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the
activities of the NATO Special Programme on Advanced Educational Technology, running
from 1988 to 1993 under the auspices of the NATO Science Committee.
The books published so far as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are:
Vol. F67: Designing Hypermedia for Learning. Edited by D. H. Jonassen and H. Mandl. 1990.
Vol. F78: Integrating Advanced Technology into Technology Education. Edited by M. Hacker,
A. Gordon, and M. de Vries. 1991.
Vol. F80: Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Foreign Language Learning. The Bridge to Inter
national Communication. Edited by M. L. Swartz and M. Yazdani. 1992.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems for
Foreign Language Learning
The Bridge to International Communication
Edited by
Merryanna L. Swartz
Vitro Corporation
Advanced Technology
Building 4, Room 1417H
14000 Georgia Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20906-2972, USA
Masoud Yazdani
Department of Computer Science
University of Exeter
Prince of Wales Road
Exeter EX4 4PT, UK
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "The Bridge to
International Communication: Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Foreign Language
Learning", held in Washington, DC, September 19 - 21, 1990.
CR Subject Classification (1991): 1.2.7., K.3.1.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-77204-7 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-77202-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-77202-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Bridge to International Communication: Intelligent Tutoring Systems
for Second Language Learning (1990: Washington, D.C.) Intelligent tutoring systems for foreign language
learning: the bridge to international communication/edited by Merryanna L. Swartz, M. Yazdani. p. cm.
(NATO ASI series. Series F, Computer and systems sciences; vol. 80) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced
Study Institute on the Bridge to International Communication: Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Second Language
Learning, 19-21 September 1990, Washington, D.C. Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Language and languages-Computer-assisted instruction-Congresses. 2. Intelligent tutoring
systems-Congresses. I. Swartz, Merryanna L. II. Yazdani, Masoud, 1955- . III. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. IV. Title. V. Series. P53.28.N28 1990 418'.0285-dc20 91-39497.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights oftranslation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per
mitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and
permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under
the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
45/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper
Preface
Multilingual communication within the world community is important for economic,
political, and cultural interactions. In a global environment where other languages are
increasing in importance in addition to recognized intemational standards (i. e., English and
French), language learning is becoming more important for improved international
relations. At the same time, recent advances in instructional technology make the promise
of building intelligent tutoring systems in advanced technology laboratories to teach these
language skills a reality in the near future. These tutoring systems, therefore, may help us
foster improved methods for acquiring languages.
As active language learners and instructional technology researchers, we felt an
international meeting with similar individuals was needed to discuss how such advanced
tutoring systems are to be designed and implemented. We held such a meeting, the results
of which are presented in this volume. The purpose of this Advanced Workshop,
sponsored by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, was to bring together a
multidisciplinary group of researchers who were active in the development of intelligent
tutoring systems for foreign language learning. Participants came from computer science,
computational linguistics, psychology, and foreign language learning. Washington, D.C.
was selected for the Workshop site since it is Merryanna's home city, the capitol of the
United States, and an international, multilingual community in its own right. Masoud
agreed to the location (with a promise to be shown the White House!) and graciously
volunteered to coordinate activities from the European side.
The theme of our Workshop, "The Bridge to International Communication," served as
a focal point for our discussions and paper presentations. The metaphor of 'bridge' was
used in several ways at the Workshop. To begin with, as our society becomes increasingly
multilingual, languages will surely be useful for bridging communication between different
peoples in business, education, and cultural activities. The Workshop itself served to
bridge current research progress from efforts under way in 10 different countries. Finally,
from a technology viewpoint, the Workshop helped us to discuss the possibility of
bridging two artificial intelligence technologies into one hybrid instructional system for
language learning: intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and natural language processing
(NLP).
Of course, there still remains a substantial amount of work to be done before the
effective, efficient integration of ITS and NLP into one system can be accomplished.
Nevertheless, we began to lay the groundwork for such an enterprise at this meeting and
established a beginning for an international collaboration in order to accomplish the goal of
developing a working, intelligent tutoring system that supports foreign language acquisition
and that can be used in the language classroom.
Since our meeting, other researchers in this field have contacted us to see how they
could participate in this venture. There is active research in this field (that we know of) in
Japan and China, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, as well as other work in Europe, the
VI
U. S., and Canada not represented at this Workshop. We hope that the future growth in
this field will include the collaboration and sharing of research results that we established at
this meeting. Readers are encouraged to become part of the 'bridge' we started to build on
September 18-21, 1990 in Washington, D.C., U. S. A.
We dedicate this book to all those who love teaching and learning new languages and
cultures. For us, language is the 'bridge' to worldwide communication.
Merryanna L. Swartz, Workshop Director
Masoud Yazdani, Workshop Co-Director
Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
Merryanna L. Swartz
Section 1. Teaching Practice: Understanding Technology and
Language Learners
STORYBOARD and Communicative Language Learning: Results of
the DUsseldorf CALL Project ....................................................................... 9
Lienhard Legenhausen and Dieter Wolff
Learners' Intuitions, Misconceptions and Errors ................................................ 25
Franf;oise Demaiziere and Odile Blanvillain
Section 2. Computational and Theoretical Bases for ITS:
Grammars, Lexicons, Parsers, and Discourse Models
The Competition Model and Foreign Language Acquisition ................................... 39
Brian MacWhinney
Naive vs. Formal Grammars: A Case for Integration in the Design
of a Foreign Language Tutor. ...................................................................... 51
Danilo Fum, Bruno Pani, and Carlo Tasso
A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for French and its
Relevance to Language Teaching .................................................................. 65
Anne AbeilM
WordNet and the Organization of Lexical Memory ............................................. 89
George A. Miller and Christiane Fellbaum
Semantic Discourse Processing and Tutoring Systems for Second
Language Learning ................................................................................ 10 3
Carl H. Frederiksen, Janet Donin, Michel Decary, and Michael Hoover
VIII
Section 3. Modeling the Language Learner: Computational
Methods
Conceptual Modelling in Error Analysis in Computer-Assisted
Language Learning Systems ..................................................................... 125
Thierry Chanier, Michael Pengelly, Michael Twidale, and John Self
The Use of Explanation-Based Learning for Modeling Student
Behavior in Foreign Language Tutoring. ....................................................... 151
Carlo Tasso, Danilo Fwn, and Paolo Giangrandi
Nobile: Object-Based User Model Acquisition for Second
Language Learning ................................................................................ 171
Stefano A. Cerri, Elena Cheli, and Angus Mel ntyre
Language Technology and Language Instruction: Computational
Diagnosis of Word-level Errors ................................................................. 191
Gerard Kempen
Section 4. Tutoring Knowledge and Learner Control:
Knowledge Representation, Computational Strategies, and
Environments
A Foreign Language Tutoring and Learning Environment .................................... 201
Henry Hamburger and Raza Hashim
Issues for Tutoring Knowledge in Foreign Language Intelligent
Tutoring Systems .................................................................................. 219
Merryanna L. Swartz
SWIM or Sink: The Problem of Communicating Thought .................................. 235
Michael Zock
Invoking and Exploring HELP in a Decoupled Task-Discussion
Level Environment for Second Language Learning. .......................................... 249
Roland Sussex
Section 5. Computer Systems and Environments for Foreign
Language Learning
Building an Intelligent Second Language Tutoring System from Whatever Bits
You Happen to Have Lying Around. ........................................................... 263
Yorick Wilks and David Farwell
Drill and Practice for Turkish Grammar. ....................................................... 275
H. Altay Guvenir
IX
WIZDOM: A Multiple-Purpose Language Tutoring System Based on AI
Techniques ......................................................................................... 293
JiJrgenHandke
Intelligent Automated Strategies of Teaching Foreign Language in Context. .............. 307
Eleanor Criswell, Heidi Byrnes, and Guenter Pfister
The Technological Promise of Second Language Intelligent
Tutoring Systems in the 21st Century. ......................................................... 321
Joseph Psotka, Melissa Holland, and Stephen Kerst
Subject Index ................................................................................... 336
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank several individuals who contributed to the success of this
Workshop and the book. They are: Luis V. da Cunha, NATO Scientific Affairs Division,
for his support and guidance; Stefano Cerri and Joseph Psotka as members of our
organizing committee; and especially Henry Hamburger, as a member of the organizing
committee and for his helpful comments and reviews of some of the papers in this book.
Thanks are also given to Scott B1anksteen for his help with checking the manuscripts.
Workshop Participants
Anne Abeille, Paris, France Merryanna L. Swartz, Washington, DC, USA
Odile B1anvillain, Paris, France Carlo Tasso, Udine, Italy
Charles Button, Glasgow, Scotland Yorick Wilks, LaPlata, NM, USA
Stefano A. Cerri, Milan, Italy Dieter Wolff, Wuppertal, Germany
Thierry Chanier, Paris, France Masoud Yazdani, Exeter, UK
Eleanor Criswell, McLean, VA, USA Michael Zock, Paris, France
Franc;:oise Demaiziere, Paris, France
Carl Frederiksen, Montreal, Canada
Danilo Fum, Trieste, Italy
Alec Gogos, Thessaloniki, Greece
H. Altay Giivenir, Ankara, Turkey
Henry Hamburger, Fairfax, VA, USA
Jiirgen Handke, Wuppertal, Germany
Gerard Kempen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Robert Lawler, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Brian MacWhinney, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
George Miller, Princeton, NJ, USA
Joseph Psotka, Alexandria, VA, USA
Daniel Russell, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Roland Sussex, Queensland, Australia
