Industrial instrumentation -SK SINGH

619 Pages·2012·19.33 MB·English

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Industrial
Instrumentation
and Control

S K SINGH

aN r

THIRD EDITI
Industrial Instrumentation
and Control

Third Edition

SK SINGH
Head
Maintenance Service Group
(Electrical and Telecommunications)
Tata Steel Limited
Jamshedpur

I)

Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
NEW DELHI

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panies
Contents

Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xii

PART I

EASU

EMENT CONCEPTS

1, Basic Concepts and Qualities of Measurement 1
11 Introduction 7
12 Measurement and its Aim 1
13 The Functional Elements of an Instrument 2
14 Performance Characteristics 4
15 Statistical Analysis 10
Selfecheck Quiz I
Review Questions 12

PART,
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREM

2. Units and Standards of Measurements, 13
24 Introduction 13
22 Units of Measurement 13
23 Standards of Measurement 18
24 Time Standards and Automatic Frequency 21
Self-check Quiz 21
Review Questions 23

1 Measuring Instruments 4
Introduction 24
Classification 24
Essentials of Instruments 2
Types of Electrical Instruments 28
Moving-Iron Instruments 28
Moving-Coil Instruments 33
xvi Content

37 Hot-Wire Instruments 41
38 Induction Instruments 43
39 Electrostatic Instruments 47
3.10 Insulation Testing Megger 51
3.11 Instrument Transformer 52
3.12 Potentiometer 56

Worked Examples 68

Self-check Quiz 70

Review Questions. 72

4. Power and Energy Measurements "4
41 Introduction 74
42 Power Measurement 74
43 Energy Measurement 90
Selfecheck Quiz 97
Rewiew Questions 99

5. Magnetic Measurements 100
51 Introduction 100
52 Ballistic Galvanometer 107
53. Flux Meter 102
54 Determination of B-H Curve 104
55 Determination of Hysteresis Loop 1/0
Worked Examples 113
Self-check Quiz 118
Review Questions 119

PART,

PROCESS PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS

6. Electronic Measurements 121
61 Introduction /2/

62 Analog Electronic Voltmeter 122
63 Digital Electronic Voltmeter (DVM) 135
64 — Digital Multimeter (DMM) 14/
65 Virtual Multimeter (VMM) 142
66 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 144
67 Frequency Measurement 158
68 Phase Angle Measurement 170
69 Signal Generator 174
610 Funetion Generator 179
611 Wave Analyzer 181
612 Distortion Measurement 184
613 Q-Factor Measurement 188
Worked Examples 191
Self-check Quiz 196
Review Questions 198
Content

7. Displacement Force, Torque and Speed Measurement 201

cal

10.20

Introduction 20/

72 Measurement of Displacement 20/
73 Measurement of Force 208
74 — Measurement of Torque 2/4
75 Measurement of Speed 2/8
Self-check Quiz 223
Review Questions 224
8, Dimension Measurement 28
81 Introduction 22.
82 Thickness Measurement
83 _Laser-based Length Me: 236
84 Camera-based Width Measurement 238
85 Laser Diameter Gauge 239
Self-check Quiz 240
Review Questions 242
9. Density, Viscosity and pH Measurements 243
9.1 ‘Introduction 243
92 Density Measurement 243
93 Viscosity Measurement 271
94 pH Measurement 279
Self-check Quiz 287
Review Questions 289
10, Level Measurement 338
101 Introduction 290
102 Methods of Liquid Level Measurement 290
103 Direct Methods 290
104 Hook-Type Level Indicator 290
105 Sight Glass. 29/
106 Float-Type Level Indicator 293
107 Displacer Level Detectors 295
108 Indirect Methods 297
109 Hydrostatic Pressure Type 297
10.10 Pressure Gauge Method 297
10.11 AirBellows 298
10.12 Air Purge System 299
10.13 Liquid Purge System 300
10.14 Electrical Methods 307
10.15 Capacitance Level Indicator 30/
10.16 Radiation Level Detector 302
10.17 Laser Level Sensors 303
10.18 Microwave Level Switches 306
10.19 Optical Level Detectors 309

Ultrasonic Level Detectors 3/0
Content

1021 Eddy Current Level Measurement Sensors 3/1
1022 Servicing of Level Measuring Instruments 3/3
1023 Selection of Level Sensors 3/4
Self-check Quiz 314
Review Questions 319
11. Flow Measurement 321
ILL Introduction 32
112. Methods of Flow Measurement 32/
113 Inferential Flow Measurements 322
114 Quantity Flowmeters 347
115 Mass Flowmeters 354
116 Calibration of Flowmeters 355
117 Selection of Flowmeters 359
Self-check Quiz 363
Review Questions 365
12. Pressure Measurement 366
121 Introduction 366
122 Pressure 366
123. Methods of Pressure Measurement 368
124 Manometers 368
125 Elastic Pressure Transducers 372
126 Measurement of Vacuum 377
127. Force-balance Pressure Gauges 382
128 Electrical Pressure Transducers 385
129 Pressure Switches 393
12.10 Calibration of Pressure Measuring Instruments 394
12.11 Maintenance and Repair of Pressure Measuring Instruments 395
12.12 Troubleshooting 396
Self-check Quiz 400
Review Questions 402
13. Temperature Measurement 404
131 Introduction 404
132 Temperature 404
133. Temperature Scales 405
134 Methods of Temperature Measurement 408
135 Expansion Thermometers 408
136 Filled-system Thermometers 4/3
137 Electrical Temperature Instruments 420
138 Pyrometers 432
139 Fiber-optic Temperature Measurement Systems 436
13.10, Ultrasonic Thermometers 438
13.11 Calibration of Thermometers 440
13.12 Temperature Measurement Consideration 44/

Self-check Quis 448
Review Questions 450