Impact of Vertical Ground Motion on Seismic Response of Steel Frame Structures by Hongyang Wu

376 Pages·2016·8.44 MB·English

by  Hongyang Wu

Impact of Vertical Ground Motion on Seismic Response of Steel Frame Structures

by

Hongyang Wu

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
Auburn University
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science

Auburn, Alabama
May 7, 2016

Keywords: vertical ground motion, reduced beam section (RBS), buckling-restrained brace
(BRB), ductility of steel structures,
nonlinear analysis, earthquake engineering

Copyright 2015 by Hongyang Wu

Approved by

Justin D. Marshall, Chair, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Mary L. Hughes, Lecturer of Civil Engineering
James S. Davidson, Professor of Civil Engineering
Abstract

It is a well-known fact that all earthquakes have three orthogonal components of acceleration
including two horizontal and one vertical acceleration. Current design practice for design of
structures in United States only focuses on the impact of the horizontal component of
earthquakes. However, according to previous research, vertical peak ground acceleration (PGA)
can be higher than the horizontal peak acceleration in the same earthquake, which may
contribute to structural collapse. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of vertical
ground motion on seismic response of structures. In this paper, four three-story and four six-story
steel frame structures are chosen to investigate and represent this problem. For each structure
height a special moment frame with reduced beam section (RBS) connections and buckling-
restrained brace (BRB) frames are designed by the equivalent lateral force (ELF) method based
on ASCE 7-10 and analyzed by using nonlinear dynamic analysis. A suite of 40 strong ground
motion records are selected including horizontal and vertical ground motions in this study. The
range of the ratio of vertical to horizontal acceleration in this study is from 0.5 to 1.2. All the
structural models are analyzed under two different loading cases: 1) Horizontal Only and 2)
Horizontal plus Vertical. There is a significant impact of vertical ground motion on the column
axial force, vertical acceleration and beam midspan vertical deflection. The demand on rotation
of reduced beam sections in upper stories also experience a significant influence from the
vertical ground motions.
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Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Marshall for his help in my courses and research
throughout my two years at Auburn University. I really appreciate his vast knowledge, guidance
and assistance in writing this thesis. I really would like to thank him for giving me a chance to do
my further study at Auburn University. His patience and passion has encouraged me greatly.
Also, I would like to thank the rest of my committee, Dr. Davidson and Dr. Hughes for all the
help they have provided.
I also would like to thank my parents for their support and understanding in my entire
life. I also appreciate my friends for their friendship and help, especially Todd Deason who
helped me check the grammar errors in this paper, encouraged me to communicate with Dr.
Marshall and made me enjoy life at Auburn.
I would also thank my officemates and all the other fellow graduate students and faculty
members. They have offered me a great experience at Auburn University, which I will never
forget.

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Table of Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. xi
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation for the Research ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Scope of work ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Organization of thesis ......................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction of vertical ground motion ............................................................................................... 4
2.2 Near fault influence of vertical ground motion ................................................................................... 6
2.3 Frequency and period influence of vertical ground motion .............................................................. 12
2.4 Field evidence of the damage effect of vertical ground motion ........................................................ 16
2.5 Analytical research on the damage effect of vertical motion based on cantilever model ................. 20
2.6 Analytical research on the damage effect of vertical motion based on frame model ....................... 22
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2.7 Research on modeling mass .............................................................................................................. 31
2.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 3 Modeling of Special Moment Frame (SMF) and BRB Frames.................................................. 34
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2 Basic information about the building ................................................................................................ 35
3.2.1 Three-story Moment Frame Structure........................................................................................ 35
3.2.2 Six-story Moment Frame ........................................................................................................... 36
3.2.3 Three-story BRB Brace Frame .................................................................................................. 37
3.2.4 Six-story BRB Brace Frame ...................................................................................................... 37
3.3 Basic Seismic Design ........................................................................................................................ 38
3.3.1 Basic Seismic Information ......................................................................................................... 38
3.3.2 Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure for Structure Design .............................................. 38
3.4 Modeling Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 46
3.4.1 Basic Modeling Conception ....................................................................................................... 46
3.4.2 Modeling procedure in Perform 3D ........................................................................................... 48
3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 77
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................... 78
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 78
4.2 Modal Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 78
4.2 Story Drift and Story Residual Drift ................................................................................................. 80
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4.3 Column Axial Force ........................................................................................................................ 100
4.4 Acceleration .................................................................................................................................... 108
4.4.1 Roof Horizontal Acceleration .................................................................................................. 108
4.4.2 Vertical Acceleration ............................................................................................................... 118
4.5 Vertical Deflection in the Beam ...................................................................................................... 124
4.6 Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Rotation and BRB Deformation .................................................... 133
4.7 Energy ............................................................................................................................................. 158
4.8 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 162
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................ 163
5.1 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 163
5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 164
5.3 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 166
References ................................................................................................................................................. 168
Appendix A ............................................................................................................................................... 177
Appendix B ............................................................................................................................................... 280

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List of Tables

Table 2-1: Basic Ground Motion Information (Collier & Elnashai, 2001) ............................................ 5
Table 2-2: The Properties of Three Different Cantilever Models (IYENGAR & SHINOZUKA,
1972) ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 2-3: Relationship between First Mode Horizontal and Vertical Periods for RC Buildings.
(Papadopoulou, 1989) ....................................................................................................................... 25
Table 2-4: Relationship between First mode Horizontal and Vertical Periods for Steel Buildings.
(Papaleontiou & Roesset, 1993) ....................................................................................................... 26
Table 2-5: Effect of Vertical Motion on Axial Force Response of Steel Frames. (Papaleontiou &
Roesset, 1993) .................................................................................................................................... 28
Table 2-6: Effect of Vertical Motion on Tensile Column Forces and Displacements for a RC Frame.
No Tension occurs under only Horizontal Loading. (Koukleri, 1992) ........................................ 29
Table 2-7: Effect of Vertical Motion on Compressive Column Forces for a RC Frame. (Koukleri,
1992) ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 3-1: Basic Information for Seismic Design (Sabelli, 2001) .......................................................... 39
Table 3-2: Sizes of Beam and Column for Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model .................. 40
Table 3-3: Sizes of Beam and Column for Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model ................ 41
Table 3-4: Sizes of Beam and Column for Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model ....................... 42
Table 3-5: Sizes of Beam and Column for Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model ..................... 43
Table 3-6: Column and Beam Sections of Three-Story Braced Frame (Xie, 2015) ............................ 44
Table 3-7: Column and Beam Sections of Six-Story Braced Frame (Xie, 2015) ................................. 44
Table 3-8: BRB Properties of Three-Story Braced Frame (Xie, 2015) ................................................ 44
Table 3-9: BRB Properties of Six-Story Braced Frame (Xie, 2015) ..................................................... 45
Table 3-10: Drift Check Table for Three-Story Moment Frame.......................................................... 45
Table 3-11: Drift check table for six-story moment frame .................................................................... 45
Table 3-12: Summary of the Models' Periods ........................................................................................ 46
Table 3-13: Percentage of Averaged Error by Using Different Kinds of Models (Ju, Liu, & Wu,
2000) ................................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 3-14: Geometrical Characteristics of Reduced Beam Section .................................................... 54
Table 3-15: Strength Properties of Reduced Beam Section .................................................................. 54
Table 3-16: Force-Displacement Capacity Boundary Control Points for Single-Spring System
(ATC, 2009a) ...................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 3-17: Force-Displacement Capacity Boundary Control Points for the Model ......................... 58
Table 3-18: Beam Plastic Hinge Location for Three-Story MF as Beam Model ................................. 59
Table 3-19: Beam Plastic Hinge Location for Three-Story MF as Girder Model ............................... 59
Table 3-20: Beam Plastic Hinge Location for Six-Story MF as Beam Model ..................................... 60
Table 3-21: Beam Plastic Hinge Location for Six-Story MF as Girder Model ................................... 60
Table 3-22: Column Plastic Hinge Location for Three-Story MF as Beam Model ............................. 64
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Table 3-23: Column Plastic Hinge Location for Three-Story MF as Girder Model ........................... 64
Table 3-24: Column Plastic Hinge Location for Six-Story MF as Beam Model ................................. 65
Table 3-25: : Column Plastic Hinge Location for Six-Story MF as Girder Model ............................. 65
Table 3-26: “Strong-Column Weak-Beam” Ratio at each Joint .......................................................... 67
Table 3-27: Thickness of Doubler Plates for Panel Zone at each Joint ................................................ 68
Table 3-28: The Dimensions of W-Shape Composite Beam .................................................................. 71
Table 3-29: Basic Information and Scale Factors of the Selected Earthquake Records .................... 74
Table 4-1: Summary of Story Drift for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model ................ 81
Table 4-2: Summary of Story Drift for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model .............. 81
Table 4-3: Summary of Story Drift for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron Configuration
............................................................................................................................................................. 81
Table 4-4: Summary of Story Drift for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single Diagonal
Configuration .................................................................................................................................... 82
Table 4-5: Summary of Story Drift for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model ..................... 84
Table 4-6: Summary of Story Drift for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model ................... 85
Table 4-7: Summary of Story Drift for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Chevron Configuration . 85
Table 4-8: Summary of Story Drift for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Single Diagonal
Configuration .................................................................................................................................... 85
Table 4-9: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Moment Frame as
Beam Model ....................................................................................................................................... 91
Table 4-10: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Moment Frame as
Girder Model ..................................................................................................................................... 92
Table 4-11: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Braced Frame with
Chevron Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 92
Table 4-12: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Braced Frame with
Single Diagonal Configuration ......................................................................................................... 93
Table 4-13: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Moment Frame as
Beam Model ....................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 4-14: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Moment Frame as
Girder Model ..................................................................................................................................... 96
Table 4-15: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Braced Frame with
Chevron Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 96
Table 4-16: Summary of Story Drift by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Braced Frame with
Single Diagonal Configuration ......................................................................................................... 97
Table 4-17: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 101
Table 4-18: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 101
Table 4-19: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 101
Table 4-20: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single
Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................................................. 102
Table 4-21: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model . 104
Table 4-22: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model 105
Table 4-23: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 105
Table 4-24: Summary of Column Axial Force for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single
Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................................................. 105
Table 4-25: Summary of Roof Horizontal Acceleration for the Three-Story Models ..................... 109
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Table 4-26: Summary of Roof Horizontal Acceleration for the Six-Story Models ........................... 109
Table 4-27: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 119
Table 4-28: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder
Model ................................................................................................................................................ 119
Table 4-29: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 119
Table 4-30: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single
Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................................................. 119
Table 4-31: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model 120
Table 4-32: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 120
Table 4-33: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 121
Table 4-34: Summary of Vertical Acceleration for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Single
Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................................................. 121
Table 4-35: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model124
Table 4-36: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 124
Table 4-37: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 125
Table 4-38: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single
Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................................................. 125
Table 4-39: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model .... 127
Table 4-40: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model .. 128
Table 4-41: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 128
Table 4-42: Summary of Vertical Deflection for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Single Diagonal
Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 128
Table 4-43: Yield Deformation of Brace in the Three-Story Braced Frame ..................................... 135
Table 4-44: Yield Deformation of Brace in the Six-Story Braced Frame .......................................... 135
Table 4-45: Summary of RBS Deformation for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model 136
Table 4-46: Summary of RBS Deformation for the Three-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model
........................................................................................................................................................... 136
Table 4-47: Summary of BRB Deformation for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration Model ....................................................................................................................... 136
Table 4-48: Summary of BRB Deformation for the Three-Story Braced Frame with Single Diagonal
Configuration Model ....................................................................................................................... 137
Table 4-49: Summary of RBS Deformation for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam Model ..... 139
Table 4-50: Summary of RBS Deformation for the Six-Story Moment Frame as Girder Model ... 140
Table 4-51: Summary of BRB Deformation for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration Model ....................................................................................................................... 140
Table 4-52: Summary of BRB Deformation for the Six-Story Braced Frame with Single Diagonal
Configuration Model ....................................................................................................................... 140
Table 4-53: Summary of RBS Rotation by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Moment Frame
as Beam Model ................................................................................................................................ 148
Table 4-54: Summary of RBS Rotation by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Moment Frame
as Girder Model .............................................................................................................................. 149
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Table 4-55: Summary of BRB Deformation by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Braced
Frame with Chevron Configuration .............................................................................................. 149
Table 4-56: Summary of BRB Deformation by Earthquake Group for the Three-Story Braced
Frame with Single Diagonal Configuration .................................................................................. 150
Table 4-57: Summary of RBS Rotation by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Moment Frame as
Beam Model ..................................................................................................................................... 153
Table 4-58: Summary of RBS Rotation by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Moment Frame as
Girder Model ................................................................................................................................... 154
Table 4-59: Summary of BRB Deformation by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Braced Frame
with Chevron Configuration .......................................................................................................... 154
Table 4-60: Summary of BRB Deformation by Earthquake Group for the Six-Story Braced Frame
with Single Diagonal Configuration .............................................................................................. 155
Table 4-61: Energy Dissipation for Each Earthquake in the Six-Story Moment Frame as Beam
Model ................................................................................................................................................ 160
Table 4-62: Energy Dissipation for Each Earthquake in the Six-Story Braced Frame with Chevron
Configuration Model ....................................................................................................................... 161
Table B-1: Collected Result for 3 story MF as Beam--Horizontal Only ............................................ 281
Table B-2: Collected Result for 3 story MF as beam--Horizontal+ Vertical ..................................... 284
Table B-3: Collected Result for 3 story MF as Girder--Horizontal Only .......................................... 287
Table B-4: Collected Result for 3 story MF as Girder--Horizontal+ Vertical .................................. 290
Table B-5: Collected Result for 3 Story Braced Frame-- Chevron--Horizontal Only ...................... 293
Table B-6: Collected Result for 3 Story Braced Frame-- Chevron --Horizontal+ Vertical ............. 296
Table B-7: Collected Result for 3 Story Braced Frame-- Single Diagonal--Horizontal Only .......... 299
Table B-8: Collected Result for 3 Story Braced Frame-- Single Diagonal --Horizontal+ Vertical . 302
Table B-9: Collected Result for 6 story MF as Beam for Each Earthquake--Horizontal Only ....... 305
Table B-10: Collected Result for 6 story MF as Beam for Each Earthquake--Horizontal + Vertical
........................................................................................................................................................... 311
Table B-11: Collected Result for 6 story MF as Girder for Each Earthquake--Horizontal Only ... 317
Table B-12: Collected Result for 6 story MF as Girder for Each Earthquake--Horizontal + Vertical
........................................................................................................................................................... 323
Table B-13: Collected Result for 6 story Braced Frame for Each Earthquake-- Chevron --
Horizontal Only ............................................................................................................................... 329
Table B-14: Collected Result for 6 story Braced Frame for Each Earthquake-- Chevron --
Horizontal + Vertical ...................................................................................................................... 335
Table B-15: Collected Result for 6 story Braced Frame for Each Earthquake-- Single Diagonal --
Horizontal Only ............................................................................................................................... 341
Table B-16: Collected Result for 6 story Braced Frame for Each Earthquake-- Single Diagonal --
Horizontal + Vertical ...................................................................................................................... 347
Table B-17: Energy Dissipation – Three-Story MF as Beam -- .......................................................... 353
Table B-18: Energy Dissipation-- Three-Story MF as Girder -- ........................................................ 354
Table B-19: Energy Dissipation -- Three-Story Chevron -- ................................................................ 355
Table B-20: Energy Dissipation -- Three-Story Single Diagonal – ..................................................... 356
Table B-21: Energy Dissipation – Six-Story MF as Beam – ................................................................ 357
Table B-22: Energy Dissipation-- Six-Story MF as Girder -- ............................................................. 358
Table B-23: Energy Dissipation -- Six-Story Chevron –...................................................................... 359
Table B-24: Energy Dissipation -- Six-Story Single Diagonal – .......................................................... 360

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