Heinemann Chemistry 1

634 Pages·2016·40.64 MB·english

by  Chris Commons

Heinemann
CHEMISTRY
5TH EDITION
VCE Units 1 & 2
Written for the VCE Chemistry
Study Design 2016 –2021
Chris Commons Warrick Clarke Louise Lennard Patrick Sanders Vicky Ellis
Penny Commons Lanna Derry Pat O’Shea Robert Sanders Elizabeth Freer
Bob Hogendoorn Maria Porter Drew Chan Simon Gooding
Elissa Huddart Bob Ross Erin Bruns

Heinemann
CHEMISTRY
5TH EDITION
VCE Units 1 & 2
COORDINATING AUTHORS
Chris Commons
Penny Commons
AUTHORS
Warrick Clarke
Lanna Derry
Bob Hogendoorn
Elissa Huddart
Louise Lennard
Pat O’Shea
Maria Porter
Bob Ross
Patrick Sanders
Robert Sanders
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Drew Chan
Erin Bruns
Vicky Ellis
Elizabeth Freer
Simon Gooding
Pearson Australia
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
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PO Box 23360, Melbourne, Victoria 8012
www.pearson.com.au
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2016
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
First published 2016 by Pearson Australia
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Heinemann Chemistry 1 5e Chemistry 11 Lightbook
Series Consultant: Malcolm Parsons Project lead: Misal Belvedere
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Heinemann Chemistry 1: VCE units 1 & 2 / Chris Commons [and fifteen others].
Edition: 5th edition.
ISBN 9781488611247 (paperback)
Includes index.
Target Audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: Chemistry--Textbooks. Victorian Certificate of Education.
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Heinemann
CHEMISTRY
5TH EDITION
Writing and Development Team
We are grateful to the following people for their time and expertise in contributing to the
Heinemann Chemistry 1 project.
Malcolm Parsons Elizabeth Freer Bob Ross
Publishing Consultant Teacher Teacher
Series Consultant Contributing Author Author
Chris Commons John Gilson Patrick Sanders
Teacher Educator Teacher
Coordinating Author Reviewer Author
Penny Commons Simon Gooding Robert Sanders
Lecturer Teacher Education Consultant
Coordinating Author Contributing Author Author
Drew Chan Bob Hogendoorn
Teacher Senior Consultant
Subject Lead (Print) Author The Chemistry Education
Contributing Author Association was formed
Elissa Huddart in 1977 by a group of
Erin Bruns Teacher chemistry teachers from
Teacher Author secondary and tertiary institutions.
It aims to promote the teaching of
Associate Subject Lead (Print)
Contributing Author Louise Lennard chemistry, particularly in secondary
Teacher schools. The CEA has established a
tradition of providing up-to-date
Donna Chapman Author
text and electronic material and
Laboratory Technician
Contributor Nicole Lukins support resources for both students
and teachers and professional
Education Consultant
development opportunities for
Warrick Clarke Contributor
teachers.
Science Communicator
Author Pat O’Shea CEA offers scholarships and
Teacher bursaries to students and
Lanna Derry Author teachers to further their interest
Teacher in chemistry. CEA supports STAV
Author Maria Porter with sponsorship for the Chemistry
Teacher Conference, Science Drama Awards
Vicky Ellis Author and The Science Talent Search.
Teacher
Contributing Author
Unit 1: How can the diversity of materials be explained?
AREA OF STUDY 1 AREA OF STUDY 2
How can knowledge of elements How can the versatility of
explain the properties of matter? non-metals be explained?
Chapter 1 The atomic nature of matter 1 Chapter 6 Materials made of molecules 141
1.1 Nanomaterials and nanoparticles 2 6.1 Properties of non-metallic substances 142
1.2 The atomic world 8 6.2 Covalent bonding 146
1.3 Inside atoms 12 Chapter 6 review 154
1.4 Classifying atoms 15
Chapter 7 Intermolecular forces 155
1.5 Electronic structure of atoms 18
7.1 Shapes of molecules 156
1.6 Electronic configuration and the
7.2 Properties of covalent molecular
shell model 22
substances 161
1.7 The Schrödinger model of the atom 27
7.3 Types of intermolecular forces 167
Chapter 1 review 33
Chapter 7 review 175
Chapter 2 Electron arrangements and
Chapter 8 Carbon lattices and carbon
the periodic table 35
nanomaterials 177
2.1 The periodic table 36
8.1 Carbon lattices 178
2.2 Trends in the periodic table—Part 1 42
8.2 Carbon nanomaterials 184
2.3 Trends in the periodic table—Part 2 47
Chapter 8 review 189
Chapter 2 review 51
Chapter 9 Organic compounds 191
Chapter 3 Metals 53
9.1 Crude oil as a source of raw materials 192
3.1 Properties of metals 54
9.2 Unsaturated hydrocarbons 201
3.2 Metallic bonding 60
9.3 Alcohols 209
3.3 Reactivity of metals 63
9.4 Carboxylic acids 215
3.4 Extraction of iron from its ore 66
9.5 Esters 220
3.5 Modifying metals 71
9.6 Determining formulas of organic
3.6 Metallic nanomaterials 77
compounds 225
Chapter 3 review 80
Chapter 9 review 230
Chapter 4 Ionic bonding 83
Chapter 10 Polymers 233
4.1 Properties and structures of
10.1 Types of polymers 234
ionic compounds 84
10.2 Designing polymers for a purpose 243
4.2 Using the ionic bonding model to
Chapter 10 review 255
explain properties 88
4.3 Formation of ionic compounds 94 Area of Study 2—Review 257
4.4 Chemical formulas of simple ionic
compounds 99
AREA OF STUDY 3
4.5 Writing formulas of more complex
ionic compounds 102 Research investigation
Chapter 4 review 105 Chapter 11 Research investigation 261
11.1 Planning a research investigation 263
Chapter 5 Quantifying atoms and molecules 107
11.2 Communicating scientifc ideas 273
5.1 Masses of particles 108
11.3 Writing a scientific report 280
5.2 Introducing the mole 118
Chapter 11 review 284
5.3 Molar mass 124
5.4 Percentage composition and
empirical formulas 129
Chapter 5 review 134
Area of Study 1—Review 137
Unit 2: What makes water such a unique chemical?
AREA OF STUDY 1 AREA OF STUDY 2
How do substances interact How are substances in water
with water? measured and analysed?
Chapter 12 Properties of water 291 Chapter 17 Water sample analysis 429
12.1 Essential water 292 17.1 The availability of drinking water 430
12.2 Heat capacity 297 17.2 Water quality 435
12.3 Latent heat 301 Chapter 17 review 441
Chapter 12 review 305
Chapter 18 Analysis for salts in water 443
Chapter 13 Water, the universal solvent 307 18.1 The source of salts in water 444
13.1 Water as a solvent 308 18.2 Gravimetric analysis 453
13.2 Water as a solvent of molecular 18.3 Calculations involving excess reactants 461
substances 315 18.4 Determining salt concentration by
13.3 Water as a solvent of ionic compounds 321 colorimetry and UV–visible spectroscopy 465
13.4 Precipitation reactions 326 18.5 Determining concentration by atomic
Chapter 13 review 332 absorption spectroscopy 475
Chapter 18 review 484
Chapter 14 Aqueous Solutions
(This chapter supports Area of Study 2) 335 Chapter 19 Analysis for organic compounds
14.1 Solubility 336 in water 489
14.2 Crystallisation 343 19.1 Organic contaminants in water 490
14.3 Concentration of solutions 348 19.2 Principles of chromatography 497
14.4 Molar concentration 352 19.3 High-performance liquid chromatography 502
14.5 Dilution 356 Chapter 19 review 511
Chapter 14 review 359
Chapter 20 Volumetric analysis 515
Chapter 15 Acid–base reactions in water 361 20.1 Sources of acids and bases in water 516
15.1 Introducing acids and bases 362 20.2 Standard solutions 522
15.2 Strength of acids and bases 369 20.3 Calculations involving acids and bases 525
15.3 Acidity of solutions 373 20.4 Volumetric analysis 529
15.4 Dilution of acids and bases 381 20.5 Calculations in volumetric analysis 534
15.5 Reactions of acids and bases 387 Chapter 20 review 541
15.6 Ocean acidity 395
Area of Study 2—Review 543
Chapter 15 review 400
Chapter 16 Redox reactions in water 403
16.1 Introducing redox reactions 404 AREA OF STUDY 3
16.2 The reactivity series of metals 414 Practical investigation
16.3 Corrosion 419
Chapter 21 Practical investigation 551
Chapter 16 review 423
21.1 Designing and planning investigations 553
Area of Study 1—Review 425 21.2 Conducting investigations and
recording and presenting data 560
21.3 Discussing investigations and
drawing evidence-based conclusions 568
Chapter 21 review 573
APPENDIX 575
GLOSSARY 603
INDEX 611
How to use this book
Heinemann Chemistry 1
5th edition
Heinemann Chemistry 1 5th Edition has
been written to the new VCE Chemistry CHAPTER Ionic bonding Chapter opener
Study Design 2016–2021. The book covers Chapter opening
Units 1 and 2 in an easy-to-use resource. Rocks, plates, molten lava and electrical insulators belong to a group of substances pages link the
called ionic compounds. At the end of this chapter, you will be able to explain the
Explore how to use this book below. sIotrnuicc tcuorme apnodu npdros paerret imesa odfe t hbeys teh ec ocmhepmouicnadl sc.ombination of metallic and non- Study Design to the
metallic elements. You will see that the properties of ionic compounds are a direct
result of the bonding between the particles within these compounds. chapter content. Key
The writing of chemical formulas and naming ionic compounds are other
important skills that you will learn in this chapter.
Key knowledge knowledge addressed
Extension • Cpreoofiemnrtem, ndocinffe etprore onthpceeeir rti nifeo ser lmoefca titoriioncnaic,l nccooamntudprueoc uotifnv idiotsyn (iicnb rbsitootllneiddn ieansngsd ,a hlniaqdru dcidnry esssttsaa,tl ehssitg)r uhwc mittuherlet,ing in the chapter is
including limitations of representations. Experimental determination of the
Extension material goes beyond the • fTahceto urss easff oefc itoinngic c cryosmtapl ofournmdsation of ionic compounds clearly listed.
core content of the Study Design. It VCE Chemistry Study Design extracts © VCAA (2015); reproduced by permission.
is intended for students who wish to
expand their depth of understanding.
Highlight
Focus on important information
such as key definitions, formulas Chemistry in
and summary points. Action
Chemistry in Action
place chemistry in an
applied situation or
ATOMIC RADIUS relevant context.
Atomic radius is a measurement used for the size of atoms. It is the distance CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
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together. Figure 2.2.6 depicts the atomic radii of many of the main group elements.
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CHAPTER 2 | ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AREA OF STUDY 1 | HOW CAN KNOWLEDGE OF ELEMENTS EXPLAIN THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER?
Worked examples
Worked examples are set out in steps that show thinking and working. This enhances student understanding
by linking underlying logic to the relevant calculations.
Each Worked example is followed by a Try Yourself: Worked example. This mirror problem allows students to
immediately test their understanding.
Fully worked solutions to all Try Yourself: Worked examples are available on Heinemann Chemistry 5th Edition
ProductLink.
vi
Chapter review
Each chapter finishes with a set
of higher order questions to test
students’ ability to apply the
knowledge gained from the chapter.
Section summary
Each section includes a
summary to assist students
consolidate key points and 1.7 Review Chapter review
SUMMARY KEY TERMS
concepts. • The shell model of the atom was unable to fully • Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons adsorption element nanomaterial
explain the properties of atoms and a new model (Table 1.7.3). alpha particle emission spectrum nanoparticle
was needed to describe the electron behaviour in atom energy level nanoscale proton
atoms. TABLE 1.7.3 atomic number excited state nanoscience quantised
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3d-subshell, so the fourth shell accepts two electrons a 5 cm and not their mass number.
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nanoparticles makes them more suitable than zinc 14 Determine which shell the 30th electron of an atom
oxide powder for use in sunscreen. would go into according to the rules for determining
KEY QUESTIONS The atomic world
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questions to test students’ CSohdloiurimne ((1117)) 67 Hano wat oarme ?protons, neutrons and electrons arranged in cde FAAlrluugomorniinn (ei1u 8(m9)) (13)
Neon (10) 8 Compare the mass and charge of protons, neutrons f Nickel (28)
understanding and ability PScoatansdsiiuumm ((2119)) C9 lasaAsnnidf ay etiolnemgct aoroft nocshm. rosmium can be represented by the 17 g Bromine (35)
to recall the key concepts IBroronm (2in6e) (35) saby mDDbeettoeel rr mm5242 Ciinnree . itthse a ntoummibc enru omf ebleerc tarnodn sm, parsost onnusm abnedr. 18 ‘Doerbteitraml’i.ne the Schrödinger model of electronic
2 neutrons in the chromium atom.
of the section. model and the subshell model of the atom?
AREA OF STUDY 1 | HOW CAN KNOWLEDGE OF ELEMENTS EXPLAIN THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER? CHAPTER 1 | THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER
Area of Study review UNIT 1 • Area of Study 2
Each Area of Study finishes 14 Which one of the following alternatives correctly D H H H H Short-answer questions 25 Give a condensed structural formula (a semi-structural
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AREA OF STUDY 2 | HOW CAN THE VERSATILITY OF NON-METALS BE EXPLAINED? REVIEW QUESTIONS
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