Table Of ContentPACIFICL INGUISTICS
SerieCs -No. 70
HANDBOOOKF TOKP ISI(NN EWG UINEPAI DGIN)
S.A.W urm
P. MUhlhausler
eds
LANGUAGES FOR INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE
PACIFICA REA PROJECT OF THE
AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF THE HUMANITIES,P UBLICATIONN o.1
Publishuendd ert hea uspiceosf the
UnionA cademiqueI nternationale
Departmenotf Linguistics
ResearcShc hoolo f PacifiSct udies
THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Wurm, S.A. and Mühlhäusler, P. editors. Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin).
C-70, iv + 729 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. DOI:10.15144/PL-C70.cover
©1985 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
PACIFICL INGUISTICiSs i ssue�dh rought heL inguistic
Circloef Canberraan d consisotfs f ours eries:
SERIESA -Occasional Papers
SERIESB -Monographs
SERIESC -Books
SERIESD -SpeciaPlu blications
EDITOR:S .A.W urm
ASSOCIATEE DITORS:D .C.L aycockC,. L.V oorhoevDe.,T .T ryonT,. E.D utton
EDITORIALA DVISERS:
B.W.B ender K.A.M cElhanon
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy T exas
DavidB radley H.P.M CKaughan
La TrobeU niversity Universiotfy H awaii
A. Capell P. MUhlhliusler
Universiotfy S ydney LinacrCeo llegeO,x ford
MichaeGl. Clyne G.N.O 'Grady
MonashU niversity Universiotfy V ictoriBa.,C .
S.H.E lbert A.K. Pawley
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy A uckland
K.J.F ranklin K.L.P ike Universiotfy M ichigan;
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Summer Instituotfe L inguistics
W.W. Glover E.C.P olom�
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Universiotfy T exas
G.W.G race MalcolmR oss
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy P apuaN ew Guinea
M.A.K.H alliday GilliaSna nkoff
Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy P ennsylvania
E. Haugen W.A.L.S tokhofN ationaCle nterf or
HarvardU niversity LanguagDee velopmenJta,k arta;
A. Healey Universiotfy L eiden
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics B.K.T 'sou
L.A.H ercus MurdochU niversity;
AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity Universiotfy H ong Kong
NguyenD ang Liem E.M.U hlenbeck
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy L eiden
JohnL ynch J.W.M.V erhaar
Universiotfy P apuaN ew Guinea GonzagaU niversitSyp,o kane
Publishweidt hf inanciaasls istanfcreo mt he
ForeigOnf ficoef theF ederaRle publiocf Germany
Allc orrespondecnocnec erniPnAgC IFICL INGU ISTICSi,n cluding
orderasn ds ubscriptisohnosu,l bde addressetdo :
The Secretary
PACIFICL INGUISTICS
Departmenotf Linguistics
ResearcShc hooolf PacifiSct udies
The AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity
G.P.O.B ox 4,C anberraA,. C.T.2 601
Australia.
Copyrigh©t The Authors
FirsPtu blish1ed9 85
Typesebty Sue Tys
Printebdy A.N.U.P rintinSge rvice Boundb y AdriatiBco okbindePrtsy Ltd
Maps drawnb y TheoB aumannD,e partmenotf LinguistiRcess,e arcShc hooolf
PacifiSct udieAsu,s tralian NatUinoinvaelr sity.
The editorasr ei ndebtetdo theA ustraliNaant ionaUln iversiftoyr a ssistanicnet he
productioofn t hiss eries.
Thisp ublicatwiaosn m ade possibblye a n initigarla ntf romt heH unterD ouglaFsu nd.
NationaLli braroyf AustralCiaar dN umbera nd ISB0N 8 588332 12
TALBEO FC ONETNTS
page
1.I NTORDUCITON 1
11. Introduction S.A.W URMa ndP .M UHLHAUSLER 3-11
2.H ISTORIACSAPLE CTS 13
2.1H istoroyf t hes tudoyf T okP isin P.M DHLHAUSLER1 53-3
2.2E xternhaislt oroyf T okP isni P.M UHLHAUSLER3 5-46
2.3T hes tatuosfT okP isiann da ttitutdoewsa rds itS .A.W URM 65-74
2.4I nterndaelv oeplmenotf T okP isin P.M UHLHAUSLER7 5-166
2.5W ritisnygs mtsea ndt heo rthroagphoyf T okP isni S.A.W URM 167-176
2.6E tymloogiinsga ndT okP isin P. MDHLHAUSLE1R77 -219
3.T HEN ATUROEF T OKP ISNI 221
3.1T okP isni andt hec ensus DonL AYCOCK2 23-231
3.2V ariatiinoT no kP isni P.M DHLHAUSLE2R3 -3273
3.3G ooda ndb adp idg:i nnogyuutt oktokkr anki P.M UHLHAUSLE2R7 -5291
4.T HEG RAMRM AANDP HONOLOOGFY TPOKI SNI 293
4.1P honol:o sguybrsattuemle mentisnT okP isni
phonlooyg DonL AYCOCK2 95-307
4.2P honol:o ignytonatiinoT no kP isin S.A.W URM 3093-34
4.3I nfleocntaimlo rplhoogoy fT okP isni P.M DHLHAUSLE3R3 54-03
44. SyntaoxfT okP isin P.M DHLHAUSLE3R4 1-421
4.5T hel exicsayls teomfT okP isni P.M UHLHAUSLE4R2 -3440
5.T OKP ISNI AND ITS RELETVOA NCTEH EOREITSISCEUASL
INC REOSLTI�CASND GENELRIANLG UISTICS 441
5.1T okP isiann di tsr elevantcoet heoretical
isusesi nc roelsiticsa ndg enerlainlg usitics P.M DHLHAUSLE4R4 3-483
6.I SSUEASN D PROBLEMS 485
6.1 Curreanttt itutdoeT so k
Pisin JuliPeI AUa ndS usanHnOeL ZKNECH4T8 7-439
6.2C urreunste a nde xpnasiono fT okP isni:
TokP isni asa literrayl anguage DonL AYCOCK4 95-515
iii
iv
page
6.3C urreunste a nde xpnasioonf T okP is:i n
TokP isni itnh em asms edia JefSf IEGEL5 17-533
6.4C urreunste a nde xpnasioonf T okP isin:
teachianngdT okP iisn TomD UTTON5 35-573
6.5C urreunste a nde xpansoiofTn o kP is:i n
efefctosf T okP isionn s omvee rnalcaurl anguagMesa lcoRlOmS S 539-565
6.6T hes cienitfisct udy TookfP isni:t hew riting
ofd escriptiTvoekP isni grammars MVHLHAUSL5E5R7 -575
P.
6.7T hes cinteifisct udoyf T okP isi:T nokP isni
dictniaormya kintgh:e oriectaclo nsiderations
andp rcaticeaxlp eriences MtiHLHAUSL5E77R- 593
p.
6.8T hes ceintifisct udoyf T okP isi: nlanguage
plnaninagn dt heT okP isilnex iocn P.M UHLHAUSL5E9R56 -64
6.9T hef uturoefT okP isin DonL AYCOC6K6 5-668
REFERENCES 6697-04
INDEX 705-725
Wurm, S.A. and Mühlhäusler, P. editors. Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin).
C-70, iv + 729 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. DOI:10.15144/PL-C70.cover
©1985 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
1 . 1I TNRODUICNOT
SA.. andP . Muhlhausler
Wurm
1.1G.EN1E ARLR EMARKS
NewG uinePai dg,i nnowo fficilaylk nowna sT okP isni bPyap uaN ewG uinea
governmdeenctr ,e heasb eeknn owbny a nubmer ofn ameisn lcudinNge oe-Mlnaesina,
Meleasnina pidg,i TnokB o,i aontdh ser.M any tohfe snea mehsa vec ornet ob e
assioactedw iht particusltaagre isn t hed evleopmeonftt hel angu.a gTehem ost
neutrnaamle fort hel anguage wouNledwG ubien ePai dg,i nandi swt ahsi nf act
then ameo rgiinalclhyo setnoa ppeair nt het itleo ft hibso oka ndt o bues eidn
itw hent alkionfgt hel angua.g eIt ias genetrearlwm h ich wroeuflden ro to nly
tov ariosutsa geisnt heh istoricdaelv eplmoenotf t hel angua,gb euta lstoo t he
sociaanld r egionvaailr etioersd ialecotfis t e ncounteirnpe rde sent-pdapauya
NewG uiena.H owerv ienr ecgontiino oft hev irtulayul nievrsauls eb yP apuNae w
Guineaonfst he name PTisoiknf ort hel angua,g aend dienf eretnoct eh ed eciiosn
oft heP apuaN ewG uinegao vrnementg ivintgh insa meo fficisatlat ,u tshen ameT ok
Pisni will ing enrealb eu seidn t hibso okt or efetro t hel angua.g e
Studoyf v arioauspse ctosf T okP is,i n boltihgn usitiacn ds ociogluisinti,c
has beecno ncae orfnt heD epartmoefnL ti nugistiicnst heR esearcShch oolof
PacifiSct duise,A ustranl iNaationUanlie vrist,y sincet hel at1e9 5,0 asndt his
concehrans g rowann dd eepenveedr sy ignciafnitldyu rgi ntheq uartecre ntuwrhyi ch
hass incep assed. Mostme bmerso f tDheep artmheanvtec ontribuetxetde nsivtoe ly
ourk nowleodgfme a tterresal tign toT okP isni,m orep articulSaA.r.lW yu rmP,.
Mulhhuasl,e Tr.ED.u tt,o anndD .CL.a yco.c Skicnet hei ncepnt iino1 96o1f t he
Deparnttm'esm ajro internatipoubnlailc atsieorni Peasc fiic Lingsutiisc (owfh ich
thep resenbtoo k consittust ea nuimbnet rh es eriCes:b oosk), raa ngoef p ublic
ationdsea lign wiht varioaussp ecotfs TPoiks ni hasb eepnu blihse,d bei ta s
separaptuebi lcatinos, ori nv olumceosn taincionlglt eiocnso fc ontributbiyo ns
severaault hros. Them ositm portoanftt h esaer eT .ED.u tt'osnC onvseartniaol
NewG uinePaid gin( aPcfiicL inugisitcs,D -12, 1937),w hicihs acpcaonmiebdy a
set noifn cea sseets,t SA..W urrn,e d. NewG unieaa real anguagaensd l anguage
stduy, vol.3L:an guagceu,tl ure,s oicet,y andt hem oderwno lrd( aPcfiic
Lingsuticis,C -40,1 977, int wof ascisc),l wehiccho ntaian lsar gen umbeorf
contributioonTn osk P isinb ya varieotfya uthros, andP eteMrU hluhsaelr,G rowth
ands tructoufrt eh el exicono fN ewG uinePai gdin( aPcfiicL inugistsi,cC -52,
197.9 )
Int hec oursoeft heD epartm'esgn rtowiinngt ereisnst t udireelsat intgo
Tokp isni,a ndt hea ppearanocfe ainn creasniunbmegr opfub licatioonna ss pects
oft hel anguagbeys cholarass sotceidaw iht theD eparetnm,t bei ti nP acfiic
Lingsutiics ore lsewhe,r tehei deao fp roudcinag h andboookf T okP isignr adually
stratetda kinsgha p.e Itw ase nvigseadt hat sau hcahn dbosohko uld inicnla u de
singllear gev olumed iscussoifom nasn yr elveantf actoarbso utth eo rigiann d
devleopmeonftt hel angu,a igets naturaen dc haraecrtitsic,s its us,e rolaen d
functioovnres t hey earisn t hec hangisnogc ieotfyw hat tiosd aPya puNae wG uinae,
SA..W urma ndP .M Ulhhaluse,r edsH anbdooko fT okP isi(nN ew
Guniea Pidgni), 3-11.P acfiicL inugisitcsC,- 70, 1984
SA..W urma nd MPu.lh huasler 3
©
Wurm, S.A. and Mühlhäusler, P. "Introduction". In Wurm, S.A. and Mühlhäusler, P. editors, Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin).
C-70:3-11. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. DOI:10.15144/PL-C70.3
©1985 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
4 S.AW.U RM aPn.dM UHLAHUSLER
alonwgi ht discussioofna s n ubmero fo themra tteorfsi nteretsopt e rsowniss hing
tog aigne nreali nformataiboonu tth el angua.g eWitthh ep ublicatoifom na jor
studioefsa specotfsN ewG uinePai dgiinnP acifLiicn gsutiisc,s ucahs t heo nse
mentioanbevode , viwesc onrnceingw hats houlbde ilnucdeidn t hee nvisahgaendd
booko f TPoiks iunn derwemnatn yc haensg, afnod ra lontg imet hea ctuaprle par
atioonf s ucha handbowoaksp utt oo nes ied becauosfet hef luids ittuiaosnu r
rounditnhgen atu,r reolaen df unctiocfnT so kp iisn i n tyheea rbse fore aafntde r
theg ainingi ndoefp endeonfcP ea puNae wG uin.e a
Latei n1 97,9 tAhues tralAicana dye motfh eH umnaitiessu ggesttheede stab
lishmento fa major Acadepmryo ejctc oncerwniehtd t hei nlfuencoef E nlgihs and
othemre troolptianl anguagienst heP aciicfa reao vetrh el as2t00 year(sw hich
inlcudeldan guagoefst hea reiat selsfuc ha sI ndnoesni,aT aaglo,g et.c) ,wi th
the 1b9i8c8e ntenianmr iyn .d Thiwsa sa doptbeydt heA cadeimny1 98a0s a n
officiAacald epmryo jec,tw itSh A..W urma si ts direc,t aonrdw ass ubmititne d
198t1o t heI netrnationUanli oonf A cadeemsif ors ponsorsahnidap c cepta.n Tchee
proopsa,lw hcihw ass upportbeydt heB ritiAscha demyt hiefn ra mewroko ft he
InetrnationUanli on Acoafd esmi,ge aineadc ceptaanncdie n 1 982w heni tw asa dopted
unainmosulya sa majoprr oejctu nder atuhsep icoefts h aatu gusitn ternational
academbiodcy. Att hes amet ime,P aicficL inguistwiacsos f ficliyad lesingated
byt heI ntrneationUanli oonf A camdeieass t heo utlet tfheop rub lciatioonfa
sereiso fc ompenvdoilau meensv aigsetdo a pepar tihne f rmaework ofi nttheirs
natniaola cadempirocj ec,wt hicaht t hes amet imew aso fficiya glilveint sp resent
titl, Leanguagfeosri nteruclturalc ommunicant iinot heP aciifca re.a
Whent hee nvigseadp rojetc wafsi rsdti sucssebde twemeenmb erosf the
DepartmoefnL tin giustiacnsd t heA ustraliAacnad eomfyt heH umatniie,s thei dea
ofp rodiungc ah andbooofkN ewG uinePai dg,i tnoc onstittuhtee fiorfst th e
plnanedco pmendivao lmuest oa peparw ihtint hef rameworokf t hep rojec,w tasa gain
discuss,e adndw orkon i ts preparaantdc ioopmnil aitonw ase mbarkeodn. Thew ork
wasc arrioeudti nc losceol lbaoratiboent wesecnh olaarsss oactiewdi ht the
Departmoefn tL uiinsgtiicnst heR esearScchho oolf P acifSitcu di,e sitnh em anner
whichha sb eenc hararcitsetoifct hea ctivitoifet she D epartmfeonrmt a nyy eras,
andi th asa lsoe ntailweidd ei ntrneationaclo lbloaratiionnvl ovinign p articular
OxforUdn ievrsiyt,t ow hicPhe teMru lhhauslhears b eeant tachfeodra nubmero f
year.s Ther esulits a book wchoincsht itau tceosh erednits cuiosnso fm any
aspcetsr eltaintgo T okP is,i nrathetrh ana largec ollteicoonf d ispara,t iendi
viduapalp esr.
Thef indinlgasi ddo wni nt hsi boroekf lte tchew orko ft heg eneratioofn
lingsutsi whdoi dm osot ft hew orki nd aybse forteh e1 97i5n dependoefnP capeu a
NewG uinea.I ts mpauirnop sei sn ott op rodulcien guistthieco rbyu ts omtehing
which hasf eeiftti smr lyi nt hea reaan ds ociety frotmh euw nhdererley indgat a
weret akeann d ith oipesdt hati tw illc onstitau ptoei notf d epartaumroen g
futurgee nrealw orkosn i ndigenloiugnsui stsi icnt heP acifaircae .
Theb ookad drseessi tsleft oa widearu dientchea ns pceialilsitn guiasntds
hasb eenw rittiennl anguagweh icshh oulbdeg eenralilnyet lilgiblfeo rr eaders
wihtouts peciallin guisttirca ingi,an sa refreencbeo okh elpitnhge mt ou nder
standb ettetrh eh istoroyf T ok Pisiint s raontods. Theb ookm aya lscoo nstitute
a basifso rl anguea gplannianngdf ort hep roductoifom no ruep -toa-tdet eaching
matreialrse altintgo t hel anguagaen di tm ay, ing enrea,l sevret hep urpoosfe
a compnediumo rr eferewnocreok n T okp isni asa langua,g aesw ella so nl anguage
liknedc onceransss oactiewdi th TPoiksn i.
INTRODUCTIO5N
1.1.PDI2G ILNA NGGEUAS
TokP isni ism eam bre otfh ec lsaso fl anguagceosmm olnyc allpeidd ngsi.
Agian, thes implel abel 'ipdign'i s cao vre term a vfoarr ieotfyl ignusitic
pheneonm.a Mostc ommnol,yp idgilna ngusa geardee finbeydt wos etosf c riter.i a
Ont hes oicals id,ew ef intdh apti dgianrsi saes m edioaf c omumnicant bieotween
differte nspeeccho mmunitsie,t ypciallayn o utsicdoemmu nit(ye .tgr.a de,r s
soldi,e crosloni)s aenrdsl ocaclo mmuniti.e sByd efitniio,np idgidnosn oth ave
nativsep eakearnsdb otht heilri ef spaannd t heifru nctiaornesl imit.e Tdhis
meantsh apti dgins icnotmboee infgo ra spefciicr eans oanda re usasel do nags
theya reu seufli na contascittu ati.o Tnhedy ispapear wohneepn a rtoyf t he
contalcetra nst hel anguagoeft heo thepra rtoyr w hent hes ociaclo nditiwohnisc h
favourtehdeu se ao pfi dgi(nus cha st rad,e labou,r recuritin,g ward) ispapaer.
Ina fewc ase,ps idgicnosn tintuoeb eu sde overp roal onpgeerdi oidnw hiccha se
thel ikiehlooodf c roelitsiao,n i.et.h acth ildrweilnl g rowu ps peakitnhge
pidgianst heirf irsltan guagaen du sign ita sa fullyle-dfgelda ngu,a igseg rea.t
Pidgindso notb raecmteh ef ulsle to ff unctnisto hat nolramnaglu ahgaevse .
Theya re upsreidm araisla y meanse xcohfa ngiinnofgrm ati.o n Thaeryen otu sed
asa means soelffe -xpersiso,n transmitdteienpgee rm otioonrsa sa means of
sociailn tegtriaobne twetehne v arious paurstiinteghs ep idg.i nInf ac,t the
desiref orc ontinnuoend- inti(maegc..yb etweEeunr oapnesa ndc olonipaeplol es)
iso neo ft hes ociafolcr est hact alls pidgiinnst o b.e iTnhgidso enso tm ea,n
howerv,et hapti dgicnasn nodte velionpt loa nguagfeuls fillinsugc fhu ncti.o ns
Thec asoef T okp isni iso new hicihll ustrattheesc ontinfuuendc tioenxaplas nion
ands tructugrraolw tohf a pidign.
Thel inguitsicn aturoefp idgiinsss tilhlo tldye btae.d Theries w idespread
agreenmt,e howerv,et hapti dgimnusst b es eeans t her esuoltfl inguistciocn ta.c t
Typiclaly,t hel anguaogfet he' gagres's coor�nunpirtoyv idtehseb asiso fi ts
lexic.o Innt he coafsT eo kP isin fwinedt haatb outth ree-quaorfti etrsls e xi
calb aessa rer eladt teoE nglishI.nf luenfcremo thel ocallna guag(eussb sattrum
langguea)s ism anifestaetda lll evleso ft hel angu,a pgaertiuclralyi ni tss em
anticansd ipthso nol.o gWyhilts contaacntd ' imxin' gaccountsm ufcohor f t he
sturcteu rofa pidngi,l anguageep-einnddefnotr ceasr ea lsoop eratiinvse h aping
a pidgni. Thu,s theraepp earsst ornge videntchea tl anguage-indepienntdueintti ons
aboulti gnusitisci pmlicyi mtotivate spienaa k leanrgsu agceo ntascitut atiotno
choosseim ples tructuarnedts o i gnorceop mlciateodne s. As rae usl,t evepni dgins
whosdee vleopmeinsth isortiaclluyn relat(euscdh a st hep ortuuegse-baPsaepdi a
Kristang of aMnadKl raicooclfa N ortheAruns tralia) sshtorwi ksisontmgre u ctural
simliariti.e sPidgilna nguaagreesu sulaly claesdsw iitfhri eagrdt ot heilre x
icaalf fitliioa.n Thupsi dgiwnhso sleex iconcson sits priamriloyf E nglish
derivleedx icbaals easr er eefrretdo a sP idgiEnnl gihs.
1..13T HSET ATOUFST OKP ISVIIN-SA V-IOST EHRP IGDNIS
TokP isibne longst htego r ouopf l angualgabeesl ledp idgiEnn gilsh.T he
thremeo sti mportaanrte awsh reeP idgiEnn gliisshs pokeanr ew estA frcia,t he
ChinCao asatn dM eleasniaW.e stA frcianp idgiEnng lihs iss tlile xpandainndg
groiwngi nN iegria,D ahomey thaenC da merooannsda numbre ofs tudiheasv be ecmoe
avaliablei nr ecent y(eSahcrnse id1e9r70 ,T odd1 947). Chinese pEindggliins h
hadi ts greeastti mportandcuer intgh en ineteecnetnht u.r Tyodaiyt a ppeartso
ber estreidct toa smalnlu bmer of spienaH koenrKgso ng( c.f Baue1r97 4)a nd
Singapo(refc .p latt1 957). It is an oefxaa pmipdlgei tnh ahta sc omet ot he
endo fi ts lief cyclaen di sb einrge placbeydmo r e develospteadn dalradn gueas.g
6 S.A.W URMa ndP . UHMLAHUSLER
Melanesivaanr ietoifeP sid giEnn lgisahr e tyhoeu nsgteo ft higsr ouopf
languasg.e Theyd evepleod in vaarrieoaousfs t heP acfii,c primaraisla y r esult
oft hel abourt rade palnnadt atieoconn omyT.h em osti mportvanatr ietwieerse
founidn t hep lnatatiownhse rMeel anseina workewresr eem lpoye(dni Queennsdl, a
SamoaN,e wC aledonainadt) h ep rincirpeaclr uitairnega( seN wH ebrisd,Se olmoon
Island,s NewG uin)e.aV ibalep idgihnasv eo nlsyu rviviendt hel attetrh reaer ea:s
Bihcelmaari nt he NHeewb reis,d SolmoonI slandPsij ni,o rP ijni (osmetmiesc alled
Neo-Smoonlioci nt hel ietratu)r ient heS olomonasn d TPoiksn i inP apuNae wG uinea.
Thougthh eslea nguasgheasr meu cho ft hiere arlhyi tsor,y they hsaivnec dee vle
opeda londgif ferelnitn easn da ren ol ongeerai sly mutluyai lntleligible
(uMhlahusl,e Brenneatntd T ryo1n9 7.9 )TokP isni in partihcausla a nrub mero f
characitsetrsi wchicahr en ot shabryBe idc hamealr andS olmoonI slnadsP ijni:i n
its vocbaula,r ysai gnciafnintu mbero f baisesbs o rwreodf roTmo laain dr eltaed
Melanesilaangnu aegs, wlhsitG ermahna sb eetnh es ourcoefv ocalbauriyn a nubmer
oft echniacraela ssu cahs c arpenantdr yb uildinTgo.kP isni alos ist heo nly
varieotfyM elanens PiiadgiEnnl gihs whichha sa versy ignificnatn ubmero ff irst
languagsep eak.e rs
Aparftro mt hev arietoifeP si dgiEnn gilsh jusmte ntio,n efdae wo therwsil l
brieflyb ee numreate:d anothiemrp rotanvta rieotfyP acfiicP idgiEnnlg ishi s
Haawiina Pidgi(naD KinTea lkw)h icehx sitsi na nubmero fs ubvraieti(eCsa rr
1927). Recenwta rsi ns outh-EAassitha a vel edt ot hes horti-vleedm ergeonfce
KoreaBnamb ooE nglihs (Alg1e9o06 ), JapanePsied giEnn gli(soGho dma1n96 7)a nd
Thai Vaintden amevsaer ietoifeP sid giEnn gilsh. Theraer ei ndicattihoanmtsa ny
oft heE ngilshc reolsepso keinnt heC arbibeahna vea pidgipna st( aCssid1y91 7)
andt himsa ya lsboe t hec aswei tNho rtAhm reicanB lcakE ngils.h
1.1T.O4KP ISAINNDO TEHRL NIGUFER CANHE INP APUNEAWG UINAE
PapuNae wG uineias a na rea eoxft mreel ignuistdiicev rsicfaiti.o nOver7 50
difefrenlta nguaagnedsm anym ored iaelctasr es pokewni thiint sb oundiaers.I n
thicso nte,x mtultinlgiualiasnmdt heu seo f nlgiuef rnachhea veb eedno minant
fora lontgi me. Inp re-coloPnaipaulNae wG unie,a thep roblemi notfe rtribal
commuinctaiowna so vecromei nt wow ay:s firstt,h routghhe i nstitnualtiiostaion
ofb iilngual(insadms ometimmuelst iilngualiisnmr )e sttreidca rea:s i.es.o meo r
allm emberso fa villagceo mmuintyw oulsdp eaokr u ndetrasntdh ed ialecotrls a n
guageosfa dajcenvti llag.e sKnoweldgeof o thelra nguaagnedsd ialecftasd eodu t
wiht distancIen.a ddiiotnm,u ltliingualiwsamsa lscoo rrelawtietdh social
postiio,n the' ibgm en'( rtadiiotnalle aderosf)t eenx hibiteixntgr aordinary
giftosf l anguagwehi ch enabltehde tmo n egotiwaitteah d jacenttr ibes wahnidc h
wasp arto f their invernhteotroyrs ikocilf ls .A casset udoyf t raditiboinal
lignualiissmf ounidn S albiusry1 96.2
Whilts biilngluaims wasr estreidct tos hordti stanicneg se ogprhaicaslp cae,
thes econpdh enome,n tornadiiotnatlr adlea ngusa,gwe asf ound inc ontexwthsi ch
reuqirecdo mmunicatiaocnr osgsr eatdeirts ansce. Them ostf amous trlaandgeu age
inP apuNae wG uineat hieHs i rTir adLea ngua(gesee D uttoann dK akar1e9 77). It
wasu sde bym embreso ft heM otut rib(ees ttledt hiePn o rMto resabrye ao)n t heir
annuatlr adienxgpd eition(sH irtio)t heK eremaar eoaf t heG ulfP rovi.n ce
Anotrh,ea s yveitr tuaulnldyo ceunmte,d traldigenu af ranciasS isas,i whicihs
reportteodh aveb eeni nu sei nt heA storlabe Baya re.a
Theb eginnionfgl sin guef ranchew idofer re gionaanldg eneriamplo rtance
camea bouotn lwyi ht thee stabslhmienotf c oloniaadlmn iisattrioann dE uropean
missinos.T her esuoltft hseec ontacwtass tdhevee lpomenotf t wop henoame:n
fir,s mtissionl ignuef rancahned s eco,n pdidgidnesir vefdr mo Europleaanng usa.ge
INTRODUCTIO7N
Theq uesitono fm isisonl inguef ranchhaes b eend ealtw iht idnet aibly a
numbeorf w rite(rse .. g MlchEano1n97 9.) Whath appene,d asr ual, ew ast haeta ch
missino selectead languagcelo selcyo nnectewdi tht hel oacliyt where eistta b
lihsedi tselfs,u cah sJ aebm,K ateo rG edeadg, adpotintgh iass i tsc ontact
medi,u rmathre thamna iknga carefiunlv esgtaitioinn ttoh es ociaanld l inguistic
factowrhsi ch mdiegthetr mtihnee chooifac es uitabllineg usitimce diumW.hi lst
somes uccessw asa chieviends preadmiinsgis onl inguef rancihnes eve=aarle as of
PapuNae wG uine,a the venurmybr e oft hoslean guagaensd t hed ivergaeinmtos f
them isisonmsa dei ti mpsosbilef ora nyo ft heslei gnuef rancheb ectoom ea ccep
tedi nter-regioorne avlelngy e nerlay.l Eqaulyl improtanwta st hef actth at
missino langueas,g frmo theirv erby eginni,n wgesrei nc opmetiotniw iht other
lingufer anc,h ienp articuvlaarri etoifeP si dgiEnng lis.h
Ther euslto fE urpoeanc olonisaotnit ohnel inugistpiicc tuwraes towlodf.
Ane arlrye suwlats t hei ntroducotfia o 'nof rei'g pnidg,i CnoastMaall a,y to
gethewrit ht hei mportna toifMo alalyab oureirnst Goe rmaNne wG uine(aeS ielr
1928). CoastMaall awya so fc onsideriampbolret anicnet heg ovrenemnts tations
andp lnataitonos ft hen ortheNrenwG uinemaa innldai nt hee arldya yosf G erman
adminsitartino butc easetdob eo fi nlfuencaef te1r9 0.0
Anotheearr llyin guaf rnac,a inP aupa,w asP olei Mcot,u pai dgibna seodn
theM otul anaggueo ft heP orMto resabrye .a Ibte camee satblishebde forteh e
turnof t hec entu,r aysa linguaf rancuas de byt hel ocaplol icef orcoef w hat
was tBherint isNhe wG uine(auD tto1n9 28aa ndf orthcomwihn�gc)ih s w hyi tw aso rig
inalyl knowans ' oPliec Mot'u.I tw asb eileveudn tirle cently ittw haasat direct
decsenadnto ft heH iriT radLea ngua(gesee a bvoe)a n,d int hel ighto ft his
belief,wa sr eman'eHdri iM ot'u inr ecenyte ar.s Howerv,er esearbcyTh . ED.u tton
hass howtnh aPto lei Mcotwua sn otd ierctldye rivferdo mt hils angua.g eTheries
evidentchea tth eM otup osseesdsa sipmlifdi veersioofn theirl anogwuna gweh ich
theeym plody einc ommunicatwiintghf oreignoetrhset rh an thHeiirrti r ading
partne(raTsy lo1r9 7.8 )Thiss implfiielda nguagmea yh avpe lyaeda parti nt he
developmoefPn to lei cMtou.
Ofi ntereisstt h ev eryc losset ructusriamli larbiettyw eTeonk P isin and
Polei Mcot,u whicmha ys uggetshta tr elxeifciatni oofp idgiEnng lisahs s poken by
thef irspto lcieme,nw iht vocalbaruyi temfsr om M(otours impliifedM out),m ay
wellh avep lyaeda ni mportarnotl ien t heo rigiann dd eveplmoenotf P olei Mcotu
(uDtto1n9 7.8 )
Oncei t hdaedv epleod, lPicoeM otus prearda pidalsya generlainlg uaf ranca
andb ecamet heu nofficilaaln guaogfet hea dmniisrtati,o tnhroumgohs to fw hat
wast heT errirtyoo fP apu,a i.et.h es outhepranr to fp resent-PdapauyNa e w
Guniea. BetweWeonr lWda rsI andI I, officigaovle rnmpeolnitc y, whicdhi s
couargde thes peakionfgP idgiEnng lis,h and the evxeuc sleuo sfiP oliMcoet ub y
thep olicef orce tahnead dm inirsatti,o rnesultientd h et emoprareyli mination
ofp idgiEnnl gihs frotmh aatr e.a Polei Mcotuc ontinfuleodu risahnidn g expanding
thea reoaf i tsc urrenfcoyra numbeorf y earasf teWro rlWda rI Ib,u ti nt he
1905s6-0s startteodr ecedmeo reo rl esrsa pidbleyf ore PEindggliinsa hn dl ost
its dominaincnme a nya rea.s
Evenmo rei mprotanwte rev artieieosf p idgiEnng liswhh icwhe reu seads
contalcantg uagebset weeEnu ropeaanndsi ndingee.s PidgiEnng lihs inP apua
apepartso becalors er esmeblantcoet hat spokQeune esinlann do nt hec aenfiel,d s
ont heT orreSst raiits lnadsa ndC apeY orkP eninsu(alLnad tma1n92n7 , Laa1d9e6 .7 )
Howerv,eb otht heg overnmiennP ta puaan d tmhises ionasdo ptpeodl icieasi med at
oustiPnigd giEnn gilsh,e ncouratgihnegu seo fP oliMcoet ua ndl ocallan guasg,e
orE ngilsh. InG ermanN ewG uiena, otnh e othhanedr, t hep idgiEnnl gishw hich
wasa lreadfyo unidn s omea rea-s ar esuolfte arlEyu ropevains itansd t radaen d
8 S.A. andP .M UHLAHUSLER
WURM
labourc ontacwtihst Samo-ag aineidm protancien rae ltaivelsyh ortti mea ndw as
fimrlye stbalihseda sa terirtory-wliidgneu af rancbya1 91.4 Botbhe cauosfe
its clsoerl iknsw itSha moan Pid(guMihnl uhasle1r9 7d5,1 97,6 197b8)a nd because
ofi ts inlfuencfer oTm olaain dG erm,a intsl inguistpircpo ertideisf ferceodn
sidaebrlyf rmo thev arieotfyP idgiEnn gliisnh whwaatst hetnh eT ertroiroy f
Papu.a NewG uinePai dgi(non wc alled TokP isisnu)b sueeqntltyoo ko vert he
functioofnv si rtuaallllyo thelri nugef rancahne,d fors omes peakeartsl ea,s t
thef unctni ootfhe iro riginfailr slta nguaagswe e ll.
1.1T.H5SE T ATOUFST OKP IISNV I-SA-VITSH OEFF ICLI LAANGUAGES
Ins pite oft he factT otkPh iastni hash adb ehinidtt hel ogiocf e veryday
us,e itw asn eveerle vatetdot hes tatuosfa no fficilaanlg ugae. Inste,a bdoth
Germanayn dA ustraliinass iteodn t heu seo ft heiro wn langu(aGgemearsna nd
Enlgihs respecetlyi)va so fficilaaln gusa.geH owerv,en eihtero ft hec olonial
powerwsa ss uccessifnmu alik ngt hierr espectliavneg uaag lein guaf raanc. German
wask nowtno a verys malln umbre ofi ndigeonnelsy ,s oemtiems, particulaarroluyn d
missionp ost,s ina pidginivsaerdi e(tcy fM.u lhhauselr1 98)0.a Similraly,
Englihs remair.tehdel anguagoeft hee xpatriaantdea s v ersym alln umbre ofP apua
NewG uineaunnsit lw ella fteWro rlWda rI I. It is ionnm losyt r ecentti metsh at
Engilsh hasb ecomea morwe ideluysd e linguaf rancaH.o werv,eb othi tsf unctional
domain(st cehnolcoalgi,h igheerd ucat,i hoinhgera dimnsitranti)ao nds ocidail s
tribunt i(hote educ,a steceodndaarnyd t ertriyas tudnets)h aver emainreedts ricted
ands oh aven otl edt oa decreaisnte h eu seo fT okP isin.
Its eemcsl eatrh aTto kP isni,E ngliasnhdt hel ocavle rnalcaurasr ei n
copmlmeentadriyts rbiutiofnrm o thep oinotf v iwe oft heicro mmuincatifvuen ctions
inp resednatyP- apuNae wG unie.a Howveer,t hes tatuosfT okP isni hasb een the
topic soomfet imehse atedde bat(euD tto1n9 67a,M cDona1l9d67 ). Thee fefcts of
thseed ebatoens tshtea tuosfT okP isinh avne otb eevne rsyi gnicfainatn dh ave
notr estueldi ni ts beign awardtehde s tatoufsa nationlaanlg ua,g ethotuhgeh
adoptioni tso pfr eseonftf icinaaml,e TokP isi,n isa steopn t her oad towards
its possbileh igheorff icisatla uts, tor eplatchea ot fi ts beintgh eu nofficial
nationlaaln guagoefP apuNae wG uinetao day.
1.61 T.HES OCILA LREOO FT OKP ISIN
Pigdinl angguea,s accordtionH ga l(l9 162,) comei ntboe infgo rc ertain
sociarles aonasn de ithgerro w or afwaawyd iet hch angicnogn dtiinos. TokP isin
ist het ypicale xamploef a ne xpandpeiddi gn, i.eo.n ew hich bienga a nna rrowly
definseodc icaoln teaxntd g raudalleyx pandteodo thefru nctniso.T hrough the
coursoefi ts hisrtyoT okP isni expandietsd f unctional fdroommta hianot fa
tradlean guagues ebde tweEeunr opeaanndsi ndigse,na e plnatatiloanng ua,g aen
intertrilbinaglua f ran,c maisosnil angu,a lgaenguagoeft hea dminsitratiaonnd
parlieamn,t tot hef irslta nugageo rp rimarlyan guagfeo ra growinnugmb ero f
spekaer.s
Inc ontratsoot t hepri dngsi, TokP isni hasn otr emainae ldan guagoef i n
equali,t oyro ner estcrtietdo d oaminisn volviinnegq luiayt,b uth asb ecomea
languafgoeru pwards ocimaolb iltiya ndp articipaitnpi oolnii tcaaln de conomic
poewr. Inr ecent yietah rassb ecomea sybmolo fc ulturaanldn ationiadle ntity
form any.
