Handbook for New Actors in Space

158 Pages·2017·2 MB·English

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SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION A
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HANDBOOK FOR D
B SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION
NEW ACTORS IN SPACE O
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Space is rapidly changing. Every year, more numerous K HANDBOOK FOR
and more diverse actors embark on increasingly novel,
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innovative, and disruptive ventures in outer space. They are O
joining the more than 70 states, commercial companies, R NEW ACTORS
and international organizations currently operating over
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1,500 satellites in Earth orbit. E
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The prospects are bright; accessing and exploring outer IN SPACE
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space now require less capital investment, less time, and
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fewer people than ever before. However, this rapid pace of T
growth and change exists in a complex landscape of legal, O
regulatory, political, technical, and administrative issues. R
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New actors in space face a steep learning curve and will

stress existing institutions and governance frameworks. I
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Additionally, the inherently difficult and fragile nature of
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the space environment means that accidents or mistakes in
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space might affect us all. A
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In considering the great possibilities for growth and

innovation, and in light of the myriad and interlinked

challenges new space activities will confront, the Secure
World Foundation offers this Handbook for New Actors
in Space in the hopes that it will assist all aspiring new
entrants—whether governmental or non-governmental—
in planning and conducting space activities in a safe and
sustainable manner.
2017 EDITION
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Secure World Foundation
Handbook for
New Actors in Space
Edited by Christopher D. Johnson
Nothing contained in this book is to be considered as rendering legal advice
for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice
from their legal counsel. This book is intended for educational
and informational purposes only.
The Handbook for New Actors in Space by the Secure World Foundation
is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
ISBN: 978-0-692-85141-8
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION.........................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................vii
FOREWORD — Michael K. Simpson, PhD.........................................................................viii
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK..................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Signing of the Outer Space Treaty.........................................................................4
Figure 2 Growth in the Number of States Party to the Space Law Treaties......................7
Figure 3 OOSA International Registry Form.....................................................................13
Figure 4 ITU World Regions..............................................................................................18
Figure 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Including Uses Along the Spectrum................19
Figure 6 Space Debris 1 cm and Larger in Orbit................................................................34
Figure 7 Protected Regions in Space................................................................................36
Figure 8 The UK Satellite Applications Catapult...............................................................67
Figure 9 Fishbone Diagram............................................................................................123
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The Core Treaties on Space..................................................................................6
Table 2 Planetary Protection Categories........................................................................43
Table 3 National Registries of Space Objects.................................................................73
Table 4 Indemnification Regime of Some Spacefaring States........................................75
Table 5 Common Contract Types....................................................................................82
Table 6 Flight Safety Analyses......................................................................................105
Table 7 Examples of CA Screening Volumes.................................................................115
Table 8 International Orbital Debris Limitation Documents........................................125
Table 9 End-of-Life Disposal Actions.............................................................................129
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CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION — Tanja Masson-Zwaan.........................................................................2
THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES........................................3
Freedom and Responsibility.................................................................................................3
Freedom of Exploration and Use of Space..................................................................3
The Core Treaties.........................................................................................................6
Peaceful Purposes.......................................................................................................8
International State Responsibility................................................................................9
Registration of Space Objects............................................................................................10
UNGA Resolution 62/101..........................................................................................12
National Registration................................................................................................12
Suborbital Launches..................................................................................................16
International Frequency Management..............................................................................17
World Radiocommunication Conference..................................................................20
Space Frequency Coordination Group......................................................................20
Laser Communications..........................................................................................................20
Remote Sensing.................................................................................................................21
International Standards.....................................................................................................22
International Organization for Standardization.........................................................23
ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector........................................................23
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.......................................................24
International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems............................24
United Nations Committee of Experts
on Global Geospatial Information Management...............................................25
International Export Control..............................................................................................25
International Liability.........................................................................................................27
Dispute Settlement............................................................................................................29
International Court of Justice.....................................................................................30
Arbitration and Mediation.........................................................................................30
Environmental Issues.........................................................................................................31
Protection of the Earth Environment.........................................................................31
Back-Contamination of Earth....................................................................................31
Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Space..................................................................32
Space Debris..............................................................................................................33
Advanced Issues................................................................................................................38
Boundary Between Airspace and Outer Space........................................................38
Space Traffic Management........................................................................................40
Status of Humans in Space........................................................................................41
Protecting Celestial Bodies........................................................................................42
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Space Resources........................................................................................................45
Relevant Organizations......................................................................................................47
International Intergovernmental Organizations........................................................47
Non-Governmental Organizations.............................................................................50
CHAPTER TWO:
INTRODUCTION — Mazlan Othman, PhD.......................................................................54
NATIONAL SPACE POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION......................................................55
Public Policy.......................................................................................................................55
Rationales, Objectives, and Principles.......................................................................56
Case Study: United Arab Emirates Mars Mission......................................................57
Government Roles and Responsibilities.....................................................................58
Role of Space in Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy....................................60
International Cooperation.........................................................................................61
Export Control and Technology Transfer...................................................................63
Government Relationship with the Private Sector....................................................64
Case Study: The United Kingdom Satellite Applications Catapult............................67
Property Rights..........................................................................................................69
Public Administration and National Oversight...................................................................70
National Regulators...................................................................................................70
Licensing..........................................................................................................71
National Registries of Space Objects..........................................................................71
Insurance Requirements............................................................................................74
Waivers....................................................................................................................74
National Frequency Administration and Broadcasting...............................................74
Administration of Export Controls and Technology-Transfer......................................76
Case Study: Export Controls in the United States.......................................................77
Congestion in Space...................................................................................................78
Case Study: Space Debris Policy and Administration in the United States...................78
Government Contracting...........................................................................................81
Dispute Settlement Clauses......................................................................................81
Recourse to Domestic Courts....................................................................................83
In-Depth Analysis: Remote Sensing Policy and Administration.........................................83
Remote Sensing Policy...............................................................................................83
Oversight of Non-Government Activities..................................................................85
Data Policies..............................................................................................................86
Broader Policy Context...............................................................................................87
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CHAPTER THREE:
INTRODUCTION — Greg Wyler......................................................................................88
RESPONSIBLE OPERATIONS IN SPACE...........................................................................89
Pre-Launch....................................................................................................................89
Licensing...............................................................................................................89
Licensing Requirements.............................................................................................90
Frequency Licensing..................................................................................................90
Remote Sensing Licenses...........................................................................................91
Launch and Re-Entry Licenses....................................................................................91
The Licensing Process: Getting a License...................................................................92
Launch Vehicle Selection...........................................................................................93
Integrating Multiple Payloads...................................................................................95
Launch Services Agreement.......................................................................................96
Insurance...........................................................................................................98
Pre-Launch Payload Testing.......................................................................................98
The Links Between Testing and Anomaly Mitigation................................................100
Launch Mission Assurance.......................................................................................101
Launch............................................................................................................................101
Terrestrial Environmental Safety Considerations...................................................102
Ground Safety Considerations.................................................................................103
Range Safety During Launch Operations................................................................104
Public Risk Criteria...................................................................................................106
Flight Termination System........................................................................................106
Flight Safety Plan.....................................................................................................106
Safety-Critical Preflight Operations.........................................................................107
On-Orbit Activities...........................................................................................................107
Satellite Orbital Determination and Tracking..........................................................108
Orbit Propagation....................................................................................................109
Two Techniques for Combining Observations into a State.....................................110
Conjunction Assessment Procedures and Standards................................................111
Operational Conjunction Assessment......................................................................112
Risk Assessment and Avoiding Collisions................................................................116
Space Weather.........................................................................................................118
Satellite Anomaly Recognition, Response, and Recovery.........................................119
Anomaly Recognition...............................................................................................120
Anomaly Response..................................................................................................120
Anomaly Recovery and Analysis.............................................................................122
Fishbone Diagrams..................................................................................................123
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End-of-Life..........................................................................................................124
Post-Mission Disposal..............................................................................................124
Launch Vehicle and Satellite Passivation.................................................................124
Geosynchronous Region Disposal............................................................................126
Passing Through LEO Disposal................................................................................127
Atmospheric Re-Entry and Risk Assessment...........................................................128
Re-Entry.............................................................................................................129
Re-Entry Threat Statistics.......................................................................................130
Calculating Re-Entry Risk.........................................................................................130
Design for Demise....................................................................................................131
Re-Entry Predictions................................................................................................131
Planning a Controlled Re-Entry...............................................................................132
INDEX......................................................................................................................134
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................140
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ABOUT THE SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION
The Secure World Foundation envisions the secure, sustainable,
and peaceful uses of outer space contributing to global stability
on Earth. We work with governments, industry, international
organizations, and civil society to develop and promote ideas and
actions for international collaborations that achieve the secure,
sustainable, and peaceful uses of outer space.
Cynda Collins Arsenault, Founder
Michael K. Simpson, PhD, Executive Director
Lisa Croy, Operations Director
Victoria Samson, Washington Office Director
Ian Christensen, Project Manager
Christopher D. Johnson, Space Law Advisor
Nicole Nir, Program and Communications Coordinator
Brian Weeden, PhD, Technical Advisor
Krystal Wilson, Project Manager
Joshua Wolny, DC Administrative Assistant
Advisory Committee
Ambassador Ciro Arévalo Yepes
Richard DalBello
Peter Marquez
Tanja Masson-Zwaan
Mazlan Othman, PhD
Xavier Pasco, PhD
Rajeswari Rajagopalan, PhD
Maj. Gen. Jay Santee (Ret.)
www.swfound.org
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