Guyton & Hall Physiology Review, 2e

693 Pages·2011·5.12 MB·English

Guyton & Hall Physiology Review

Second Edition
John E. Hall, PhD
Arthur C. Guyton,
Professor and Chair , Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, Department of Physiology and
Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi

Saunders
Copyright

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GUYTON & HALL PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW, SECOND
EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4160-5452-8
Copyright © 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
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Notices

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As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
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ISBN: 978-1-4160-5452-8
Acquisitions Editor: William R. Schmitt
Developmental Editors: Christine Abshire
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Sarah Wunderly
Design Direction: Louis Forgione
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors

Thomas H. Adair, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit II, Unit XII, and
Unit XIII
David J. Dzielak, PhD, Professor of Surgery, Professor of Health Sciences,
Associate Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi
Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit IX, Unit X, andUnit XI
Joey P. Granger, PhD, Billy Guyton Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
and Medicine, Dean of the School of Graduate Studies, University of
Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit IV
John E. Hall, PhD, Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Associate Vice
Chancellor for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit I, Unit
V, andUnit XIII
Robert L. Hester, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit VI, Unit VII,
andUnit VIII
Thomas E. Lohmeier, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit XIV
R. Davis Manning, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit III, Unit IV,
andUnit XV
David B. Young, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Unit XIV
Preface

Self-assessment is an important component of effective learning,
especially when studying a subject as complex as medical physiology.
The Guyton & Hall Physiology Review is designed to provide a
comprehensive review of medical physiology through multiple-choice
questions and explanations of the answers. Medical students preparing
for the United States Medical Licensure Examinations (USMLE) will
also find this book useful, since test questions have been constructed
according to the USMLE format.
The questions and answers in this review are based on Guyton
and Hall’s Textbook of Medical Physiology, twelfth edition (TMP 12).
More than 1000 questions and answers are provided, and each answer
is referenced to the Textbook of Medical Physiology to facilitate a
more complete understanding of the topic and self-assessment of your
knowledge. Illustrations are used to reinforce basic concepts. Some of
the questions incorporate information from multiple chapters in the
Textbook of Medical Physiology to test your ability to apply and
integrate the principles necessary for the mastery of medical
physiology.
An effective way to use the review is to allow an average of 1
minute for each question in a given unit, approximating the time limit
for a question in the USMLE examination. As you proceed, indicate
your answer next to each question. After finishing the questions and
answers, spend as much time as necessary to verify your answers and
to carefully read the explanations provided. Read the additional
material referred to in the Textbook of Medical Physiology, especially
for questions where incorrect answers were chosen.
Guyton & Hall Physiology Review should not be used as a
substitute for the comprehensive information contained in the
Textbook of Medical Physiology. It is intended mainly as a means of
assessing your knowledge of physiology and of strengthening your
ability to apply and integrate this knowledge.
We have attempted to make this review as accurate as possible,
and we hope that it will be a valuable tool for your study of
physiology. We invite you to send us your critiques, suggestions for
improvement, and notifications of any errors.
I am grateful to each of the contributors for their careful work on
this book. I also wish to express my thanks to William Schmitt,
Rebecca Gruliow, Christine Abshire, and the rest of the Elsevier staff
for their editorial and production excellence. I am especially indebted
to the late Dr. Arthur C. Guyton, who wrote the first eight editions of
the Textbook of Medical Physiology, beginning nearly 50 years ago. I
had the privilege of working with him on the ninth and tenth editions
and have attempted in the last two editions to continue his practice of
accurately presenting the complex principles of physiology in
language that is easy for students to read and understand.
John E. Hall, PhD, Jackson, Mississippi
Table of Contents

Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Unit 1: The cell and general physiology
Unit 2: Membrane physiology, nerve, and muscle
Unit 3: The heart
Unit 4: The circulation
Unit 5: The body fluids and kidneys
Unit 6: Blood cells, immunity, and blood coagulation
Unit 7: Respiration
Unit 8: Aviation, space, and deep-sea diving physiology
Unit 9: The nervous system: a. general principles and sensory physiology
Unit 10: The nervous system: b. the special senses
Unit 11: The nervous system: c. motor and integrative neurophysiology
Unit 12: Gastrointestinal physiology
Unit 13: Metabolism and temperature regulation
Unit 14: Endocrinology and reproduction
Unit 15: Sports physiology
UNIT I
The cell and general physiology

1. The term “glycocalyx” refers to
A) the negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude
into the cytosol from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins
B) the negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell
surface
C) the layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of the
plasma membrane
D) the large glycogen stores found in “fast” muscles
E) a mechanism of cell–cell attachment
2. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A) carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm
B) carries activated amino acids to the ribosomes
C) is single-stranded RNA molecules of 21 to 23 nucleotides
that can regulate gene transcription
D) forms ribosomes
3. Which of the following statements is true for both pinocytosis
and phagocytosis?
A) Involves the recruitment of actin filaments
B) Occurs spontaneously and nonselectively
C) Endocytotic vesicles fuse with ribosomes that release
hydrolases into the vesicles
D) Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils
E) Does not require ATP