Table Of ContentAIHA Guideline 5 — 2005
Guideline for the Development of
Personal Protective Equipment Programs
for Small Business Owners
Approval Date: April 1, 2005
American Industrial Hygiene Association
About this Document
AIHA guidelines are developed through a consensus process that involves review by internal AIHA technical committees
and external review by outside experts. Through this process, AIHA brings together volunteers with varied backgrounds and
viewpoints. The intent of this document is to provide guidance to the practicing Occupational, Environmental Health and
Safety (OEHS) professional. This document is not a standard.
Use of this document is completely voluntary. Existence of this document does not in any respect preclude anyone—
whether he or she has participated in the development process or not—from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or
using products, processors, or procedures not conforming to this guideline.
Copyright 2005 by the American Industrial Hygiene Association. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced
in any form, by Photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or by any means, without prior permission from the publisher.
ISBN: 1-93150461-X
Stock Number: EPCG05-688
American Industrial Hygiene Association
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Tel: (703) 849-8888
Fax: (703) 207-3561
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Foreword
In 1994, the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) published several standards related to Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) in the workplace.(1)Employers, falling under the jurisdiction of OSHA, were required to assess
their workplaces for hazards in seven suggested categories, determine what PPE would provide protection for their
employees, and make specific recommendations for use based on technical information such as penetration, permeation,
and degradation.
As a technical committee of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the Protective Clothing and Equipment
Committee saw the opportunity to capture the knowledge gained from large companies implementing the standard over the
last 10 years and share it with persons working in small businesses.
The authors of this guideline recognize that there are many small employers who may not have the resources available to
independently develop protective equipment programs for their workers. It is intended to provide information to help prevent
the exposure of employees to potentially harmful substances.
(1) 1910.132 General Requirements; 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection; 1910.135 Head Protection; 1910.136 Foot
Protection; and 1910.138 Hand Protection
iii
Table of Contents
Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................................iii
Contributing Authors....................................................................................................................................................v
1. Purpose...................................................................................................................................................................1
2. Scope......................................................................................................................................................................1
3. Definitions and Abbreviations..............................................................................................................................1
4. Significance and Uses...........................................................................................................................................1
5. Program Requirements.........................................................................................................................................2
5.1 Written Program..............................................................................................................................................2
5.2 Hazard Assessment, Certification, and PPE Selection..................................................................................2
5.3 Employee Training...........................................................................................................................................3
5.4 Payment for Protective Clothing and Equipment (employer vs. employee-owned PPE)................................4
5.5 Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance...........................................................................................................4
5.6 Applicable Standards......................................................................................................................................5
6. Specialty PPE.........................................................................................................................................................5
7. Summary.................................................................................................................................................................5
8. Additional Resources............................................................................................................................................6
Appendix A: Example of Small Business PPE Program..............................................................................................7
Appendix B: PPE Hazard Assessment ........................................................................................................................9
Appendix C: Hazard Assessment Certification...........................................................................................................11
Development of Personal Protective Equipment Programs for
Small Business Owners
1. Purpose 3. Definitions & Abbreviations
The purpose of this guideline is to provide the For the purposes of this guideline document, the following
fundamentals for development of personal protective terms and definitions apply. The Glossary of Occupational
equipment (PPE) programs for small business owners. Hygiene Termsshould be referenced for any terms not
Examples of successful PPE programs are also provided. defined in this section.
The guidance provided in this document is also
U.S. OSHA – United States Occupational Safety and
intended to provide assistance in the development of
Health Administration
programs, and selection of clothing and equipment used
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
for the purpose of protecting employees from physical
and chemical hazards encountered in a variety of Hazard – a source of danger (i.e., material, energy
occupational settings. source, or operation) with the potential to cause illness,
injury, or death to personnel, loss of material/production,
This guideline is intended for use by small business
owners, human resource managers, or other employees or damage to a facility or the environment.
who have responsibilities for developing or implementing Risk – the quantitative or qualitative expression of
safety and health programs. It may also be useful for possible loss that considers both the probability that a
industrial hygienists, safety professionals, and others hazard will cause harm, and the consequences of that
whose responsibilities include assuring a safe and event.
healthful workplace. Engineering control – mechanical or other engineered
Examples provided in the Appendices are general in changes to a process that are intended to minimize or
nature, but the concepts will be useful in virtually all eliminate employee exposure to a hazard.
facilities. Administrative control – procedures or work practices
The guideline has been developed based on that are implemented to minimize or eliminate employee
personal protective equipment regulations, but also to exposure to a hazard.
include best management practices currently being used
U.K. HSE– United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
in the field.
Optical radiation (energy) – Infrared, visible, and
ultraviolet radiation (energy) as from welding arc flashes,
2. Scope
the sun, or lasers.
This guide applies to the development of PPE programs
NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and
in accordance with regulation and best practices
Health
commonly used in a variety of industries. While most of
the material is specific to U.S. OSHA regulations, some
4. Significance & Uses
reference is made to other jurisdictions for comparison.
All occupational environments have hazards that may
This publication is not intended as a comprehensive
present an injury or illness risk to employees. These
guide to regulatory compliance, and nor is it designed to
hazards include physical agents — mechanical abrasion,
address, in detail, topics such as PPE selection,
flying particles (including dust), noise, heat, cold,
respiratory protection, electrical protective equipment, fall
vibration, radiation — as well as a wide variety of
protection equipment, personal flotation devices, and
chemical substances. Some of these hazards may be no
hearing protection programs. Although these topics are
more than a minor nuisance, while others may present a
briefly addressed, the user is encouraged to review
risk of serious injury, including potential fatality.
applicable standards and guidelines for detailed
information on these topics. When controlling employee exposure to hazards,
there are a variety of ways to reduce the risk, such as:
While there are instances where protective clothing
and equipment is worn for the purpose of protecting the (cid:127) The preferred method of controlling risk is to
product or process (such as clean rooms for electronics eliminate the hazard from the workplace. This can
production and some food processing areas), this guide be done by eliminating unnecessary chemicals, by
does not address those issues except where certain using less hazardous chemicals (i.e. substitution),
sizing, inspection, and maintenance issues may apply. and/or discontinuing certain work processes or
This guideline does not address, in detail, highly tasks. However, elimination of a hazard is not
specialized environments such as biohazard research always an available option.
laboratories, nuclear facilities, fire fighting, and hazardous (cid:127) The next best choice is to design and install
materials (HazMat) response. engineering controls to reduce or eliminate
1
Development of Personal Protective Equipment Programs for
Small Business Owners
1. Purpose 3. Definitions & Abbreviations
The purpose of this guideline is to provide the For the purposes of this guideline document, the following
fundamentals for development of personal protective terms and definitions apply. The Glossary of Occupational
equipment (PPE) programs for small business owners. Hygiene Termsshould be referenced for any terms not
Examples of successful PPE programs are also provided. defined in this section.
The guidance provided in this document is also
U.S. OSHA – United States Occupational Safety and
intended to provide assistance in the development of
Health Administration
programs, and selection of clothing and equipment used
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
for the purpose of protecting employees from physical
and chemical hazards encountered in a variety of Hazard – a source of danger (i.e., material, energy
occupational settings. source, or operation) with the potential to cause illness,
injury, or death to personnel, loss of material/production,
This guideline is intended for use by small business
owners, human resource managers, or other employees or damage to a facility or the environment.
who have responsibilities for developing or implementing Risk – the quantitative or qualitative expression of
safety and health programs. It may also be useful for possible loss that considers both the probability that a
industrial hygienists, safety professionals, and others hazard will cause harm, and the consequences of that
whose responsibilities include assuring a safe and event.
healthful workplace. Engineering control – mechanical or other engineered
Examples provided in the Appendices are general in changes to a process that are intended to minimize or
nature, but the concepts will be useful in virtually all eliminate employee exposure to a hazard.
facilities. Administrative control – procedures or work practices
The guideline has been developed based on that are implemented to minimize or eliminate employee
personal protective equipment regulations, but also to exposure to a hazard.
include best management practices currently being used
U.K. HSE– United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
in the field.
Optical radiation (energy) – Infrared, visible, and
ultraviolet radiation (energy) as from welding arc flashes,
2. Scope
the sun, or lasers.
This guide applies to the development of PPE programs
NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and
in accordance with regulation and best practices
Health
commonly used in a variety of industries. While most of
the material is specific to U.S. OSHA regulations, some
4. Significance & Uses
reference is made to other jurisdictions for comparison.
All occupational environments have hazards that may
This publication is not intended as a comprehensive
present an injury or illness risk to employees. These
guide to regulatory compliance, and nor is it designed to
hazards include physical agents — mechanical abrasion,
address, in detail, topics such as PPE selection,
flying particles (including dust), noise, heat, cold,
respiratory protection, electrical protective equipment, fall
vibration, radiation — as well as a wide variety of
protection equipment, personal flotation devices, and
chemical substances. Some of these hazards may be no
hearing protection programs. Although these topics are
more than a minor nuisance, while others may present a
briefly addressed, the user is encouraged to review
risk of serious injury, including potential fatality.
applicable standards and guidelines for detailed
information on these topics. When controlling employee exposure to hazards,
there are a variety of ways to reduce the risk, such as:
While there are instances where protective clothing
and equipment is worn for the purpose of protecting the (cid:127) The preferred method of controlling risk is to
product or process (such as clean rooms for electronics eliminate the hazard from the workplace. This can
production and some food processing areas), this guide be done by eliminating unnecessary chemicals, by
does not address those issues except where certain using less hazardous chemicals (i.e. substitution),
sizing, inspection, and maintenance issues may apply. and/or discontinuing certain work processes or
This guideline does not address, in detail, highly tasks. However, elimination of a hazard is not
specialized environments such as biohazard research always an available option.
laboratories, nuclear facilities, fire fighting, and hazardous (cid:127) The next best choice is to design and install
materials (HazMat) response. engineering controls to reduce or eliminate
1
Development of Personal Protective Equipment Programs for
Small Business Owners
1. Purpose 3. Definitions & Abbreviations
The purpose of this guideline is to provide the For the purposes of this guideline document, the following
fundamentals for development of personal protective terms and definitions apply. The Glossary of Occupational
equipment (PPE) programs for small business owners. Hygiene Termsshould be referenced for any terms not
Examples of successful PPE programs are also provided. defined in this section.
The guidance provided in this document is also
U.S. OSHA – United States Occupational Safety and
intended to provide assistance in the development of
Health Administration
programs, and selection of clothing and equipment used
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
for the purpose of protecting employees from physical
and chemical hazards encountered in a variety of Hazard – a source of danger (i.e., material, energy
occupational settings. source, or operation) with the potential to cause illness,
injury, or death to personnel, loss of material/production,
This guideline is intended for use by small business
owners, human resource managers, or other employees or damage to a facility or the environment.
who have responsibilities for developing or implementing Risk – the quantitative or qualitative expression of
safety and health programs. It may also be useful for possible loss that considers both the probability that a
industrial hygienists, safety professionals, and others hazard will cause harm, and the consequences of that
whose responsibilities include assuring a safe and event.
healthful workplace. Engineering control – mechanical or other engineered
Examples provided in the Appendices are general in changes to a process that are intended to minimize or
nature, but the concepts will be useful in virtually all eliminate employee exposure to a hazard.
facilities. Administrative control – procedures or work practices
The guideline has been developed based on that are implemented to minimize or eliminate employee
personal protective equipment regulations, but also to exposure to a hazard.
include best management practices currently being used
U.K. HSE– United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
in the field.
Optical radiation (energy) – Infrared, visible, and
ultraviolet radiation (energy) as from welding arc flashes,
2. Scope
the sun, or lasers.
This guide applies to the development of PPE programs
NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and
in accordance with regulation and best practices
Health
commonly used in a variety of industries. While most of
the material is specific to U.S. OSHA regulations, some
4. Significance & Uses
reference is made to other jurisdictions for comparison.
All occupational environments have hazards that may
This publication is not intended as a comprehensive
present an injury or illness risk to employees. These
guide to regulatory compliance, and nor is it designed to
hazards include physical agents — mechanical abrasion,
address, in detail, topics such as PPE selection,
flying particles (including dust), noise, heat, cold,
respiratory protection, electrical protective equipment, fall
vibration, radiation — as well as a wide variety of
protection equipment, personal flotation devices, and
chemical substances. Some of these hazards may be no
hearing protection programs. Although these topics are
more than a minor nuisance, while others may present a
briefly addressed, the user is encouraged to review
risk of serious injury, including potential fatality.
applicable standards and guidelines for detailed
information on these topics. When controlling employee exposure to hazards,
there are a variety of ways to reduce the risk, such as:
While there are instances where protective clothing
and equipment is worn for the purpose of protecting the (cid:127) The preferred method of controlling risk is to
product or process (such as clean rooms for electronics eliminate the hazard from the workplace. This can
production and some food processing areas), this guide be done by eliminating unnecessary chemicals, by
does not address those issues except where certain using less hazardous chemicals (i.e. substitution),
sizing, inspection, and maintenance issues may apply. and/or discontinuing certain work processes or
This guideline does not address, in detail, highly tasks. However, elimination of a hazard is not
specialized environments such as biohazard research always an available option.
laboratories, nuclear facilities, fire fighting, and hazardous (cid:127) The next best choice is to design and install
materials (HazMat) response. engineering controls to reduce or eliminate
1
Development of Personal Protective Equipment Programs for
Small Business Owners
1. Purpose 3. Definitions & Abbreviations
The purpose of this guideline is to provide the For the purposes of this guideline document, the following
fundamentals for development of personal protective terms and definitions apply. The Glossary of Occupational
equipment (PPE) programs for small business owners. Hygiene Termsshould be referenced for any terms not
Examples of successful PPE programs are also provided. defined in this section.
The guidance provided in this document is also
U.S. OSHA – United States Occupational Safety and
intended to provide assistance in the development of
Health Administration
programs, and selection of clothing and equipment used
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
for the purpose of protecting employees from physical
and chemical hazards encountered in a variety of Hazard – a source of danger (i.e., material, energy
occupational settings. source, or operation) with the potential to cause illness,
injury, or death to personnel, loss of material/production,
This guideline is intended for use by small business
owners, human resource managers, or other employees or damage to a facility or the environment.
who have responsibilities for developing or implementing Risk – the quantitative or qualitative expression of
safety and health programs. It may also be useful for possible loss that considers both the probability that a
industrial hygienists, safety professionals, and others hazard will cause harm, and the consequences of that
whose responsibilities include assuring a safe and event.
healthful workplace. Engineering control – mechanical or other engineered
Examples provided in the Appendices are general in changes to a process that are intended to minimize or
nature, but the concepts will be useful in virtually all eliminate employee exposure to a hazard.
facilities. Administrative control – procedures or work practices
The guideline has been developed based on that are implemented to minimize or eliminate employee
personal protective equipment regulations, but also to exposure to a hazard.
include best management practices currently being used
U.K. HSE– United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
in the field.
Optical radiation (energy) – Infrared, visible, and
ultraviolet radiation (energy) as from welding arc flashes,
2. Scope
the sun, or lasers.
This guide applies to the development of PPE programs
NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and
in accordance with regulation and best practices
Health
commonly used in a variety of industries. While most of
the material is specific to U.S. OSHA regulations, some
4. Significance & Uses
reference is made to other jurisdictions for comparison.
All occupational environments have hazards that may
This publication is not intended as a comprehensive
present an injury or illness risk to employees. These
guide to regulatory compliance, and nor is it designed to
hazards include physical agents — mechanical abrasion,
address, in detail, topics such as PPE selection,
flying particles (including dust), noise, heat, cold,
respiratory protection, electrical protective equipment, fall
vibration, radiation — as well as a wide variety of
protection equipment, personal flotation devices, and
chemical substances. Some of these hazards may be no
hearing protection programs. Although these topics are
more than a minor nuisance, while others may present a
briefly addressed, the user is encouraged to review
risk of serious injury, including potential fatality.
applicable standards and guidelines for detailed
information on these topics. When controlling employee exposure to hazards,
there are a variety of ways to reduce the risk, such as:
While there are instances where protective clothing
and equipment is worn for the purpose of protecting the (cid:127) The preferred method of controlling risk is to
product or process (such as clean rooms for electronics eliminate the hazard from the workplace. This can
production and some food processing areas), this guide be done by eliminating unnecessary chemicals, by
does not address those issues except where certain using less hazardous chemicals (i.e. substitution),
sizing, inspection, and maintenance issues may apply. and/or discontinuing certain work processes or
This guideline does not address, in detail, highly tasks. However, elimination of a hazard is not
specialized environments such as biohazard research always an available option.
laboratories, nuclear facilities, fire fighting, and hazardous (cid:127) The next best choice is to design and install
materials (HazMat) response. engineering controls to reduce or eliminate
1
American Industrial Hygiene Association
employee exposure (enclosing equipment, 5. Program Requirements
installing more efficient/automated equipment,
5.1 Written Program
installing ventilation to remove hazardous vapors),
While some regulatory agencies do not require formal
(cid:127) Another way to reduce the risk of a hazard is to
written programs, employers are required to comply with
implement administrative type control measures.
a variety of regulations regarding the selection and use of
This may include limiting the amount of time an
PPE. These programs provide the basis for showing
employee can work in a certain area or changing
management commitment, outlining the requirements
work practices/procedures.
and expectations, providing standardized procedures for
In the event that safer processes or substances cannot an employer to use, and preventing unnecessary
be used, engineering controls cannot be installed (or are confusion in the application of regulations. A written
not completely effective), and administrative controls program should define responsibilities and include
(procedures and work practices) do not fully control procedures for:
exposures, personal protective equipment (PPE) must (cid:127) conducting hazard assessments
be used to prevent or minimize employee exposure. In
(cid:127) selection of PPE
some cases, adequate control measures have been
(cid:127) fitting
installed, but PPE may be preferred as an additional
(cid:127) use (how, when, and where)
precaution. Using PPE alone as a control is the most
(cid:127) inspection (methods and frequency)
inefficient and least effective method available, but is
often the most commonly used. Application of the (cid:127) cleaning and maintenance of PPE
principles and practices described in this guideline can (cid:127) employee training
improve the effectiveness of any PPE that is used, but is (cid:127) periodic review of the program
not a substitute for proper hazard assessment (Sec.5.2),
The requirements of the U.S. OSHA respirator standard,
and implementation of better, more efficient control
29 CFR 1910.134, parallel the preceding bullets, but
methods. (Protective clothing and equipment is the require that a respirator program must be overseen by a
last line of defense, and should be used as a last suitably trained “Respirator Program Administrator”.
resort, not the only method of protection.)
When conducting the periodic (e.g., annual) review of
Common hazards that may require the use of PPE the PPE program, the employer should assess current
include: exposure control measures to ensure their continued
(cid:127) Paints, coatings, and thinners effectiveness (and determine if new or improved
technology makes engineering controls available),
(cid:127) Hot or cold objects
determine the need for further control, and ensure the
(cid:127) Material handling
effectiveness of employee training (and evaluate the need
(cid:127) Cleaning chemicals
for refresher training).
(cid:127) Degreasers
Appendix A contains an example of a basic written
(cid:127) Bloodborne pathogens program that may be used as a guide for development of
(cid:127) Metal working operations (mills, lathes, drill a workplace-specific program.
presses, punch presses, welding and cutting, open
surface tanks, etc.) 5.2 Hazard Assessment, Certification, and
(cid:127) Overhead or falling objects PPE Selection
(cid:127) Woodworking Employers of all sizes, in nearly all jurisdictions, are
(cid:127) Pesticides and herbicides required to perform some type of hazard assessment.
Before selecting any type of PPE for employee protection,
(cid:127) Laboratory work (research, and routine testing)
the employer must first determine what hazards exist in
Note:no attempt has been made to identify all the
the workplace. Only after this step has been made can
hazards that may be encountered in any given
the appropriate protective equipment be determined for
occupational environment.
those hazards. A hazard assessment may be as simple
Requirements for PPE programs vary significantly by as conducting a walkthrough inspection of the workplace,
country and may even be different from state to state or listing the hazards found, and the PPE necessary to
province to province. While some reference is made to protect employees. The hazard assessment may also
United States, Canadian, and United Kingdom consider the control measures currently in place and the
regulations, the emphasis of this guide will be actual potential for employee exposure.
development of an effective program for employee For instance, a machine shop may include falling
protection. Consult with the appropriate authorities for objects (from overhead hoists or cranes), flying particles
determination of compliance with local and national (from mills, lathes, grinders, etc.), welding fumes,
regulations. metalworking fluids, sharp edges, and excessive noise.
2
American Industrial Hygiene Association
employee exposure (enclosing equipment, 5. Program Requirements
installing more efficient/automated equipment,
5.1 Written Program
installing ventilation to remove hazardous vapors),
While some regulatory agencies do not require formal
(cid:127) Another way to reduce the risk of a hazard is to
written programs, employers are required to comply with
implement administrative type control measures.
a variety of regulations regarding the selection and use of
This may include limiting the amount of time an
PPE. These programs provide the basis for showing
employee can work in a certain area or changing
management commitment, outlining the requirements
work practices/procedures.
and expectations, providing standardized procedures for
In the event that safer processes or substances cannot an employer to use, and preventing unnecessary
be used, engineering controls cannot be installed (or are confusion in the application of regulations. A written
not completely effective), and administrative controls program should define responsibilities and include
(procedures and work practices) do not fully control procedures for:
exposures, personal protective equipment (PPE) must (cid:127) conducting hazard assessments
be used to prevent or minimize employee exposure. In
(cid:127) selection of PPE
some cases, adequate control measures have been
(cid:127) fitting
installed, but PPE may be preferred as an additional
(cid:127) use (how, when, and where)
precaution. Using PPE alone as a control is the most
(cid:127) inspection (methods and frequency)
inefficient and least effective method available, but is
often the most commonly used. Application of the (cid:127) cleaning and maintenance of PPE
principles and practices described in this guideline can (cid:127) employee training
improve the effectiveness of any PPE that is used, but is (cid:127) periodic review of the program
not a substitute for proper hazard assessment (Sec.5.2),
The requirements of the U.S. OSHA respirator standard,
and implementation of better, more efficient control
29 CFR 1910.134, parallel the preceding bullets, but
methods. (Protective clothing and equipment is the require that a respirator program must be overseen by a
last line of defense, and should be used as a last suitably trained “Respirator Program Administrator”.
resort, not the only method of protection.)
When conducting the periodic (e.g., annual) review of
Common hazards that may require the use of PPE the PPE program, the employer should assess current
include: exposure control measures to ensure their continued
(cid:127) Paints, coatings, and thinners effectiveness (and determine if new or improved
technology makes engineering controls available),
(cid:127) Hot or cold objects
determine the need for further control, and ensure the
(cid:127) Material handling
effectiveness of employee training (and evaluate the need
(cid:127) Cleaning chemicals
for refresher training).
(cid:127) Degreasers
Appendix A contains an example of a basic written
(cid:127) Bloodborne pathogens program that may be used as a guide for development of
(cid:127) Metal working operations (mills, lathes, drill a workplace-specific program.
presses, punch presses, welding and cutting, open
surface tanks, etc.) 5.2 Hazard Assessment, Certification, and
(cid:127) Overhead or falling objects PPE Selection
(cid:127) Woodworking Employers of all sizes, in nearly all jurisdictions, are
(cid:127) Pesticides and herbicides required to perform some type of hazard assessment.
Before selecting any type of PPE for employee protection,
(cid:127) Laboratory work (research, and routine testing)
the employer must first determine what hazards exist in
Note:no attempt has been made to identify all the
the workplace. Only after this step has been made can
hazards that may be encountered in any given
the appropriate protective equipment be determined for
occupational environment.
those hazards. A hazard assessment may be as simple
Requirements for PPE programs vary significantly by as conducting a walkthrough inspection of the workplace,
country and may even be different from state to state or listing the hazards found, and the PPE necessary to
province to province. While some reference is made to protect employees. The hazard assessment may also
United States, Canadian, and United Kingdom consider the control measures currently in place and the
regulations, the emphasis of this guide will be actual potential for employee exposure.
development of an effective program for employee For instance, a machine shop may include falling
protection. Consult with the appropriate authorities for objects (from overhead hoists or cranes), flying particles
determination of compliance with local and national (from mills, lathes, grinders, etc.), welding fumes,
regulations. metalworking fluids, sharp edges, and excessive noise.
2
