Table Of ContentBlack Religion / Womanist Thought / Social Justice
Series Editors Dwight N. Hopkins and Linda E. Thomas
Published by Palgrave Macmillan
“How Long this Road”: Race, Religion, and the Legacy of C. Eric Lincoln
Edited by Alton B. Pollard, III and Love Henry Whelchel, Jr.
African American Humanist Principles: Living and Thinking Like the Children of
Nimrod
By Anthony B. Pinn
White Theology: Outing Supremacy in Modernity
By James W. Perkinson
The Myth of Ham in Nineteenth-Century American Christianity: Race, Heathens,
and the People of God
By Sylvester Johnson
Loving the Body: Black Religious Studies and the Erotic
Edited by Anthony B. Pinn and Dwight N. Hopkins
Transformative Pastoral Leadership in the Black Church
By Jeffery L. Tribble, Sr.
Shamanism, Racism, and Hip Hop Culture: Essays on White Supremacy and Black
Subversion
By James W. Perkinson
Women, Ethics, and Inequality in U.S. Healthcare: “To Count Among the Living”
By Aana Marie Vigen
Black Theology in Transatlantic Dialogue: Inside Looking Out, Outside Looking In
By Anthony G. Reddie
Womanist Ethics and the Cultural Production of Evil
By Emilie M. Townes
Whiteness and Morality: Pursuing Racial Justice through Reparations and Sovereignty
By Jennifer Harvey
Black Theology and Pedagogy
By Noel Leo Erskine
The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Desmond Mpilo Tutu
By Johnny B. Hill
Conceptions of God, Freedom, and Ethics in African American and Jewish Theology
By Kurt Buhring
The Origins of Black Humanism in America: Reverend Ethelred Brown and the
Unitarian Church
By Juan M. Floyd-Thomas
Black Religion and the Imagination of Matter in the Atlantic World
By James A. Noel
Bible Witness in Black Churches
By Garth Kasimu Baker-Fletcher
Enslaved Women and the Art of Resistance in Antebellum America
By Renee K. Harrison
Ethical Complications of Lynching: Ida B. Wells’s Interrogation of American Terror
By Angela D. Sims
Representations of Homosexuality: Black Liberation Theology and Cultural Criticism
By Roger A. Sneed
The Tragic Vision of African American Religion
By Matthew V. Johnson
Racism and the Image of God
By Karen Teel
Gifts of Virtue, Alice Walker, and Womanist Ethics
By Melanie L. Harris
Women’s Spirituality and Education in the Black Church
By Yolanda Y. Smith (forthcoming)
Gifts of Virtue, Alice Walker, and
Womanist Ethics
Melanie L. Harris
GIFTS OF VIRTUE, ALICE WALKER, AND WOMANIST ETHICS
Copyright © Melanie L. Harris, 2010.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-61511-3
All rights reserved.
First published in 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-37879-1 ISBN 978-0-230-11393-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230113930
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Harris, Melanie L., 1975–
Gifts of virtue, Alice Walker, and womanist ethics / Melanie L. Harris.
p. cm.—(Black religion/womanist thought/social justice)
ISBN 978–0–230–61511–3 (hardback)
1. Walker, Alice, 1944– —Criticism and interpretation. 2. Walker,
Alice, 1944– —Ethics. 3. Walker, Alice, 1944– —Religion. 4. Spirituality in
literature. 5. Virtues in literature. 6. Values in literature. I. Title.
PS3573.A425Z67 2010
813(cid:2).54—dc22 2010014003
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: October 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Survivors
May we all be truly free and live our beauty in wholeness.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Series Editors’ Preface xi
Introduction 1
1 “A Womanist Story”: Alice Walker’s Moral Biography 15
2 A Path Set before Us: Womanist Virtue Method 49
3 Doing the Work: Building a Womanist Virtue Ethic 59
4 Stay on the Path, Walk the Journey: Values to Hold On 89
5 Take Back Your Life: Virtues to Live By 109
6 Third-Wave Womanism: Expanding Womanist
Discourse, Making Room for Our Children 125
Epilogue: The Gifts of Alice Walker 139
Notes 151
Index 173
Alice Walker: Work Cited 177
Acknowledgments
This book was born from Love. From my mother’s warm embrace,
the glow of her smile, her scholarly mind, and her deep laughing jour-
neys with life. From the steady loving kindness of my brother whose
wise strength and healing light transformed valleys into spaces of
hope. From the breath of my father’s ancestral presence, guiding with
smiles, showering peace, pride, and protection.
To my mother, the Rev. Naomi O. Harris you have in so many
ways breathed life back into my soul. Thank you. In search of your
gardens I found my own. Your daughter loves you. To my brother,
John Jay A. Harris Jr., thank you for being a deep thinker, a builder
of community and an artist of head and heart. You paved a way for
my spirit to take flight. Thank you. I believe in you and I love you. I
am grateful for you, John A. Harris Sr. for the flow of wisdom that
continues to meet me along the river of life. Daddy, I see you. To
Sonia Denise, Keith, Alisha, Nathan and Desmond Dozier for being
a home for my heart, and to the Harris, Wells, Jones, and Perry fami-
lies, thank you for pouring your love, laughter, and prayer into this
journey.
Friendship like water has nurtured this book from the beginning
and lifted me through the process of writing. I accept this as grace
in my life and for each gift I am grateful. To my dear friends and sis-
ters, Kate Ott, Jennifer Harvey, Rebecca Todd Peters, Layli Phillips,
Davina Lopez, Antoinette Kemp, Regina Dotson, Grace White, and
especially, to Cheryl Walker who taught me how to be in the present
moment. To the extraordinary mentors who assisted me during the
initial phase of this project, Emilie M. Townes, Peter J. Paris, Anthony
B. Pinn, Gary Dorrien and Larry Rasmussen. I am especially grateful
to Dr. Townes for her consistent support, to Dr. Paris for reading sev-
eral drafts of this manuscript and to Dr. Larry and Nyla Rasmussen
for serving as midwives as I wrote, and wrote, and wrote! There are
x Acknowledgments
also those who taught me how to find my voice! For this I wish to
thank James H. Cone, Renita J. Weems, James A. and Betty Forbes,
John Richard Bryant, Anthony B. Pinn, the late Rev. Jesse Langston
Boyd Jr., Rosemarie Harding, Rachel Harding, Vincent Harding,
Sheila Davney, Josef Sorett, and the entire Nzinga and Ndugu Family.
Compassionate justice found its way into my life through friends whom
I wish to thank for supporting me in the life of the mind. These include,
Carolyn Medine, Charles Hallisey, Jack Hill, Marcia Y. Riggs, Sharon
Watson Fluker, Evelyn Parker, Tonya Burton, William Paul Young,
Kaudie McLean, Lori Hartmann, Helen Hunt, Kanyere Eaton, Cecila
Boone, Emmanuel Lartey, Joretta Marshall, and Joy Allen.
I could not have completed this work without the support of the fac-
ulty and staff of the Religion Department at Texas Christian University.
A research leave granted by the Provost, Dr. Newell Donovan, Dean,
Andrew Schoolmaster and Chair of the Religion Department, C.
David Grant provided me with the opportunity to complete this book.
I would also like to thank the faculty of Iliff School of Theology
for opening their research doors and hearts to me, and to The Ford
Foundation and Womanist Scholars Program under the direction of
Dr. Jacquelyn Grant at the Interdominational Theological Center in
Atlanta that provided a rich and nurturing environment for me as
I was conducting research on this and another writing project. The
Wabash Center for Learning and Teaching in Religion and Theology,
The Sister Fund, and The Fund for Theological Education have been
instrumental partners in my writing journey. I am proud that this
work is a part of the powerful Black Religion/Womanist Thought/
Social Justice series at Palgrave Macmillan and am grateful for the
vision of series editors Linda Thomas and Dwight Hopkins. Thank
you. The gift of a solid and care-filled editor has been a true blessing.
Thank you to editor Burke Gerstenschlager for your attention to detail
both on and off the page.
To Alice Walker, your life work and words embody the spirit of peace.
Thank you for reading this manuscript, for your treasured insights and
wisdom. Our connection teaches me so much and I am glad you are
pleased with this book. May you continually be touched in heart and
mind to be beautiful, inspiring love as the basis for wholeness and com-
munity and may we all cherish the Earth divine. To the Spirit—Thank
you for giving me voice, courage, and life anew—I love you.
In Peace and Thanksgiving,
MELANIE L. HARRIS
Series Editors’ Preface
Melanie L. Harris has written a void-filling book that no one else
thought to write. Such an innovative scholarly move indicates both
her intellectual creativity and her penetrating insight. What she has
skillfully crafted is a text so practically and logically needed. Her
claim is convincingly sound. Womanist thought, argues Harris,
draws on Alice Walker’s phrase “womanist.” Until now, womanist
theology and ethics have been forged into an American and global
discipline by relying on Walker’s four-part womanist definition
through Walker’s fictional prose and poetry. Now Harris (and here is
her conceptual breakthrough) pushes us to notice the treasure trove
of Walker’s nonfictional texts. And then, Harris concludes in a way
that is profound by virtue of the fact that others have not thought
of it, that is to pose this question: What are the ethical insights of
Walker’s nonfiction writings and how can these insights be used as
sources for a constructive womanist ethics? From the emergence of
womanist theology and ethics in the early 1980s until today, no one
has really surfaced this query. The gift of Harris is that she asks and
answers it.
Unfolding her answer, Harris guides us meticulously through
the false oppositional positioning of womanist thought verses black
feminist thought. There are shades of differences between these dis-
ciplines. However, Harris states compellingly, there exists no sharp
dichotomy between the two. In a sense, they both go back to Walker’s
original definition of “womanist,” coined in her 1983 book, In
Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. In fact, the first
generation of womanist theologians and ethicists (such as Jacquelyn
Grant, Delores Williams, and Katie Cannon—all hailing from Union
Theological Seminary in New York City) interchanged theoretical
and ethical notions from both womanism and black feminism. Even
today, scholars, pastors, and laywomen of both representations draw
