General Chemistry

986 Pages·1988·98.02 MB·English

by  Linus Pauling

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Energy Level Diagram of Electron Shells
and Subshells of the Elements
Shell Ra CmBk Cf EsFmMdNo
96 97 98 99100101102
N
7s
Fr /Ac Th Pa U NpPuAm
87 ~*89 90 91 92 93 94 95
/ GdTbDyHoErTmYb
/ 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
HNNHH
Lu HfTa W Re / /LaCe Pr NdPmSmEu
71 72 73 74 75 / 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
RuRh PdAgCd
_)/
44 45 46 47 48
H1NINN1H1
Y ZrNbMoTc
*39 40 41 42 43
FeCoNi CuZn^
26 27 28 29 30
NNINININI
Sc Ti V CrMn
21 22 23 24 25
M
General chemistry /
mini 10308
QD33 .P34 1970
Pauling, Linus,
NEW COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA (SF)
QD 33 .P34 1970
Pauling, Linus, 1901-
General chemistry
#13478
DATE DUE BORROWER'S NAME
#13478
QD
3P334 PauGleinnegrtalLicnhuesmi»st1r9y01-/ Linus Pauling*
1970 3rd ed» San Francisco : W. H» Frecnani
cIt9n7x.I0lnvc(*,lAud9S5ee9sriepbs.iblo:fio1g,1b,1ro.oakpsh(iscoIamnlecchroeelmif.ie)sr\tern•,yc2eOI4sA
(p. 942) and index.
#13478 Reclass $ • •
ISBN 0-7167-0148-0
1. Chemistry. I« Title
14 JUN 93 75602 NEWCxc 78-75625r902
THE LIBRARY
NEWCOLLEGEOFCALIFORNIA
SO FELLSTREET
SAN FRANCISCO.CALIFORNIA 941Q2
General Chemistry
DUE DATE
A Series of Books in Chemistry
Linus Pauling, editor
third edition
General Chemistry
LINUS PAULING
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY
Stanford University
1970
FREEMAN AND COMPANY
W. H.
San Francisco
©
copyright 1947, 1950, 1953, 1970 by linus pauling
no part ofthis book may be reproduced by any mechanical,
photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of
a phonographic recording, nor may it bestored in a retrieval
system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private
use without written permission from the publisher.
printed in the united states of america
library of congress card number 78-75625
standard book number 7167 0148-0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Preface
In the first edition of this book, published 22 years ago, I attempted to
simplify the teaching of general chemistry by the correlation of the facts
of descriptive chemistry, the observed properties of substances, to as
great an extent as possible with theoretical principles, especially the
theory of atomic and molecular structure. This correlation with theory
was extended in the second edition, and is extended still further in the
present edition.
The theories of greatest value in modern chemistry are the theories ol
atomicandmolecular structure, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics,
and thermodynamics. In this book I have tried to present in a sound and
logical way the development of these theories, in their relation to chem-
istry. The principles of quantum mechanics are discussed on the basis of
the de Broglie wavelength ofthe electron. The quantized energy levels of
a particle in a box are derived by means ofa simple assumption about the
relation of the de Broglie waves to the walls of the box. No attempt is
made to solve the Schrodinger wave equation for other systems, but the
wave functions of hydrogen-like electrons are presented and discussed in
some detail, andthe quantum statesfor other systemsare also discussed.
I have found that an understanding of statistical mechanics (especially
in its quantum-mechanical form) is more easily obtained by the beginning
student than an understanding ofchemical thermodynamics. It is for this
reason that I have introduced statistical mechanics before thermo-
dynamics, and have based the discussion of thermodynamics on it.
[v]
vi Preface
A simple derivation of the Boltzmann distribution law is given in
Chapter 9. The principles ofchemical thermodynamics are then developed
in a reasonably straightforward way from this law in Chapters 10 and 11.
It has been customary for many years to include some parts of chemical
thermodynamics, especially in relation to chemical equilibrium, in general
chemistry, withoutrelatingthe equationsto the basic principles ofthermo-
dynamics and statistical mechanics. I think that it will be helpful to the
student to have available in his textbook a discussion ofthe basic theory,
even though it may not be possible for him to master the material in the
time during which the course is presented.
The amount of descriptive chemistry has been decreased somewhat in
this edition, and the presentation of this subject, especially in relation to
the nonmetals, has been revised in such a way as to permit greater cor-
relation with the electronic structure ofatoms, especially electronegativity.
It is not possible to add new material to the one-year course of general
chemistry without omitting some of the old material. It is important for
the student to know some ofthe facts ofdescriptive chemistry, and I have
attempted to make a reasonable decision about the extent to which the
elimination of descriptive chemistry should be carried out.
There is, ofcourse, somewhat more material in this book than can be
mastered by even a very good student in one year. I have assumed that
some of the chapters and sections will be omitted in formal study. The
inclusion in the book of this extra material makes it available for the
clarification of questions that might arise and for additional reading by
the interested student.
In this book extensive use is made ofthe International System of units.
Many students have already become acquainted with this system (or the
MKS
closely related system) through their study of physics. The accept-
ance of the IS system by most countries in the world and the inherent
advantages ofthe system (the elimination ofarbitrary conversion factors)
seem to me tojustify the transition to the IS units at the present time. The
principal change is the use of thejoule in place ofthe calorie as the unit
ofenergy.
This edition, like the preceding editions, is designed especially for use
by first-year college university students who plan to major in chemistry
or in closely related fields, and by other well-prepared students with a
special interest in chemistry. I have assumed that the students have some
background ofknowledge ofphysics and mathematics.
I am glad to acknowledge the general assistance of Gustav Albrecht,
Barclay Kamb, Peter Pauling, Arthur B. Robinson, and Fred Wall, and
also thank John Ricci for preparation of the stereoscopic drawings.
LINUS PAULING
9 December 1969