Table Of ContentGENE MANIPULATION
IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT
II
STADLER GENETICS SYMPOSIA SERIES
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Impact of New Concepts
Edited by J. Perry Gustafson and R. Appels
GENE MANIPULATION IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT
Edited by J. Perry Gustafson
GENE MANIPULATION IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT II
Edited by J. Perry Gustafson
GENETICS, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVOLUTION
Edited by J. Perry Gustafson, G. Ledyard Stebbins, and Francisco J. Ayala
GENE MANIPULATION
IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT
II
19th Stadler Genetics Symposium
Edited by
J. Perry Gustafson
USDA-ARS
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The editor would like to dedicate his effort in this
publication to Ed, Kathleen, Anna, Doug, Hajrial, Hassan,
Mohammed, and Zong-Min. They kept the lab running. In
addition, he would like to express a special appreciation to
Chris, Katy, and Nick, who kept him running.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stadler GenetIcs Symposium (19th 1990 UniversIty of Missourl-
-Columbia)
Gene manipulation in plant improvement II 19th Stadler Genetics
Symposium / edIted by J. Perry Gustafson.
p. cm. -- (Stadler genetics symposia serIes)
"Proceedings of the 19th Stadler Genetics Symposium ... held March
13-15. 1989. at the University of Missouri. Columbia. Missouri"
-Verso t.p.
Includes bibliographical references and i:ldex.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7049-9 e-1SBN-13: 978-1-4684-7047-5
DO£: 10.1007/97R-I-46R4-7047-5
1. Plant genetIc engineering--Congresses. 2. Plant breedlng-
-Congresses. I. Gustafson. J. P. II. Title. III. Series.
S8123.57.S73 1990
631.5'23--dc20 90-36593
eIP
Proceedmgs of the 19th Stadler GenetJcs Symposium,
Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement II, held March 13-15, 1989,
at the UniverSity of Missouri, Columbia, Missoun
1990 Plenum Press, New York
Softcovcr reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1990
A Division of Plenum Publishmg Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013
All nghts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored m a retneval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without wntten permiSSIOn from the Publlsher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The editor gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the
following contributors: College of Agriculture, Department of
Agronomy, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School and
School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia; United States
Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; CIBA-GEIGY
Corporation; DeKalb Pfizer Genetics; Del Monte Foods, USA; Garst
Seed Company; Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc.; Monsanto Company;
Northrup King Company; and Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
who made the 19th Stadler Genetics Symposium a success.
The speakers, who spent a tremendous amount of time preparing
their manuscripts and lectures are gratefully acknowledged. with
out their expertise and dedication the Symposium could not have
taken place.
I wish to thank the local chairpersons for their efforts to
see that everyone in the respective sessions were well taken care
of during the Symposium.
The behind-the-scene and on-site preparation was excellently
handled by Joy Williams from Conferences and Specialized Courses,
University of Missouri, who tirelessly handled all of my peculiar
requirements and made sure everything was extremely well organized.
Many thanks are due to Joyce Reinbott, University of Missouri,
for her excellent secretarial help in handling all the correspon
dence and typing. A special thanks goes to Kathleen Ross and
Ed Butler for keeping the lab running.
J. P. Gustafson
February 6, 1990
Columbia, Missouri
v
CONTENTS
Plant Breeding and the Value Contributed to
Cereal Grain and Oilseed Production in
Western Canada 1
D. F. Kraft
Self-pollinated Crop Breeding: Concepts and
Success . 21
R.H. Busch and D.D. Stuthman
The Romance of Plant Breeding and Other Myths . 39
D.N. Duvick
Targeting Genes for Genetic Manipulation in
Crop Species . 55
J.W. Snape, C.N. Law, A.J. Worland,
and B.B. Parker
Incompatibility Barriers Operating in Crosses
of Oryza sativa With Related Species and
Genera . 77
L.A. Sitch
Wheat x Maize and Other Wide Sexual Hybrids:
Their Potential For Genetic Manipulation
and Crop Improvement . 95
D.A. Laurie, L.S. O'Donoughue,
and M.D. Bennett
Induced Mutations - An Integrating Tool in
Genetics and Plant Breeding . 127
M. Maluszynski
In Vitro Culture of Rice: Transformation and
Regeneration of Protoplasts 163
T.K. Hodges, J. Peng, L. Lee,
and D.S. Koetje
vii
viii CONTENTS
In Vitro Manipulation of Barley and Other
Cereals . 185
H. Lorz, R. Brettschneider, S. Hartke,
R. Gill, E. Kranz, P. Langridge,
A. Stolarz, and P. Lazzeri
Transformation and Regeneration of Non-
Solanaceous Crop Plants . 203
M.A.W. Hinchee, C.A. Newell, D.V. Connor-Ward,
T.A. Armstrong, W.R. Deaton, S.S. Sato, and
R.J. Rozman
Haploids in Cereal Improvement: Anther and
Microspore Culture . 213
K.J. Kasha, A. Ziauddin, and U.-H. Cho
Transgenic Plants 237
R. Dekeyser, D. Inze, and M. Van Montagu
Transformation and Regeneration of Important
Crop Plants: Rice as the Model System For
Monocots . 251
R. Wu, E. Kemmerer, and D. McElroy
Genetic Transformation of Maize Cells by
Particle Bombardment and the Influence of
Methylation on Foreign-Gene Expression 265
T.M. Klein, L. Kornstein, and M.E. Fromm
Non-conventional Resistance to Viruses in
Plants - Concepts and Risks . 289
R. Hull
Plant Transformation to Confer Resistance Against
Virus Infection . 305
R.N. Beachy
Using Plant Virus and Related RNA Sequences
to Control Gene Expression 313
M. Young and W. Gerlach
Mapping in Maize Using RFLPs 331
D.A. Hoisington and E.H. Coe, Jr.
RFLP Mapping in Wheat - Progress and Problems . 353
M.D. Gale, S. Chao, and P.J. Sharp
CONTENTS ix
New Approaches for Agricultural Molecular
Biology: From Single Cells to Field
Analysis ............. . 365
R.A. Jefferson
Regulation of Plant Gene Expression by Auxins. 401
T.J. Guilfoyle, B.A. MCClure, G. Hagen,
C. Brown, M. Gee, and A. Franco
The Molecular Basis of variation Affecting Gene
Expression: Evidence From Studies on the
Ribosomal RNA Gene Loci of Wheat . . . . . 419
R.B. Flavell, R. Sardana, S. Jackson,
and M. O'Dell
Index ... 431
PLANT BREEDING AND THE VALUE CONTRIBUTED TO
CEREAL GRAIN AND OILSEED PRODUCTION IN WESTERN CANADA
Daryl F. Kraft
Professor, Agricultural Economics and Farm Management
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2,
CANADA
INTRODUCTION
Cereal grains and oilseeds account for two thirds of the
value of agricultural production in the Prairie Provinces of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Between 1978 and 1988 the
value of these crops ranged from $4 billion to $8 billion. The
extreme variation in the annual crop value is primarily related
to; droughts in 1980, 1984 and 1988; record production levels in
1981, 1982 and 1986; record high prices in 1980 and 1981 and
twenty year low prices in 1986 and 1987. Underlying the
economic and weather shocks has been a steady upward trend in
crop yields. Nevertheless bio-technology has had a significant
influence upon the financial affairs of 100,000 farmers in
western Canada.
The issue addressed in this paper is to account for the
income attributed to one technology namely plant breeding. Over
the past 25 years total cereal grain and oilseed production has
increased at an annual average of 2 percent (Kraft, 1980).
After removing the year to year influence of weather the level
of cereal grain and oilseed production predicted in 1990 was 46
million tonnes. The average for the 1980's was forecast to 42.5
million tonnes. So far the average between 1980 and 1988 has
been 42 million tonnes. The factors underpinning the long term
growth in production do not appear to have changed substantially
in the past decade relative to the 1960's and 1970's.
Land Related Increases in Production
In the span of 25 years (1961-1986) the area under
production increased from 15 million hectares to 23.6 million
hectares.
Gen~ .'.funipliialion in Planl Improvemcnl II
Edited by J. P. Gustafson ]
Plenum Press, r-;"w York, 1990
2 D.K.KRAFT
About half of the increase in seeded area took place in the
last ten years. While the area in crop increased 1.3 percent
annually the yearly contribution of land to total production was
about 0.4 percent. Nearly all the additional area occurred
because less land was summerfallowed. Stubble yields are lower
than fallow yields and without additional expenditures on
fertilizers and pesticides the total increase in output only
ranged between 0.3 percent to 0.4 percent for a 1.3 percent
increase in seeded area. Therefore land by itself contributed
about 4 to 5 million tonnes of the 17 million tonnes of
additional grain produced in the last 25 years.
Fertility Related Increases in Production
Fertilizer registered a six fold increase in use between
1968 and 1986. An additional 10 million tonnes of nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium were applied by Prairie farmers. The
contribution of fertilizer to total cereal grain and oilseed
production has been difficult to isolate. Flaten and Hedlin
(1988) reviewed a number of studies on soil fertility and crop
yields. However, they were unable to reach a conclusion on the
combined effects of increased nutrients, pesticides and varietal
improvements when all inputs were changing together.
Traditional agronomic research normally does not design
experiments to analyze the interactive relationships when a
number of inputs are combined in different proportions.
Arthur and Kraft (1988), Arthur, Fields and Kraft (1986)
and Kraft (1982) estimated the influence of varieties and
fertilizer from farm level data collected between 1968 and 1980.
The genetic yield potential of the crops depended upon the
varieties seeded and the yield characteristics of the variety.
An estimate of these yield attributes were taken from
Cooperative Tests of Varieties sponsored by Agriculture Canada.
Annual surveys undertaken by the Pool Elevator Companies
identified the varieties seeded by farmers. Fertilizer applied
and crop yields were obtained from surveys of farmers conducted
by the provincial crop insurance corporations. Throughout the
period fertilizer use was correlated with increased application
of herbicides. Therefore, the relationships estimated between
fertility and crop yields probably jointly reflect the use of
pesticides. The elasticities estimated for wheat (Triticum
ssp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa) and flax
(Linum usitassimum) with respect to fertilizer ranged between
0.1 and 0.15. In other words a 10 percent increase in
fertilizer would increase crop yields between 1 percent and 1.5
percent. Since fertilizer use increased 600 percent over the
period 1960 to 1985 the crop production increase attributed to
fertilizer would vary from 7.7 million tonnes to 11.5 million
tonnes. Crop production was estimated to increase from 24
million tonnes in 1961 to 41 million in 1986. The 17 million
