French Colonialism Unmasked: The Vichy Years in French West Africa

265 Pages·2006·1.5 MB·English

by  Ruth Ginio

F r e n c h

c o l o n i a l i s m
U n m a s k e d
The Vichy Years in French West Africa
R u t h G i n i o
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FranceOverseas:
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StudiesinEmpire
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andDecolonization
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35 series editors
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PhilipBoucher
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A.J.B.Johnston
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39 JamesD.LeSueur
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ruth ginio
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French Colonialism Unmasked
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The Vichy Years in French West Africa
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1 ©2006bytheBoardofRegents
2 oftheUniversityofNebraska
3 Allrightsreserved
Manufacturedinthe
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UnitedStatesofAmerica
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(cid:1)(cid:1)
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7 LibraryofCongress
8 Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Ginio,Ruth,1966–
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Frenchcolonialismunmasked:the
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VichyyearsinFrenchWestAfrica
11 /RuthGinio.
12 p. cm.—(Franceoverseas)
13 Includesbibliographical [-4], (4)
referencesandindex.
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isbn-13:978-0-8032-2212-0
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18 1.Africa,French-speakingWest—
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19 History—1884–1960. 2.Africa,
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influence. 3.WorldWar,1939– * PgEnds: PageBreak
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1945—Africa,French-speaking
22 West. I.Title. II.Series.
23 dt532.5.g56 2006 [-4], (4)
24 966'.0097541—dc22
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3 Inlovingmemoryofmymother,AvivaLipstein,
4 whowaspersecutedbytheVichyregimeandsaved
5 bynoble-heartedFrenchmenandwomen
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1 Contents
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5 ListofIllustrations viii
6 Acknowledgments ix
7 Introduction xiii
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part one
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FrenchWestAfricaandItsPlaceintheVichyColonialIdea 1
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1. SettingtheStageforVichy:FrenchWestAfricaontheEveof
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WorldWarII 3
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13 2. “ASourceofPrideandGreatness”:ThePlaceoftheEmpire [-7], (7)
inVichyIdeology 11
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16 TheNationalRevolutioninFrenchWestAfrica 23
17 3. VichySettlesIn:AdministrativeChangesandContinuity 25 ———
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18 4. SpreadingtheNationalRevolutioninfwa:Propaganda,Education,
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19 andSocialOrganizations 33
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part three
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VichyEncounterswithAfricanSociety 87
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6. Vichyandthe“Products”ofAssimilation:Citizens,Western-Educated
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Africans,andAfricanChristians 93
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7. TheVichyRegimeandthe“Traditional”ElementsofAfricanSociety:
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Chiefs,Soldiers,andMuslims 117
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8. VichyColonialismandAfricanSociety:ChangeandContinuity 153
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29 part four
30 TheLong-TermSignificanceoftheVichyPeriodforWestAfricanHistory 159
31 9. VichyColonialism:AComparativePerspective 161
32 10. Vichy’sPostwarImpact:Decolonizationinfwa 173
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Conclusions 183
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Notes 191
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Bibliography 213
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Index 231
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1 Illustrations
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5 Map
6 NorthwesternAfrica(1940–1942) xiv
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8 Photographs
9 1.MapofAfricaatthecolonies’expositioninParis,October1942 19
10 2.CubScoutsparadeonJoanofArcDayinDakar,11May1941 41
11 3.LegionDaycelebrationsinDakar 51
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13 Tables [-8], (8)
14 1.WoodcoalindustryinSenegal,1937–1941 68
15 2.Needsinwartime 73
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1 Acknowledgments
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5 This book is the culmination of a long research project that started as
6 a Ph.D. dissertation presented to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
7 It all began in a conversation I had with Michel Abitbol, my advisor,
8 who understood my deep and personal interest in the Vichy period and
9 suggested that I dedicate my thesis to this period in French West Africa,
10 which was fascinating but emotionally easier than delving into wartime
11 Europe.DuringtheyearsinwhichIwrotemydissertationandlater,when
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12 hewasnolongerformallyresponsibleformywork,Michelneverceased
13 to provide professional guidance and practical help and advice. He read [-9], (1)
14 everychapterpromptlybutcarefully,andalthoughhewasoccupiedwith
15 manyotherresponsibilitiesanddutiesatthetime,healwayshadtimeto
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16 resolve an unexpected difficulty. I wish to thank him with all my heart
17 forhispatience,hiscaring,andmostofallhistrustandencouragement. ———
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19 Naomi Chazan, Richard I. Cohen, and Robert Wistrich, for their useful
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21 ofacademicwritingandfor“inflicting”onmeherloveforAfrica.
22 TheHarryS.TrumanResearchInstitutefortheAdvancementofPeace
23 providedmewithanintellectuallyandsociallyvibrantenvironment,first [-9], (1)
24 asaPh.D.candidateandlaterasaResearchFellow.Thecorridorconver-
25 sationsIhadwithsomeofmycolleaguesandfriendsthereoftenproved
26 very useful, as well as pleasant, and opened my mind in new directions.
27 EfratBenZe’evneverceasedtoencouragemetothinkfurtheraboutevery
28 statementImade,LouiseBethlehemopenedupformeawholenewworld
29 of academic thinking, with Lynn Schler I could always discuss African
30 history, and Asher Kaufman shared with me his perspective on French
31 colonialisminLebanon.IwouldliketothanktheformerdirectorAmnon
32 Cohen and the present one, Eyal Ben-Ari, for their encouragement and,
33 no less important, for the institute’s invaluable financial assistance over
34 the years. The research scholarships I received from the institute during
35 thepreparationofmythesis,particularlytheYoungTrumanScholarpost-
36 doctoralfellowship,allowedmetodedicatemostofmytimetoresearch
37 andtraveltoarchivesabroad.AspecialgrantfromtheTrumanInstitute’s
38 publications committee enabled me to complete the process of turning
39 mydissertationintoabook.AlsofromtheTrumanInstitute,Iwouldlike
40 to thank my friend and English editor, Lisa Perlman, who is probably a
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