Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits

1009 Pages·2006·8.1 MB·English

In Praise of Foundations of Analog
and Digital Electronic Circuits
‘‘Thisbook,craftedandtestedwithMITsophomoresinelectricalengineeringandcomputer
scienceoveraperiodofmorethansixyears,providesacomprehensivetreatmentofboth
circuit analysis and basic electronic circuits. Examples such as digital and analog circuit
applications, field-effect transistors, and operational amplifiers provide the platform for
modelingofactivedevices,includinglarge-signal,small-signal(incremental),nonlinearand
piecewise-linearmodels.Thetreatmentofcircuitswithenergy-storageelementsintransient
andsinusoidal-steady-statecircumstancesisthoroughandaccessible.Havingtaughtfrom
draftsofthisbookfivetimes,Ibelievethatitisanimprovementoverthetraditionalapproach
tocircuitsandelectronics,inwhichthefocusisonanalogcircuitsalone.’’
-PAUL E. GRAY, MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
‘‘Myoverallreactiontothisbookisoverwhelminglyfavorable.Well-writtenandpedagog-
icallysound,thebookprovidesagoodbalancebetweentheoryandpracticalapplication.I
thinkthatcombiningcircuitsandelectronicsisaverygoodidea.Mostintroductorycircuit
theorytextsfocusprimarilyontheanalysisoflumpedelementnetworkswithoutputting
thesenetworksintoapracticalelectronicscontext.However,itisbecomingmorecriticalfor
ourelectricalandcomputerengineeringstudentstounderstandandappreciatethecommon
groundfromwhichbothfieldsoriginate.’’
-GARY MAY, GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
‘‘Withoutadoubt,studentsinengineeringtodaywanttoquicklyrelatewhattheylearnfrom
coursestowhattheyexperienceintheelectronics-filledworldtheylivein.Understanding
today’sdigitalworldrequiresastrongbackgroundinanalogcircuitprinciplesaswellas
akeenintuitionabouttheirimpactonelectronics. InFoundations...AgarwalandLang
presentauniqueandpowerfulapproachforanexcitingfirstcourseintroducingengineers
totheworldofanaloganddigitalsystems.’’
-RAVI SUBRAMANIAN, BerkeleyDesignAutomation
‘‘Finally,anintroductorycircuitanalysisbookhasbeenwrittenthattrulyunifiesthetreat-
mentoftraditionalcircuitanalysisandelectronics. AgarwalandLangskillfullycombine
thefundamentalsofcircuitanalysiswiththefundamentalsofmodernanaloganddigital
integratedcircuits.Iapplaudtheirdecisiontoeliminatefromtheirbooktheusualmanda-
torychapteronLaplacetransforms,atoolnolongerinusebymoderncircuitdesigners.I
expectthisbooktoestablishanewtrendinthewayintroductorycircuitanalysisistaught
toelectricalandcomputerengineers.’’
-TIM TRICK, UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign

Foundations of Analog and
Digital Electronic Circuits
about the authors
AnantAgarwalisProfessorofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceattheMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology.Hejoinedthefacultyin1988,teachingcoursesincircuitsandelectronics,
VLSI,digitallogicandcomputerarchitecture.Between1999and2003,heservedasanassociate
director of the Laboratory for Computer Science. He holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. in Electrical
EngineeringfromStanfordUniversity,andabachelor’sdegreeinElectricalEngineeringfromIIT
Madras.AgarwalledagroupthatdevelopedSparcle(1992),amultithreadedmicroprocessor,and
theMITAlewife(1994),ascalableshared-memorymultiprocessor.HealsoledtheVirtualWires
projectatMITandwasafounderofVirtualMachineWorks,Inc.,whichtooktheVirtualWires
logicemulationtechnologytomarketin1993.CurrentlyAgarwalleadstheRawprojectatMIT,
whichdevelopedanewkindofreconfigurablecomputingchip. Heandhisteamwereawarded
aGuinnessworldrecordin2004forLOUD,thelargestmicrophonearrayintheworld, which
canpinpoint, trackandamplifyindividualvoicesinacrowd. Co-founderofEngim, Inc., which
developsmulti-channelwirelessmixed-signalchipsets,AgarwalalsowontheMauriceWilkesprize
forcomputerarchitecturein2001,andthePresidentialYoungInvestigatorawardin1991.
JeffreyH.LangisProfessorofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceattheMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology. Hejoinedthefacultyin1980afterreceivinghisSB(1975), SM(1977)
andPh.D.(1980)degreesfromtheDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience.
HeservedastheAssociateDirectoroftheMITLaboratoryforElectromagneticandElectronic
Systemsbetween1991and2003,andasanAssociateEditorof‘‘SensorsandActuators’’between
1991and1994.ProfessorLang’sresearchandteachinginterestsfocusontheanalysis,designand
controlofelectromechanicalsystemswithanemphasisonrotatingmachinery,micro-scalesensors
andactuators,andflexiblestructures.HehasalsotaughtcoursesincircuitsandelectronicsatMIT.
He has written over 170 papers and holds 10 patents in the areas of electromechanics, power
electronicsandappliedcontrol,andhasbeenawardedfourbest-paperprizesfromIEEEsocieties.
ProfessorLangisaFellowoftheIEEE,andaformerHertzFoundationFellow.
AgarwalandLanghavebeenworkingtogetherforthepasteightyearsonafreshapproachto
teachingcircuits.Forseveraldecades,MIThadofferedatraditionalcourseincircuitsdesignedas
thefirstcoreundergraduatecourseinEE.Butbythemid-‘90s, vastadvancesinsemiconductor
technology,coupledwithdramaticchangesinstudents’backgroundsevolvingfromahamradioto
computerculture,hadrenderedthistraditionalcoursepoorlymotivated,andmanypartsofitwere
virtuallyobsolete.AgarwalandLangdecidedtorevampandbroadenthisfirstcourseforEE,ECEor
EECSbyestablishingastrongconnectionbetweenthecontemporaryworldsofdigitalandanalog
systems,andbyunifyingthetreatmentofcircuitsandbasicMOSelectronics.Astheydeveloped
thecourse,theysolicitedcommentsandreceivedguidancefromalargenumberofcolleaguesfrom
MITandotheruniversities,students,andalumni,aswellasindustryleaders.
Unabletofindasuitabletextfortheirnewintroductorycourse,AgarwalandLangwrotethis
booktofollowthelecturescheduleusedintheircourse.‘‘CircuitsandElectronics’’istaughtinboth
thespringandfallsemestersatMIT,andservesasaprerequisiteforcoursesinsignalsandsystems,
digital/computerdesign,andadvancedelectronics.Thecoursematerialisavailableworldwideon
MIT’sOpenCourseWarewebsite,http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/index.htm.
Foundations of Analog and
Digital Electronic Circuits
anant agarwal
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
jeffrey h. lang
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
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contents
Materialmarkedwith WWW appearsontheInternet(pleaseseePrefacefordetails).
Preface ......................................................................................... xvii
Approach ............................................................................ xvii
Overview ............................................................................ xix
CourseOrganization ............................................................. xx
Acknowledgments ................................................................ xxi
chapter 1 TheCircuitAbstraction ......................................... 3
1.1 ThePowerofAbstraction ...................................................... 3
1.2 TheLumpedCircuitAbstraction ............................................. 5
1.3 TheLumpedMatterDiscipline ............................................... 9
1.4 LimitationsoftheLumpedCircuitAbstraction .......................... 13
1.5 PracticalTwo-TerminalElements ............................................ 15
1.5.1 Batteries ................................................................ 16
1.5.2 LinearResistors ...................................................... 18
1.5.3 AssociatedVariablesConvention ............................... 25
1.6 IdealTwo-TerminalElements ................................................ 29
1.6.1 IdealVoltageSources,Wires,andResistors .................. 30
1.6.2 ElementLaws ........................................................ 32
1.6.3 TheCurrentSource AnotherIdealTwo-Terminal
Element ................................................................ 33
1.7 ModelingPhysicalElements ................................................... 36
1.8 SignalRepresentation ............................................................ 40
1.8.1 AnalogSignals ....................................................... 41
1.8.2 DigitalSignals ValueDiscretization ........................ 43
1.9 SummaryandExercises ......................................................... 46
chapter 2 ResistiveNetworks ............................................... 53
2.1 Terminology ........................................................................ 54
2.2 Kirchhoff’sLaws ................................................................... 55
2.2.1 KCL ................................................................... 56
2.2.2 KVL ..................................................................... 60
2.3 CircuitAnalysis:BasicMethod ............................................... 66
2.3.1 Single-ResistorCircuits ............................................ 67
2.3.2 QuickIntuitiveAnalysisofSingle-ResistorCircuits ........ 70
2.3.3 EnergyConservation ............................................... 71
ix