foreword amos m. zwane director of statistics

55 Pages·2016·1.65 MB·English

FOREWORD

The Intercensal Survey or Demographic and Housing Survey is an important tool that contributes
towards an effective and efficient programme for the next census by measuring change in a
countrys intercensal estimates.
On behalf of The Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland, the Central Statistical Office (CSO)
would like to thank UNFPA for providing much needed Financial and Technical Support during
many phases of the work, and the African Development Bank for funding the printing of this
report.
The office would like to extend its gratitude to the authors of the various chapters; Rachel Masuku
from UNFPA, Lungile Motsa from UNISWA, Phumlile Dlamini, Robert Fakudze, Nolwazi
Dlamini, Mcebo Bhiya, and Lucky Mngometulu all from CSO.
Special thanks go to Mr. Choice Ginindza and the data processing staff who assisted with data
cleaning and analysis to produce the table needed by the authors, and Mrs. Nolwazi Dlamini for
editing and consolidating the various chapters into one coherent report.
Our sincere appreciation goes towards the respondents who patiently provided responses to
questions during data collection. We are also grateful to enumerators and supervisors who worked
tirelessly to collect data, and to everyone that contributed directly or indirectly to the success of
the survey.
Lastly the office extends its gratitude to all other organizations and individuals who contributed
towards the publication of this report.

AMOS M. ZWANE
DIRECTOR OF STATISTICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
POPULATION STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Population Size ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Population Growth and Trends ........................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Age and Sex Structure ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.4 Age Dependency Ratio ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Sex Ratio ........................................................................................................................................... 10
NUPTIALITY ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 General Relevance of Nuptiality ....................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Definitions and other concepts ................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Marital Status of the population ........................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Marital Status by Residence ....................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Marital Status in Regions ........................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Marriage characteristics and trends ................................................................................................... 14
FERTILITY & MORTALITY .................................................................................................................... 16
3.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 General Relevance of Fertility and Mortality ................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 Intercensal Survey as a source of data on Fertility and Mortality .............................................. 16
3.1.2 Definition of Terms .................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Fertility .............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3 Mortality ........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) ...................................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) .............................................................................................. 20
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ............................................................................................................ 21
4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1. General relevance of Migration ....................................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 Definition and measures of International Migration .................................................................. 21
4.2 International Migrant Population ...................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1 Net International Migration ....................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Resident foreign population .............................................................................................................. 23
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4.3.1 Resident population by Mozambican citizenship ...................................................................... 24
4.4 Emigrants by country of destination ................................................................................................. 25
4.5 Emigrants by activity abroad ............................................................................................................ 26
LITERACY AND EDUCATION ............................................................................................................. 28
5.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1 General Relevance of Literacy and Education .................................................................................. 28
5.1.1 Literacy rates .............................................................................................................................. 28
5.1.2 Age Specific Literacy rates ........................................................................................................ 29
5.2 Formal Education .............................................................................................................................. 30
5.3 School Enrolment .............................................................................................................................. 32
5.3.1 Primary school enrolment .......................................................................................................... 32
5.3.2 Net Enrolment Ratio in primary school (NER) .......................................................................... 33
5.3.3 High school enrolment ............................................................................................................... 33
5.4 Educational Attainment .................................................................................................................... 34
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ........................................................................................................................... 35
6.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 35
6.1 General relevance of Economic Activity and the l abour force ........................................................ 35
6.1.1 Intercensal Survey as a source of data on economic characteristics .......................................... 35
6.1.2 Definitions and Concepts ........................................................................................................... 35
6.2 Labour force analytical framework ................................................................................................... 36
6.2.1 Labour Force Participation Rate ................................................................................................ 37
6.3 The Unemployment Situation ........................................................................................................... 39
6.5 Employment Situation in Swaziland ................................................................................................. 40
6.5.1 Employment by main occupations ............................................................................................. 40
6.5.2 Employment by Industries ......................................................................................................... 41
6.5.3 Status in Employment ................................................................................................................ 42
6.6 Sectors of Employment ..................................................................................................................... 42
HOUSING STRUCTURE AND UNITS ......................................................................................................... 44
7.0 General Relevance of data for Housing Structure and Living Conditions ........................................ 44
7.1.1 Intercensal Survey as a source of data on Housing Units .......................................................... 44
7.1.2 Definitions and concepts ............................................................................................................ 44
7.2 Housing units .................................................................................................................................... 45
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7.2.3 Main Roofing Materials ............................................................................................................. 47
7.4.2 Main material of the wall ........................................................................................................... 48
7.4.3 Main material of the floor .......................................................................................................... 49
7.5.1 Main source of water for drinking ............................................................................................. 50
7.5.2 Toilet facility types used by households .................................................................................... 51
7.6 Sources of energy .............................................................................................................................. 51
7.6.1 Main source of energy for lighting ............................................................................................ 52
7.6.2 Main sources of energy for cooking........................................................................................... 52
7.7 Household Assets .............................................................................................................................. 53
7.7.1 Distribution of households by ownership of assets .................................................................... 53

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Total Fertility Rate, 1997 – 2012 ................................................................................................. 19
Table 4.1: Swaziland Net Migration Rate 2007 and 2012 ........................................................................... 23
Table 5.1: Percent Persons 5 years and older, according to school attendance, by Age Groups .............. 31
Table 5.2: Net Enrolment ratio in primary school by Sex, children of primary-school-age (7-13 years).... 33
Table 5.3: Percent Distribution of Persons 5 years and older according to Highest Qualification attained
by Sex, Residence and Region, Swaziland 2012 .......................................................................................... 34
Table 7.1: Number of Housing units for resident population by Regions and Residence, Swaziland 2012
....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7.2: Percent Housing units according to acquisition of plot by Rural /Urban residence, Swaziland
2012 ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
Table 7.3 Housing units, by number of rooms, according to the number of occupants in urban areas,
Swaziland 2012 ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 7.4 Housing units, by number of rooms, according to the number of occupants in rural areas,
Swaziland 2012 ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 7.5: Percent Housing units, according to the main material of roof by Region, Swaziland 2012 ..... 48
Table 7.6: Percent Housing units according to the main material of floor, by regions Swaziland, 2012 ... 49
Table 7.7: Percent Housing units according to the main source of drinking water, by urban rural
residence Swaziland 2012 ........................................................................................................................... 50
Table 7.8: Housing units and resident population in regular households by region, according to travel
time to source of water .............................................................................................................................. 50
Table 7.9: Housing units and resident population according to type of toilet ........................................... 51
Table 7.10: Percent Housing units according to source of energy for lighting by regions, Swaziland 2012
.................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 7.11: Percent Housing units according to source of energy for cooking by Urban/ Rural Area
Swaziland, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Table 7.12: Percent Housing units and resident population in regular households, according to assets
owned by the household ............................................................................................................................ 53

4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Swaziland Population, Intercensal Survey .................................................................................. 7
Figure 1.2: Population Growth Rate by Residence and Region: 1976-2012 ................................................. 8
Figure 1.3: Population Pyramid of Swaziland 2012 ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 1.4: Age Dependency Ratio: 1986-2012 .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 1.5: Sex Ratio by Age Groups 2007 and 2012 .................................................................................. 10
Figure 2.1: Percent Marital Status, population 12 years and older, Swaziland 2007 and 2012 ................. 11
Figure 2.2: Percent Marital Status, population 12 years and older by sex, Swaziland 2012 ...................... 12
Figure 2.3: Percent Marital Status, population 12 years and older, Males and Females by Urban
Residence .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.4: Percent Marital Status, population 12 years and older, Males and Females by Rural Residence
.................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Table 2.1: Percent Marital Status, population 12 years and older, Regions............................................... 14
Figure 2.5: Percent Married Population 12 years and older....................................................................... 15
Figure 2.6: Trends in marriage types of Population 15 years and older by age groups ............................. 15
Figure 3.1: Age-specific fertility rates, Swaziland 2007 and 2012 .............................................................. 17
Figure 3.2: Age-specific fertility rates by residence .................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.3: Total Fertility Rate trends, Swaziland 1966 – 2012 .................................................................. 18
Figure 3.4: Households with at least one death ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.5 Infant Mortality Rates, Swaziland 2007 & 2012 ........................................................................ 20
Figure 4.1 Comparative Migration trends for 2007 and 2012 .................................................................... 22
Figure 4.2: Resident Foreign Population by sex and age groups, Swaziland 2012 ..................................... 23
Figure 4.3 Resident Foreign Population by Country of Citizenship, Swaziland 2012 ................................. 24
Figure 4.4: Resident Mozambique Citizens by Age Groups, Swaziland 2012 ............................................. 24
Figure 4.5: Percentage emigrant population, by Country of Destination Swaziland, 2012 ........................ 25
Figure 4.6: Percentage Emigrants, to South Africa during the past 5 years by age groups and sex
Swaziland, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4.7: Percentage emigrant population by age groups and sex Swaziland, 2012 .............................. 26
Figure 4.8: Percentage Emigrants, by activity abroad Swaziland, 2012 ..................................................... 27
Figure 5.1: Literacy Rates by sex, Swaziland 2012 ...................................................................................... 28
Figure 5.2: Literacy Rates for Persons age 10 years and older by Region and Sex Swaziland, 2012 .......... 29
Figure 5.3: Trends in literacy levels by Age groups and regions, Swaziland 2012 ...................................... 29
Figure 5.4: Percent Distribution of Persons 5 years and older by school attendance and sex, Swaziland
2012 ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 5.5: Enrolment Rates for primary and high school by regions, Swaziland 2012.............................. 32
Figure 5.6: Children Aged 5 -19 years currently enrolled in primary school by region, Swaziland 2012. .. 33
Figure 5.7: Pupils 10 years – 24 years currently enrolled in high school by age group and residence. ..... 34
Figure 6.1: Population aged 15 years and above Labour Force Participating Framework Swaziland, 2012
.................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 6.2: Labour Force Participation Rate for Population 15 years and above by Sex Swaziland, 2012 . 37
Figure 6.3: Labour Force Participation Rate for Population 15 years and above for Rural/Urban residence
by Sex Swaziland, 2012 ............................................................................................................................... 37
5
Figure 6.4: Labour Force Participation Rate for Population 15 years and above by Age Group Swaziland,
2012 ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 6.5: Labour Force Participation Rate for Population 15 years and above by Region Swaziland, 2012
.................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 6.6: Unemployment Rate for Population 15 years and above by Age Group Swaziland, 2012 ...... 39
Figure 6.7: Unemployment Rate for Population 15 years and above by Rural/Urban Residence Swaziland,
2012 ............................................................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 6.8: Employment Status for Employed Population 15 years and above, Swaziland 2012.............. 42
Figure 6.9 Sectors of employment for employed population 15 years and above, Swaziland 2012 ......... 42
Figure 6.10 Sectors of Employment for Employed Population 15 years and above, Swaziland 2012 ....... 43
Figure 6.10 Number of Housing Units by residence, Swaziland 2012 ........................................................ 45
Figure 7.1: Main material for roofing, by residence, Swaziland 2012 ........................................................ 48
Figure 7.2 Main material used for walls, by residence Swaziland, 2012 .................................................... 49

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POPULATION STRUCTURE

1.0 Introduction
A population comprises of everyone from the very youngest to the oldest citizen in a specified
territory. Its size is determined by the interactive processes of fertility, mortality and migration.
The age and sex composition of a population is important for a number of reasons. Age is a
significant variable in planning different types of programmes such as in the measurement of
potential school population, potential voting population, and potential manpower population and
many more. Furthermore, social relationships within a community are considerably affected by
the balance or imbalance of male and female numbers at each particular age. (Methods and
Materials of Demography)
1.1 Population Size
According to the Intercensal Survey the country’s population stands at 1,040,128 and comprises
53% female and 47% male. Of this population, about 72.7% lives in rural areas whilst the urban
population constitutes 27.3%. Manzini is the most populous region and is home to 355, 440 which
is 34.2% of the total resident population followed by Hhohho at 27.5% (285,804). Shiselweni is
the least populous region with only 19.1% (198,429) of the total inhabitants as shown in Figure
1.1.
Figure1.1: Swaziland Population, Intercensal Survey
1 200 000
1 040 128
1 000 000
755 860
e 800 000
z
iS
n
o 600 000
it
a
lip
oP 400 000 355 440
285 804
284 268
198 429 200 455
200 000
-
Swaziland Rural Urban Hhohho Manzini Shiselweni Lubombo

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Rachel Masuku
1.2 Population Growth and Trends
Figure 1.2 shows that the country’s population grew by just 0.4 percent per annum between 2007
and 2012. Between 1997 and 2007, the annual growth rate was 0.9 percent and the results show
a decline between 2007 and 2012.
The urban population grew considerably between 2007 and 2012 from 0.5 percent per annum to
5.2 percent per annum. Shiselweni and Lubombo experienced population loss possibly to other
regions, as illustrated, while Manzini grew fastest at 2.2 percent per annum.
Figure 1.2: Population Growth Rate by Residence and Region: 1976-2012
5.2
Urban 0.5
3
7.2
-0.9
Rural 1
2.9
2.3
-0.7
Lubombo 0.7
2.2
3.9
-1.0 2007-2012
Shiselweni 0.5 2.3
2.8
1997-2007
2.2
Manzini 1.3 3.5 1986-1997
3.2
0.2 1976-1986
Hhohho 1
3.3
2.9
0.4
Swaziland 0.9 2.9
3.2
-2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent %

1.3 Age and Sex Structure
Figure 1.3 shows that the country’s population pyramid remains broad based reflecting a
predominantly young population. However, it is important to note that the age groups 5-9 years
and 10-14 years outnumber the 0-4 years age group. An excess of male adolescents is also noted
for the ages 10 to 14 years. In general, the shape of the 2012 population pyramid shows that the
population is growing albeit at a slow pace. This is also confirmed by the rise in the median age
of the population from 16.19 years in 1986 to 21.53 years in 2012. This means that half the Swazi
population is now age 21.53 years. In 1986, this halfway mark occurred at age 16.19 years. The
working age population i.e 15-64 years has also grown substantially from 49.34% in 1976 to
59.42% in 2012. This shift in the population age structure is presenting a unique opportunity
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widely known as the demographic dividend which Swaziland could harness by investing
appropriately in the health, education and economic skills of the growing working age population.
N.B. The median age for 1986 was computed using the 1986 population census data.
Figure 1.3: Population Pyramid of Swaziland 2012
Males Females
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5- 9
0- 4
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Percentages

1.4 Age Dependency Ratio
The age dependency ratio measures the ratio of dependent persons that is persons under the age of
15 years and persons older than 64 years. Figure 1.4 shows that this ratio declined from 50.7% in
1986 to 40.6% in 2012. The declining dependency ratio is solely a result of the declining proportion
of persons under the age of 15 years. Between 1986 and 2012, the proportion of persons under 15
years dropped from 47.35% to 36.19%.

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