Fish Nutrition

726 Pages·1972·134.51 MB·English

by  John Halver (Eds.)

FISH NUTRITION
CONTRIBUTORS
LAURENCE M. ASHLEY
ROGER E. BURROWS
L. M. DICKIE
L. FRIEDMAN
PlETRO GHITTINO
JOHN E. HALVER
W. H. HASTINGS
D. J. LEE
EDWIN T. MERTZ
ARTHUR M. PHILLIPS, JR.
S. I. SHIBKO
R. O. SlNNHUBER
S. F. SNIESZKO
H. L. TARR
FISH NUTRITION
Edited by JOHN E. HALVER
Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
U.S. Department of the Interior
Cook, Washington

1972
A C A D E M IC P R E SS New York and London
COPYRIGHT © 1972, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
List of Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Calorie and Energy Requirement
ARTHUR M. PHILLIPS, JR.

I. Introduction 2
II. Energy Requirement of Fish 3
III. Factors Altering the Energy Requirements of Fish 6
IV. The Energy Value of Foods For Fish 13
V. Food Sources for Calories 15
VI. Estimation of Calorie Needs of Fish 16
VII. Dietary Calories and the Production of Fish 19
VIII. Calorie Ratios in Fish Diets 22
IX. Methods for Determining the Amount of Food to Feed 24
References 27
2 The Vitamins
JOHN E. HALVER
I. Historical Introduction 30
II. The Water-Soluble Vitamins 34
III. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 78
IV. Other Unknown Factors 93
V. Anemias and Hemapoiesis 95
References 97
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VI Contents
3 The Protein and Amino Acid Needs
EDWIN T. MERTZ
I. Introduction 106
II. Qualitative Amino Acid Requirements of Chinook Salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 106
III. Quantitative Amino Acid Requirements of Chinook Salmon 113
IV. Protein Requirements of Chinook Salmon 124
V. Utilization of Nitrogen Supplements by Chinook Salmon 129
VI. Amino Acid Requirement Studies in Other Fish Species 133
VII. Protein Requirement Studies in Other Fish Species 137
VIII. Plasma Amino Acid Levels in Fish 139
IX. General Discussion and Conclusions 141
References 143
4 Lipid Requirements
D. J. LEE AND R. 0. SINNHUBER
I. Introduction 145
II. Lipid Composition 146
III. Lipid Metabolism 155
IV. Lipid Requirements of Fish 164
V. Conclusion 176
References 177
5 Nonnutrient Components of the Diet
L. FRIEDMAN AND S. I. SHIBKO
I. Introduction 182
II. Genetically Determined Components of Plant and Animal
Foodstuffs Other than Nutrients 184
III. Adventitious Components of Foodstuffs (Food Contaminants) 208
IV. Components Resulting from Technology 213
V. Effect of Toxic Substances Entering Aquatic Environment of Fish 226
VI. Summary 232
References 233
Addendum 239
Contents vii
6 Enzyme and Systems of Intermediary Metabolism
H. L. TARR
I. Introduction 256
II. Carbohydrate Metabolism 257
III. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Enzymes 276
IV. Oxidative Phosphorylation 278
V. Electron Transport Systems 279
VI. Enzymes of Lipid Metabolism 280
VII. Enzymes of Nucleic Acid Metabolism 288
VIII. Enzymes Concerned with Protein, Peptide, and Amino Acid
Metabolism 310
IX. Miscellaneous Enzymes 315
X. Concluding Remarks 320
References 321
7 Feed Formulation and Evaluation
W. H. HASTINGS AND L. M. DICKIE
I. Introduction 327
II. Nutrient Sources 329
III. Formulation and Processing Fish Feeds 334
IV. Evaluation of Nutrients 341
References 370

8 Salmonid Husbandry Techniques
ROGER E. BURROWS
I. Introduction 375
II. Fish Cultural Practices 376
III. Experimental Procedures 394
IV. Summary 399
References 400
9 Nutritional Fish Diseases
S. F. SNIESZKO
I. Introduction 404
II. Thyroid Tumor 405
III. Nutritional Gill Disease 408
IV. Nutritional Anemia 412
V. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases 412
viii Contents
VI. Lipoid Liver Degeneration and Viral Hemorrahagic Septicemia 422
VII. Visceral Granuloma 427
VIII. Pathological Consequences of Starvation 429
IX. Miscellaneous 433
References 434
10 Nutritional Pathology
LAURENCE M. ASHLEY
I. Introduction 439
II. Imbalance of Specific Micronutrients 441
III. Imbalance of Macronutrients 474
IV. Toxicants 494
V. Malnutrition 521
VI. Miscellaneous 527
References 531
11 The Diet and General Fish Husbandry
PlETRO GHITTINO
I. Introduction 540
II. Cold-Water Fish Husbandry (Salmonidae) 542
III. Secondary Cold-Water Fish Husbandry 573
IV. Warm-Water Fish Husbandry 577
V. Marine Fish Husbandry 642
References 643
Appendix
Author Index 675
Subject Index 699
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
LAURENCE M. ASHLEY (439), Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Cook, Washington
ROGER E. BURROWS* (375), Sa lmon-Cultural Laboratory, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Department of Interior, Longview,
Washington
L. M. DICKIE (327), Marine Ecology Laboratory, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, Fishery Research Board of Canada, Dartmouth, Nova
Scotia
L. FRiEDMANf (181), Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massa,-
chusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
PIETRO GHITTINO (539), Instituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale del
Piemonte e della Liguria, Via Bologna, Torino, Italy
JOHN E. HALVER (29), Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Department of the Interior, Cook,
Washington
* Present address: 2842 Magnolia St., Longview, Washington.
| Present address: Division of Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Washing­
ton, D. C.
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