Fair Weather (National Research Council)

239 Pages·2003·1.77 MB·English

by  National Research Council, Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services, Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data

AIR
F
WEATHER
Effective Partnership in Weather and
Climate Services
Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services
Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their
special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Task Order No. 56-DGNA-1-00002, Award No. 50-
DGNA-1-90024, between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the
project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-08746-5 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-50616-6 (PDF)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2003102143
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COMMITTEE ON PARTNERSHIPS IN WEATHER AND
CLIMATE SERVICES
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, Chair, IBM Corporation (retired), Amherst,
Massachusetts
RICHARD A. ANTHES, Vice-Chair, University Corporation for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
WILLIAM Y. ARMS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
WILLIAM E. EASTERLING III, Pennsylvania State University, University
Park
RICHARD S. GREENFIELD, American Meteorological Society,
Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, Consultant, Williamsburg, Virginia
JESSICA LITMAN, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
GORDON MCBEAN, University of Western Ontario, Canada
RAVI V. NATHAN, Aquila, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri (through August
2002)
MARIA A. PIRONE, Weather Services International Corporation,
Billerica, Massachusetts
ROY RADNER, New York University, New York
ROBERT T. RYAN, WRC-TV, Washington, D.C.
KAREN R. SOLLINS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Consultant
ROGER A. PIELKE, JR., University of Colorado, Boulder
National Research Council Staff
ANNE M. LINN, Study Director
CYNTHIA PATTERSON, Program Officer
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate
SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant
iv
COMMITTEE ON GEOPHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
J. BERNARD MINSTER, Chair, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
University of California, La Jolla
ROGER C. BALES, University of Arizona, Tucson
MARY ANNE CARROLL, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JEFF DOZIER, University of California, Santa Barbara
DAVID M. GLOVER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Massachusetts
MARK J. MCCABE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
JOHN M. MELACK, University of California, Santa Barbara
ROY RADNER, New York University, New York
ROBERT J. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, Colorado
National Research Council Staff
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate
SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant
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BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
RAYMOND JEANLOZ, Chair, University of California, Berkeley
JILL BANFIELD, University of California, Berkeley
STEVEN R. BOHLEN, Joint Oceanographic Institution, Washington,
D.C.
VICKI J. COWART, Colorado Geological Survey, Denver
DAVID L. DILCHER, University of Florida, Gainesville
ADAM M. DZIEWONSKI, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
WILLIAM L. GRAF, University of South Carolina, Columbia
RHEA GRAHAM, New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission,
Albuquerque
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
DIANNE R. NIELSON, Utah Department of Environmental Quality,
Salt Lake City
MARK SCHAFER, NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia
BILLIE L. TURNER II, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
THOMAS J. WILBANKS, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
National Research Council Staff
ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Director
TAMARA L. DICKINSON, Senior Program Officer
DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer
PAUL M. CUTLER, Program Officer
KRISTEN L. KRAPF, Program Officer
KERI H. MOORE, Program Officer
LISA M. VANDEMARK, Program Officer
YVONNE P. FORSBERGH, Research Assistant
MONICA R. LIPSCOMB, Research Assistant
EILEEN MCTAGUE, Research Assistant
VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Associate
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate
RADHIKA S. CHARI, Senior Project Assistant
KAREN L. IMHOF, Senior Project Assistant
SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant
TERESIA K. WILMORE, Project Assistant
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BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE
ERIC J. BARRON, Chair, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
RAYMOND J. BAN, The Weather Channel Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Massachusetts
ROSINA M. BIERBAUM, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma, Norman
RAFAEL L. BRAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
STEVEN F. CLIFFORD, University of Colorado, Boulder
CASSANDRA G. FESEN, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
GEORGE L. FREDERICK, Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado
JUDITH L. LEAN, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
MARGARET A. LEMONE, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, Colorado
MARIO J. MOLINA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
MICHAEL J. PRATHER, University of California, Irvine
WILLIAM J. RANDEL, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, Colorado
RICHARD D. ROSEN, Atmospheric & Environmental Research, Inc.,
Lexington, Massachusetts
THOMAS F. TASCIONE, Sterling Software, Inc., Bellevue, Nebraska
JOHN C. WYNGAARD, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Ex Officio Members
EUGENE M. RASMUSSON, University of Maryland, College Park
ERIC F. WOOD, Princeton University, New Jersey
National Research Council Staff
CHRIS ELFRING, Director
ELBERT W. (JOE) FRIDAY, JR., Senior Scholar
LAURIE S. GELLER, Senior Program Officer
PETER A. SCHULTZ, Senior Program Officer
DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate
ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer
ELIZABETH A. GALINIS, Project Assistant
ROB GREENWAY, Project Assistant
vii
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD
DAVID D. CLARK, Chair, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge
ERIC BENHAMOU, 3Com Corporation, Santa Clara, California
DAVID E. BORTH, Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois
JOHN M. CIOFFI, Stanford University, California
ELAINE COHEN, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
BRUCE CROFT, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
THOMAS E. DARCIE, AT&T Labs Research, Red Bank, New Jersey
JOSEPH V. FARRELL, University of California, Berkeley
JOAN FEIGENBAUM, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
HECTOR GARCIA-MOLINA, Stanford University, California
WENDY A. KELLOGG, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center,
Yorktown Heights, New York
BUTLER W. LAMPSON, CSTB member emeritus, Microsoft
Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
DAVID E. LIDDLE, U.S. Venture Partners, Menlo Park, California
TOM M. MITCHELL, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
DAVID A. PATTERSON, University of California, Berkeley
HENRY (HANK) PERRITT, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois
DANIEL J. PIKE, Classic Communications, Tyler, Texas
ERIC SCHMIDT, Google, Inc., Mountain View, California
FRED B. SCHNEIDER, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
BURTON J. SMITH, Cray, Inc., Seattle, Washington
LEE S. SPROULL, New York University
WILLIAM W. STEAD, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
JEANNETTE M. WING, Microsoft Research, on leave from Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
National Research Council Staff
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Executive Director
ERIC BASQUES, Program Officer
KRISTEN BATCH, Research Associate
JENNIFER M. BISHOP, Senior Project Assistant
JANET BRISCOE, Administrative Officer
D.C. DRAKE, Senior Project Assistant
JON EISENBERG, Senior Program Officer
RENEE HAWKINS, Financial Associate
MARGARET HUYNH, Senior Project Assistant
ALAN S. INOUYE, Senior Program Officer
HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Scientist
viii
LYNETTE I. MILLETT, Program Officer
DAVID PADGHAM, Research Associate
CYNTHIA A. PATTERSON, Program Officer
JANICE SABUDA, Senior Project Assistant
ROBIN SCHOEN, Program Officer
JERRY R. SHEEHAN, Senior Program Officer
BRANDYE WILLIAMS, Office Assistant
STEVEN WOO, Dissemination and Program Officer
ix