Table Of ContentEPISTEMOLOGY:
AN ANTHOLOGY
Second Edition
Edited by Ernest Sosa, Jaegwon Kim,
Jeremy Fantl, and Matthew McGrath
A
'~- II Blackwell
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Epistemology: an anthology / edited by Ernest Sosa, Jaegwon Kim, Jeremy Fant!, and Matthew McGrath - 2nd ed.
p. em. - (Blackwell philosophy anthologies)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4051-6967-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) - ISBN 978-1-4051-6966-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) l.
Knowledge, Theory of. I. So sa, Ernest.
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Contents
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Acknowledgments xi
Part I Skepticism 1
Introduction 3
The Problem of the External World 7
Barry Stroud
2 Proof of an External World 26
G. E. Moore
3 Four Forms of Scepticism 29
G. E. Moore
4 Certainty 31
G. E. Moore
5 How a Pyrrhonian Skeptic Might Respond to Academic Skepticism 35
Peter Klein
6 Epistemological Realism 51
Michael Williams
Part II The Structure of Knowledge and Justification 73
Introduction 75
7 The Myth of the Given 80
Roderick M. Chisholm
8 Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? 94
Wilfrid Sellars
9 Epistemic Principles 99
Wilfrid Sellars
10 Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? 109
Laurence BonJour
Vi CONTENTS
11 A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge 124
Donald Davidson
12 A Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification l34
Susan Haack
l3 The Raft and the Pyramid 145
Ernest Sosa
14 Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons 165
Peter D. Klein
Part III Defining Knowledge 187
Introduction 189
15 Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? 192
Edmund Gettier
16 Thought, Selections 194
Gilbert Harman
17 The Inescapability of Gettier Problems 207
Linda Zagzebski
18 A State of Mind 213
Timothy Williamson
Part IV Epistemic Closure 231
Introduction 233
19 Epistemic Operators 237
Fred Dretske
20 Skepticism, Relevant Alternatives, and Deductive Closure 247
Gail Stine
21 Knowledge and Skepticism 255
Robert Nozick
22 How to Defeat Opposition to Moore 280
Ernest Sosa
23 Are There Counterexamples to the Closure Principle? 290
Jonathan Vogel
Part V Theories of Epistemic Justification 303
Introduction 305
24 Evidentialism 310
Richard Feldman and Earl Conee
25 Skepticism and Rationality 322
Richard Foley
26 What Is Justified Belief? 333
Alvin I. Goldman
CONTENTS Vll
27 Reliabilism Leveled 348
Jonathan Vogel
28 Externalist Theories of Empirical Knowledge 363
Laurence BonJour
29 Internalism Exposed 379
Alvin I. Goldman
30 Externalism and Skepticism 394
Richard Fumerton
31 Internalism Defended 407
Richard Feldman and Earl Conee
Part VI Virtue Epistemology and the Value of Knowledge 423
Introduction 425
32 Warrant: A First Approximation 429
Alvin Plantinga
33 Virtues of the Mind, Selections 442
Linda Zagzebski
34 Virtues and Vices of Virtue Epistemology 454
John Greco
35 Cognitive Responsibility and the Epistemic Virtues 462
Duncan Pritchard
36 The Place of Truth in Epistemology 477
Ernest Sosa
37 Why Should Inquiring Minds Want to Know?: Meno Problems and Epistemological Axiology 492
Jonathan L. Kvanvig
38 True Enough 507
Catherine Z. Elgin
Part VII Naturalized Epistemology and the A Priori 521
Introduction 523
39 Epistemology Naturalized 528
W. V. Quine
40 What Is "Naturalized Epistemology"? 538
Jaegwon Kim
41 Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology 552
Louise M. Antony
42 There is at Least One A Priori Truth 585
Hilary Putnam
43 Revisability, Reliabilism, and A Priori Knowledge 595
Albert Casullo
44 A Priori Knowledge and the Scope of Philosophy 612
George Bealer
Vlll CONTENTS
45 Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions 625
Jonathan M. Weinberg, Shaun Nichols, and Stephen Stich
46 Investigating Knowledge Itself 647
Hilary Kornblith
Part VIII Knowledge and Context 661
Introduction 663
47 Solving the Skeptical Problem 669
Keith DeRose
48 Elusive Knowledge 691
David Lewis
49 Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery 706
Stewart Cohen
50 Knowledge and Practical Interest, Selections 721
Jason Stanley
51 Evidence, Pragmatics, and Justification 742
Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath
52 Sensitive Moderate Invariantism 760
John Hawthorne
53 The Assessment Sensitivity of Knowledge Attributions 779
John MacFarlane
PartIX Testimony, Memory, and Perception 801
Introduction 803
54 Trust and Rationality 807
Judith Baker
55 Against Gullibility 815
Elizabeth Fricker
56 Content Preservation 836
Tyler Burge
57 Testimonial Knowledge and Transmission 855
Jennifer Lackey
58 The Problem of Memory Knowledge 868
Michael Huemer
59 Criteria, Defeasibility, and Knowledge 876
John McDowell
60 Knowing How to Believe With Justification 892
Steven L. Reynolds
Index 903
Preface to the Second Edition
Epistemology is a philosophical inquiry into the The selections are collected in nine sections,
nature, conditions, and extent of human knowl each of which opens with an introduction that
edge. It encompasses some of the most puzzling discusses the contained readings, and is fol
and persistent issues in all of philosophy, ones lowed by a list of further readings on the subject
that extensively define its history. The problem of matter of that section. For further expert but
skepticism is one example, and the empiricism/ introductory discussion of the issues, the reader
rationalism controversy another, along with its is referred to the relevant Blackwell Companion
Kantian and Hegelian aftermath. Such issues, and Guide.
although alien to common sense at first sight, in The topics taken up in these nine sections by
fact derive naturally from straightforward reflection no means exhaust the field of epistemology. Space
on the most ordinary knowledge about the world limits have made it impossible to include all topics
around us, knowledge produced or sustained in the field. We have consciously selected central
through perception, memory, or induction. issues but we have also drawn from contempo
Elementary reflection on such matters produces rary work some of the most novel and radical
puzzles and paradoxes that have engaged philoso responses to those issues. The resulting collection
phers from ancient times to the present. brings together a variety of approaches and solu
This anthology is meant to supplement tions, still under vigorous debate. The current
Blackwell's Companion to Epistemology and Guide edition departs from the first in expanding the
to Epistemology. We made a conscious effort to section on epistemological contextualism to take
include both selections that are representative of account of recent work on sensitive invariantism
the best current discussion on the most central and relativism. We have also added a section
issues in the field, and selections which, though devoted to perception, memory, and testimony,
relevant to current debates, are somewhat older significantly restructured and reorganized other
and appropriate for use in upper level undergrad sections, and included some newer work. Space
uate epistemology courses. Though the former limitations have prevented us, once again, from
selections are inevitably demanding, all readings, including work on more specific issues - other
some of which are only excerpts, should all prove minds and induction, for example. On these
accessible in proper order to the attentive reader issues excellent work has been published and
who approaches these issues for the first time. continues to appear.
x PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Special thanks go to Sara Bagg and Justin Nick Bellorini, our editor, has been exceedingly
McBrayer for their assistance, particularly in their patient and supportive.
contributions to the introductions to the various
sections, as well as to Michael DiRamio, Brie Jeremy Fantl
Gertler, Joseph Shieber, and Baron Reed, for their Jaegwon Kim
work on the first edition. Also helpful were the Matthew McGrath
comments and suggestions by anonymous referees. Ernest So sa
Acknowledgments
The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge Doubts (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1991).
the permission granted to reproduce the copy © 1991 by Michael Williams. Reprinted with
right material in this book: permission from the author.
7. Chisholm, Roderick, "The Myth of the
1. Stroud, Barry, "The Problem of the External Given;' pp. 261-86 in R. Chisholm, Philosophy
World;' Chapter 1 III The Significance of (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964).
Philosophical Skepticism (Oxford: Clarendon © 1964 by Roderick M. Chisholm.
Press, 1984). © 1984 by Barry Stroud. 8. Sellars, Wilfred, "Does Empirical Knowledge
Reprinted with permission from Oxford Have a Foundation?" pp. 293-300 in H. Feigel
University Press. and M. Scriven (eds.), The Foundations of
2. Moore, G. E., "Proof of an External World;' Science and the Concepts of Psychology and
extracted from pp.147-70 in Thomas Baldwin Psychoanalysis, Minnesota Studies in the
(ed.), G. E. Moore: Selected Writings (London Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1 (Minneapolis:
& New York: Routledge, 1993). © 1993 by University of Minnesota Press, 1956). © 1956.
Thomas Baldwin. Reprinted with permission Reprinted with permission from University
from Taylor & Francis Books (UK). of Minnesota Press.
3. Moore, G. E., "Four Forms of Scepticism;' pp. 9. Sellars, Wilfred, "Epistemic Principles;'
220-2 in Philosophical Papers (New York: pp. 332-49 in H. Casteneda (ed.), Action,
Collier Books, 1962). © 1962 by G. E. Moore. Knowledge, and Reality (Indianapolis: Bobbs
4. Moore, G. E., "Certainty;' extracted from pp. Merrill, 1975). © 1975 by Wilfrid Sellars.
171-96 in Thomas Baldwin (ed.), G. E. Moore: 10. BonJour, Laurence,"Can Empirical Knowledge
Selected Writings, (London & New York: Have a Foundation?" pp. 1-13 in American
Routledge, 1993). © 1993 by Thomas Baldwin. Philosophical Quarterly 15, 1 (1978). © 1978
Reprinted with permission from Taylor & by American Philosophical Quarterly.
Francis Books (UK). Reprinted with permission from American
5. Klein, Peter, "How a Pyrrhonian Skeptic Philosophical Quarterly.
Might Respond to Academic Skepticism;' pp. 11. Davidson, Donald, "A Coherence Theory of
75-94 in Steven Luper (ed.), The Skeptics: Truth and Knowledge;' pp. 307-19 in Ernest
Contemporary Essays (Aldershot: Ashgate, Lepore (ed.), Truth and Interpretation:
2003). © 2003 by Steven Luper. Reprinted Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald
with permission from Ashgate Publishing. Davidson (New York: Blackwell, 1989).
6. Williams, Michael, "Epistemological Realism," © 1989 by Ernest Lepore. Reprinted with
pp. 83-93,101-19,121-4,129-39 in Unnatural permission from Blackwell Publishing.
