Table Of ContentENGINEERING TOWARDS A
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
ENGINEERING TOWARDS A
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Editors
Mohamad Danial Shafiq
Muhammad Bisya Md Yusof
PENERBIT UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG
© Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2015
EPUB, 2015
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
e-ISBN 978-983-861-904-2
Copy Editor: Hasleza Abdul Halim
Cover Designer: Intan Suhaila Kassim
Proofreader: Aida Izana Yaakub
Typesetter: Noraini Md Isa
Published by Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia (Universiti Sains Malaysia Press),
11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
A member of the Malaysian Scholarly Publishing Council (MAPIM).
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CONTENTS
Preface
About iNESCO
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Compartment-Wise Profile of Modified Anaerobic Hybrid Bafled (MAHB) Reactor
Treating Recycled Paper Mill Effluent (RPME)
Removal of Color From Real Textile Wastewater Using Clinoptilolite, Towards a Green
Environment
Estimate of Potential Water Excesses, Surface Runoff in the Valleys of Western Region of
Iraq
Preliminary Study on Characteristic of Jackfruit Seeds Starch in Leachate
Development of Odor Wheel as Primary Assessment Tool for Odor
Odour Impact Assessment at Palm Oil Mill Site, Malaysia – A Questionnaire, Pilot Study
A Novel Design Concept of Modified Anaerobic Inclining-Baffled Reactor (MAI-BR) for
Wastewater Treatment Application
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Performance Studies of Anode Batch Microbial Fuel Cells Via Cyclic Voltammetry
Method
Comparative Studies on the Performance of Single Chamber and Dual-Chamber Microbial
Fuel Cells Design for Electricity Generation
ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting by Using Circular Planar Spiral Inductor Antenna
Array
Enhanced S-Band Lasing Using a Thulium Doped Photonic Crystal Fiber
First Principle Investigation of Electronic Structures and Hyperfine Interactions of
Muoniated Me P[Pd(dmit) ]
4 2 2
MATERIALS AND POLYMER SCIENCES/ENGINEERING
Vinyl Poly (Chloride)-Grafted-Maleic Anydride (Pvc-g-Ma) as the Compatibilizer for
PVC/ENR/Kenaf Core Powder Composite: The Effects on Mechanical Properties
Effect of Alkanolamide on Cure Characteristics and Tensile Properties of Carbon Black-
Filled Natural Rubber Compound
Study on the Effect of Carbon Black (CB) on the Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled
Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends
Gas Permeability of Rubber Coated PVC-PEG Membrane
Impact Strength, Morphology and Water Absorption of Rubber Seed Kernel Flour (RSKF)
Filled Recycled Polystyrene (RPS) and Virgin Polystyrene (VPS) Composites
Tensile Properties and Morphology of NR/NBRR Blends: EVA as Compatibilizer
Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Kenaf Powder Filled Natural Rubber Latex
Foam
Effect of the Addition of Epoxidized Natural Rubber on Silica Reinforcement of Styrene
Butadiene Rubber Compound
MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
A Review of Productivity Measurement and Analysis with Different Perspectives in Real
Condition of Production Industries
Effect of Fluidization Ratio on the Performance of an Internally Circulating Aerated
Fluidized Bed Gasifier with Concentric Cylinders
Torrefaction of Biomass Pellets Using Waste Heat from Producer Gas Gasification
Process
Assessing Effect of Idling on Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Palm, Jatropha
and Calophyllum Biodiesel Blends
ENERGY AND RENEWABLE SOURCES
Perfomance of Absorption Mediums for Tar Removal from Producer Gas
The Case Study of Energy Saving Potential in the Ice Tube Plant, Thailand
The Energy Saving Potential in Thatphanom College, Thailand
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Evaluation of Compost Quality by Utilizing of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO)
Treated Sugarcane Bagasse as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Reactive Green 19 From
Aqueous Solution
Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide from Waste Eggshell
PREFACE
This book presents the compiled outstanding research articles over Malaysia and neighbouring
countries from the International Engineering for Sustainability Conference 2014 (iNESCO
2014) concerning the issue of engineering for environment and sustainability.
This book is primarily addressed to academicians, researchers, scientist, innovators, and
individuals who have influences in the growth and development of the nation and country. An
understanding of the causes and effects, mainly contributed to the preservation of the
environment as one of the basic stands that influence the behaviour of producing effective and
efficient products and services, and serving the environment at once.
Grateful acknowledgment is here made to the researchers, editors, organizers and those
involved in gathering the data for the research articles. This work would not have reached its
present form without their invaluable help.
Some articles may have demographic studies of a country and hazardous chemicals used, in
order to tabulate the research data and complete the research.
October 2014
About iNESCO
The International Engineering for Sustainability Conference (iNESCO) is a platform that
inspires young engineering students to share, educate, and contribute wonderful ideas and
knowledge. It is organized biannually by the Students’ Representative Council of USM
Engineering Campus since 2010 with the initial name of NESCO (National Engineering
Student Convention). In 2011, this program transformed from NESCO to become iNESCO,
expanding our reach to international levels. iNESCO has a significant theme every year, which
is engineering for sustainability and environment. The aim of this program is to provide helpful
information for younger undergraduates to stimulate the knowledge transfer from generation to
generation; from their senior undergraduates and postgraduates. Not just that, environment is
seriously threatened by vast development of technology and through iNESCO, the organizer
believes that it will gain deeper understanding on the importance and techniques of preserving
the environment and the concept of sustainability among participants.
For this year’s iNESCO, in an effort to rebrand the conference for a wider and deeper impact
while still preserving the original aim of the conference, we are introducing a new category;
the Science Innovation category. It is a design competition that is open for all secondary school
and undergraduate students, to produce as sustainable product that will benefit the future.
Therefore, iNESCO 2014 will have four categories of participation; namely Paper
Presentation, Poster Presentation, Science Innovation and Audience.
This conference gathers secondary school students and engineering students from higher
education institutions around the world to discuss and discover their role in the future of
engineering field, as well as generate and exchange ideas for the benefit of all. Through
iNESCO, we are able to expand our horizons in the application of engineering knowledge for a
sustainable future besides exposing ourselves to people from different backgrounds, cultures,
nations, and perspectives. Through the paper and poster presentations, young engineering
students are able to discuss, share and analyze the best engineering solution for critical issues
in the world, especially in the context of sustainability. On the other hand, the Science
Innovation competition enables students to foster the concept of sustainability in their minds,
while training them to think out of the box to deal with everyday problems.
Universiti Sains Malaysia, as a Research University and above all an APEX University acts as
the host to lead these healthy discussions to produce young and talented engineers, in line with
USM’s efforts to be the forefront of transforming Malaysia’s higher education. We hope that
iNESCO will not only inspire young engineering students to take up the initiative of generating
new ideas in engineering sustainability but also inspire them to pass this cause on to the future
generations to achieve synergy in building a new era.
COMPARTMENT-WISE PROFILE OF MODIFIED
ANAEROBIC HYBRID BAFFLED (MAHB)
REACTOR TREATING RECYCLED PAPER MILL
EFFLUENT (RPME)
1Siti Roshayu Hassan, 1Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman, 2*Irvan Dahlan
1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
2 School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A 5 compartment modified anaerobic hybrid baffled (MAHB) reactor was used continuously to
treat recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) anaerobically with constant feeding COD of 3000
mg L−1 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. RPME without pH adjustment
was used throughout the process for the MAHB reactor. In this paper, the performance of
MAHB reactor treating RPME in terms of compartment wise variation of various parameters
were investigated. Compartment wise profiles specifies that half of the COD were removed in
the initial compartments followed by the remaining compartments. Low pH of 6.0–6.2 and high
volatile fatty acid concentration of 90–168 mg L−1 were recorded in the first compartment for
each HRT due to acidogenesis and acetogenesis process. System pH and alkalinity shows
increments profile while VEA concentration decreased as it moves from compartment 1 to 5.
Biogas volume were high which is 6.56 L at higher HRT with a decreasing pattern of methane
content from 96%–35% from compartment 1 to 5. Contrarily, at low HRT of 1 day, although the
biogas volume was lower, but methane content shows increment from 42%–64%. Result
indicates that MAHB reactor was successfully operated in treating RPME wastewater.
Keywords: modified anaerobic hybrid baffled (MAHB) reactor, anaerobic digestion process,
recycled paper mill effluent (RPME)
1 INTRODUCTION
The application of anaerobic technology in treating industrial wastewaters highly depends on
the performance of reactor used. Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were one of the favorable
system in treating industrial waste. Although ABR were extensively used to treat different
types of industrial waste, literature survey shows that there is lack on the anaerobic treatment
of recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) wastewater by a novel modified anaerobic hybrid
baffled (MAHB) reactor.
