Engineering Geology for Underground Works

312 Pages·2014·16.779 MB·English

by  Paola Gattinoni, Enrico Maria Pizzarotti, Laura Scesi (auth.)

Engineering Geology for Underground Works
Paola Gattinoni • Enrico Maria Pizzarotti
Laura Scesi
Engineering Geology
for Underground Works
2123
PaolaGattinoni LauraScesi
DICA DICA
PolitecnicodiMilano PolitecnicodiMilano
Milan Milan
Italy Italy
EnricoMariaPizzarotti
ProIterS.r.l.
Milan
Italy
ISBN978-94-007-7849-8 ISBN978-94-007-7850-4(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7850-4
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014930757
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Preface
Theconstructionoftunnelsinvolvestheresolutionofmoreorlesscomplextechnical
problems depending on the geological and geological—environmental context in
whichtheworkfits.
Onlyacarefulanalysisofallthegeologicalandgeological—environmentalissues
and a correct reconstruction of their conceptual model, can lead to optimal design
solutions from all points of view (including financial) and to ensure safety to the
workersduringconstruction,andtousers,intheoperationphase.
Therefore, the need to collect the synthesis of current knowledge about under-
ground excavations in a volume is felt, especially with respect to: the geolog-
ical and environmental issues related to the construction of underground works
(Chaps.1and2);thedifferentmethodologiesusedforthereconstructionofthecon-
ceptualmodel(Chap.3);theundergroundexcavationanalysis(Chap.4);thedifferent
risktypologiesthatitispossibletoencounterorthatcanarisefromtheunderground
construction and the most important risk assessment, management and mitigation
methodologiesthatareusedintheundergroundworkplanning(Chaps.5and6);the
groundstructureinteraction(Chap.7)andthecharacteristicsandtheequipmentofthe
monitoringactivity,whichshouldbeperformedduringanundergroundexcavation
(Chap.8).
Theauthorsareawarethattheaimofthisbookisonlytointroducetheproblems
related to the construction of underground works rather than finding the solutions
fromthemallandtoprovidereadersusefulconceptsforacorrectscientificapproach
tothesubject.
v
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thankAnnaAgnieszka Surma for her contributions on
specifictopics,criticalcommentsandcorrections;FrancescoMungo,whohelpedto
realizedrawingsandtables;EdvigeMeardiforthenotsimpletranslationinEnglish
languageofthetext.
vii
Contents
1 GeologicalProblemsinUndergroundWorks’DesignandConstruction 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 LithologicalandStructuralFeatures ........................... 2
1.2.1 LithologicalFeatures ................................. 3
1.2.2 StructuralFeatures ................................... 5
1.3 TectonicSetting ............................................ 7
1.3.1 Faults .............................................. 8
1.3.2 Folds............................................... 8
1.4 ScaleEffect ............................................... 10
1.5 InSituStressState.......................................... 11
1.6 MorphologicalConditions ................................... 14
1.6.1 UndergroundWorksatShallowDepth................... 14
1.6.2 Portals ............................................. 15
1.7 HydrogeologicalSetting..................................... 18
1.7.1 AggressiveWaters.................................... 19
1.8 WeatheringandSwellingPhenomena .......................... 21
1.8.1 Weathering.......................................... 21
1.8.2 Swelling............................................ 22
1.9 GeothermalGradient........................................ 22
1.10 SeismicAspects............................................ 23
1.11 Gas,RadioactivityandHazardousMaterials .................... 25
1.11.1 Gas ................................................ 25
1.11.2 Radon.............................................. 27
1.11.3 Asbestos............................................ 28
References..................................................... 29
2 Environmental-GeologicalProblemsduetoUndergroundWorks .... 31
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 31
2.2 SurfaceSettlements......................................... 32
2.3 SlopeInstability............................................ 36
2.4 InteractionwithSurfaceWaterandGroundwater ................ 38
ix
x Contents
2.5 Inert Waste................................................ 45
2.6 NoisesandVibrationsDuringExcavation....................... 47
References..................................................... 50
3 GeologicalConceptualModelforUndergroundWorksDesign ...... 53
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 53
3.2 GeologicalStudiesandInvestigations.......................... 54
3.2.1 CharacterizationofShallow-OverburdenStretches ........ 55
3.2.2 CharacterizationofMedium-HighOverburdenStretches ... 55
3.2.3 HydrogeologicalSurveys.............................. 56
3.3 Geological-TechnicalCharacterization ......................... 58
3.4 GeomechanicalClassifications................................ 62
3.4.1 BieniawskiClassification(oroftheRMRIndex,
OnlyRelevantforRockMasses)........................ 63
3.5 RockMassExcavabilityIndexRME........................... 67
3.5.1 RockMassindexRMi ................................ 69
3.5.2 SurfaceRockClassificationSRC ....................... 70
3.5.3 BartonQ-SystemClassification ........................ 70
3.5.4 Q ClassificationSystem............................ 81
TBM
3.6 Hoek-BrownConstitutiveModelforRockMass................. 81
3.7 StrengthofDiscontinuities................................... 91
3.7.1 PattonCriterion...................................... 91
3.7.2 BartonEquation ..................................... 92
3.7.3 LadanyiandArchanbaultCriterion...................... 94
References..................................................... 96
4 UndergroundExcavationAnalysis ............................... 97
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 97
4.2 DiscontinuousMediumandEquivalentContinuum .............. 98
4.3 ConvergenceandConfinement................................ 98
4.4 UndergroundWorksatShallowandGreatDepth ................ 104
4.5 AnalysisMethodsoftheExcavationBehaviour.................. 105
4.5.1 BlockTheory........................................ 105
4.5.2 CharacteristicLines .................................. 106
4.5.3 NumericalMethods .................................. 109
4.5.3.1 DistinctElementsMethod ..................... 110
4.5.3.2 FiniteElementsorFiniteDifferenceMethods..... 111
4.6 SqueezingandTime-DependentBehaviour ..................... 111
4.6.1 Singhetal.(1992)EmpiricalApproach.................. 112
4.6.2 Goeletal.(1995)EmpiricalApproach................... 113
4.6.3 HoekandMarinos(2000)Semi-EmpiricalMethod ........ 114
4.6.4 Jehtwaetal.Method(1984) ........................... 115
4.6.5 BhasinMethod(1994) ................................ 116
4.6.6 PanetMethod(1995) ................................. 117
Contents xi
4.7 RockBurst ................................................ 119
4.8 FaceStabilityAssessment.................................... 120
4.8.1 ShallowOverburden.................................. 121
4.8.1.1 UndrainedBehaviourofCohesiveSoils.......... 121
4.8.1.2 GrainMaterialwithDrainedBehaviour.......... 123
4.8.1.3 StabilityoftheExcavationFacebyTamez
(1985)...................................... 123
4.8.2 HighOverburden .................................... 127
4.8.2.1 FaceStabilityasaFunctionofCharacteristic
StrengthofRockMass........................ 127
4.8.2.2 Face Stability with Convergence–Confinement
Method..................................... 128
4.8.2.3 FaceStabilityasaFunctionofShearStrength .... 128
4.8.2.4 FaceStabilityinRelationshiptotheTensional
Field and Mechanical Characteristics of Rock
Masses ..................................... 129
4.8.2.5 Face Stability with the Ground Reaction Curve
Method..................................... 129
4.8.2.6 FaceStabilityCaquotMethod.................. 131
4.9 GroundWaterInfluence ..................................... 132
4.9.1 AssessmentofTunnelInflows.......................... 132
4.9.1.1 TheDrainingProcessfromanAdvancing
Tunnel ..................................... 135
4.9.2 TheInfluenceofWaterontheMassBehaviour............ 137
References..................................................... 141
5 GeologicalRiskManagement.................................... 143
5.1 Introduction ............................................... 143
5.2 DefinitionsandGeneralConcepts ............................. 147
5.3 GeologicalRiskAssessmentforUndergroundWorks............. 148
5.3.1 QualitativeMethodsforRiskAnalysis................... 149
5.3.2 QuantitativeMethodsforRiskAnalysis:SafetyMethods ... 149
5.3.3 MonteCarloMethodforQuantitativeRiskAnalysis ....... 154
5.3.4 RiskEvaluation...................................... 155
5.4 ApplicativeExample:TheDecisionAidinTunnelling(DAT) ...... 157
5.5 FromRiskAssessmenttoRiskMitigation ...................... 159
References..................................................... 159
6 RiskMitigationandControl..................................... 161
6.1 Introduction ............................................... 161
6.2 ExcavationMethods ........................................ 161
6.2.1 ShieldedandPressurizedTBM......................... 164
6.3 Injections ................................................. 170
6.3.1 InjectionsviaImpregnationandFracturing............... 170
6.3.2 Jet-Grouting......................................... 175
xii Contents
6.4 Freezing .................................................. 178
6.5 CutterSoilMix(CSM) ...................................... 180
6.6 Anchors................................................... 180
6.6.1 Nails............................................... 183
6.6.2 Bolts............................................... 190
6.6.3 Tiebacks............................................ 190
6.7 Drainage .................................................. 191
6.8 ReinforcedProtectiveUmbrellaMethods(RPUM)............... 192
6.8.1 Forepoling .......................................... 194
6.8.2 Jet-groutingVaults ................................... 195
6.8.3 Precutting .......................................... 196
6.8.4 Pretunnel ........................................... 198
6.9 Linings ................................................... 198
6.9.1 FirstStageLinings ................................... 201
6.9.1.1 Shotcrete ................................... 201
6.9.1.2 SteelRibs................................... 204
6.9.2 FinalLinings........................................ 206
6.9.2.1 InSituCastConcrete(Unreinforced
andReinforced) ............................. 206
6.9.2.2 WaterproofingandWaterManagementSystems... 207
6.9.2.3 PrefabricatedLinings......................... 208
6.9.2.4 Single-Shell(Monocoque)Linings.............. 213
References..................................................... 214
7 Ground-StructureInteraction ................................... 215
7.1 RabcewiczTheory.......................................... 215
7.2 MethodofHyperstaticReactions.............................. 216
7.3 EvaluationoftheLoadsActingontheLinings .................. 219
7.3.1 VerticalLoads ....................................... 219
7.3.1.1 Soils: CaquotandKerisel’s(1956)andTerzaghi’s
(1946)Formulations.......................... 219
7.3.1.2 Rockmasses:Terzaghi’s(1946)Classification
and Approaches Based on Bieniawski’s
Characterization ............................. 223
7.3.2 HorizontalLoads .................................... 225
7.3.3 InclinedLoads....................................... 226
7.3.4 LoadsAssessment on the Lining in Case ofTunnel Under
GroundwaterTable ................................... 228
7.4 Nailing ................................................... 231
7.4.1 MethodoftheConfinementPressure .................... 232
7.4.2 HomogenizationMethod .............................. 233
7.4.3 ModellingoftheCrossSectionwithContinuum
DiscretizationMethods ............................... 235
7.5 Spiling.................................................... 238
7.6 Forepoling ................................................ 241