Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt

738 Pages·2011·32.444 MB·English

by  N. D. Bhatt

I I
[IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD]
Revised ,1nd enlJrged by
M. R.
t"KJUVIIILH.I
M.E. (Mactiine .), B.E. (Mech. Engg.), LMH.S.T~E.
. LMJ,S.T.E., ELI: ti l lecturer in Mech. Engg. ·
Formerly, Professor in Mech. ,s B.and B Institute of Technology
Faculty of Techn<>logy and Engin ]\, Vallabh Vidyanagar
M. S. University of.Baroda, VADODA!v\ · ANAND
REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION: 2011 J
Opposite Amul Dairy, Old Civil Court Road
ANAND 388 001 Gujarat, India
ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING DRAWING
Edition 1.984
Second Edition 1985
Third Edition 1985
fourth Edition 1986
Fifth nth Edition 1987
Sixth h Edition 1988
Seventh 1989
Eighth 1990
Ninth 1991
Tenth 1.992
1993
1994
1995
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2000
2001
2002
Revamped)
ISBN 978-93-80358-17-8
I
9 789380 358178
All rights reserved by the Author.
This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form
or translated without the written permission of the Author.
Pu!Jlisfteii
Bhavinkumar R. Patel and Pradipkumar R. Patel
PuMishm 1/txt-.Bor/fcs
Opposite Amul Dairy, Old Civil Court Road, Post Box 65
ANAND 388 001 Gujarat, India
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E7mail: charotar@cphbooks;com Website: www.cphbooks.com
Laserset
Charotar Associates, Anand
Printed
Repro India Ltd., Mumbai
Affectionately dedicated
to all my
and
It gives me plea.~ure·to introduc~ this tex~~book .Qn. Engineering Drawing by
Prof. N• . D;. Bhattofthe BirlaVishvakarmaMahavidyalaya to stu.dents of Engineering;
Prof. Bhatt ha~ been teaching this subject for over twenty years and has deservedly
earned. the}$!ptttation of being. one 4)f the best teachers in the subject.
This book coyers the prescribed for the Pre-engineering and
FirstY~ar of the Degree course:5 ln Engineering and deals with the
Jundafoental subj~ct which have been')re·ate!l by
ProCBhatt lucidity. · ·
.June 6, '1958.
From the very early days, man realized that if he had to construct any structure or
machine correctly and methodically, he must first record his ideas before starting construction
work. These recorded ideas become more vivid and forceful if they are shown on paper in
form of a drawing of the structure or machine. Such a drawing will be of very great help
to the man who looks after the construction of this structure or machine.
Indeed, "technical drawing is the language of engineering0 Without the good kmJwledge
•
of drawing, an engineer is nowhere and he could not have constructed the various magnificent
structures .or intricate machines. Evidently, any one connected in any way, with engineering
construction must understand this language of engineers. Technical drawing is, therefore,
indispensable today and shall continue to be so as long as engineering and technology
continue to be of use in the activities of man.
By means of drawing, the shape, size,. finish, colour and construction of any object
(no matter how complex) can be de$~f.iP:la~f'iicCurately and clearly. The engineer should
develop his skill, in two phases of. \~~lj~it,1 ~r~~i11g; first, he must be. able to draw dearly
9:~
and rapidly, the freehand technis~:~~,tcnes; $~. .. must be proficient in drawing to
scale the instrumental dra"".illgts'1~~]pu~~e>$e of, .. ·. ,pre1,ent volume is to give the basic
?lllY· •· ;;: /• \;
principles of the instrum.~r;i'~~L~K~~tng
~e
The book covers syllabi in fngipe~ring JJ)ra.wir,ig otc•ri;i~ny University Colleges and
Polytechnics in lndi.,l'and has been, writte~.k ·· fo · in view the difficulties of a beginner
in the subject of ;Engineering Drawing; I <a~ .. . hopeful that;this book will serve its
purpose very welf; for young and •buddiog engineers. \•
I am highly.ipdebted to Prindpal S.B, .. Junnarkar for his valualll~ guidance and for his
kindness to wri~ a suitable foreword f?r thebook, I am also thankf~l to Prof. V. B. Priyani
of Birla Vishvak~rma Mahavidyalaya. fe>rgoing througti thejriitial man~script .and for offering
J.,i~el
constructive su~estions. Fi11ally, grate£ul· Jo the f~Uowing: !~
(i) The authot;ities of the.Universities of Bombay, Poprta and Gujarijt, and the Department
of Technical Edu~ation, Boml:!ay, fol' t~eir kind percn:iission to inclu(Je a few questions set
at their examinatiQ!ls. (ii) Mr. N• • M. Paqc~al and Mi'. ~- D. Bhatt fQi' their help in preparing
pencil sketches. (iii) Mr. L O~ Bhatt for pr · ing the excellent typed manuscript;
(iv) Mr. Ramanbhai ·.C. Patel ()f Charcitar. Book .. . foc.carefu\,proof-reading and for his
efforts to see the boq~ out in Pf()P~f tjftle: M ..J lie ~~~.~· Presf,:authorities for the care and
Jf!
interest shown the' printing arid set·t1r:vof ,b061t '(vi) Tfi~ Prabhat Process Studio for
the promptn~ss and good worlc 9f bJ~k".ma •.. . ; .
8
Any suggestion to improve the value. of ·this bo~k will be gratefullyt•received and will
D~.:~:
be incorpo~~ted subsequent> e.clitions aft~r due s.crµtiny~ ·
u::
furidamenil::.n:.
June ::p:liffton,, ihe
inspiration of the Indian stries in a large measure have
switched on to the third-angle projection system. So have a vast majority of Technical
Institutions. "Elementary Engineering Drawing", too, must keep step with the changes. There
was a phased change-over beginning with the .seventh edition. This edition .has completed
the change. Nevertheless, the first-angle projection system has not been altogether discarded.
The fundamentals of both the systems· are juxtaposed and elucidated.
The chapters on (i) · Development of surfaces, (ii) Isometric projection and (iii) Conversion
of pictorial views into orthographic views have been treated in some greater depth. This
and the increase of the illustrative problems and practice exercises have evidently enlarged
the size of the book and inevitably led to a little rise in price.
I should not miss this opportunity to record my gratitude to the numerous teachers
for their very useful suggestions and the students for their excellent response to the book,
without which this edition should not have come into being.
January 26, 1970 N. D. BHATT
vii
The first edition was originally published in 1958 and now has entered in its 42nd
Edition during 42 years, proves its popularity and utility among the teachers as well as the
students of Engineering Institutions of our country.
This edition has been entirely revised and enlarged by adding the following four chapters:
(1) Screw Threads (2) Screwed Fastenings (3) Riveted Joints and Welded Joints
(4) Computer Aided Drafting.
It was thought desirable to include this fourth chapter on 'Computer Aided Drafting'
which has now acquired an important place in this subject. We are thankful to Or. S. S. Khandare
of Y. C. College of Engineering, Nagpur for contributing this chapter. We are also highly
obliged to Shri R. C. Patel of Charotar Publishing House, Anand for correcting the Proofs.
This book provides a wealth of inforrriati~n a,nd describes an exciting new paradigm and
is also a valuable tool for all the Engine<"!ri~g s~udents, who wish to deepen and acquire
a sound knowledge of this important subject. (language of Engineers) without which a really
satisfactory progress c~nnot be achieved in an)': l:>ranch of Engineering.
We shall feel obliged .to receive comments, suggestions and opinions from the readers
to enhance the utility of the book. ·
August 15, 2000 N. Q. BHATT
V. M. PANCHAL
HFTH:TH
We are inundated with joy to present before you the FIFTIETH ED1t.ION of this most
stan.dard text~book. At the outset, we would like to mention that splendid response to
eai'Uer editions .is pr()digious. Despite such favourable responses, it was feltJhat .the utility
of the book could be .further enhanced. This is one of the most comprehensive revisions
since the book was first published. As a result, all the drawings have b~en ,redrawn with
utmost. intelligibility. Many. new· examples, drawings .a re incorporated along with .. ~Q,tle new
text matter. This text-book is thoroughly revised, extensively. enlarged, comple~~fyt updated.
Chapter on. Computer Aided Drafting (CAOr) is entirely rewritten with inclusion of fO ~Jf{Jnteraetive
and self-leamingpractice modules, Jhis book accompaniea by a computenco as a novel
pedagogical cone.ept, containing 51 sele<I~ed audiovisual ;mimation module~, presented for
pf of
better visualization and understanding the. subject Engineering •O r~vvin~: . }
We take this opportunity to thank Prof; \f. •M 1 Panchal, Former Professof.in • Nlechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M. S. University of Bare>da f~r revising
the entire book and adding man.y\rew typical examples; We express OU,(, hearty,, gratitud~
to Prof. Pramod R. Ingle, ~eftµrer in Mechanical Engineering, B and B lnstit~fe of Technology,
Vallabh Vidyanagar . f()r · redraw all the drawings with !)tecision, rewriti~g· the chapter on
Computer Aide~ /Drafting (CAOr) and revising t~e entire book. ·
We are also indebted to Prof. R. S. Bhatt, Associate Professor i.n M~chanica! Engineering,
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya {Engineering Colle,ge), Vallabh Vidyanagar,. Anand;
Prof . .Mukesh A. Bulsara, Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Patel College
of Engineering and Technology (GCET), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Prof. N. V. Patel, Ex~Professor,
L 0. Engineering College, Ahmedabad who were kind enough to send their suggestions to
us for the improvement of the book. We are also grateful to Prof. S. H. Makwaoa, lecturer
in Mechanical Engineering, B & B Institute of Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, who spared
no efforts in the ..t edious task of diligently correcting the final proofs. We are sincerely
thankful to Cognifront, Nasik for preparing a unique CO and Repro India ltd., Mumbai for
their hearty co-operation and excellent printing of the book.
In spite of all the pains taken, it is possible that some errors may have escaped our attention.
We shall be grateful if they are brought to our notice by sending e-mail at [email protected],
so that they can be corrected in subsequent edition. We strongly urge the readers to send
their comments, suggestions and opinions to enhance the utility of the book.
August 24, 2010 PUBLISHERS
tion ................ . 1 ·9. Drawing papers , , ....•.... ; .
Drawing board .............. . 1-10. Drawing pencils ....... , ... • .. 1.3
T~square ...................• , 1 • 11. Eraser (Rubber) . ,. . . . . . • . . .. • . 14
Set-squares ................. . 1-12. Drawing pins, Clips. or
Drawing instrument box ...... . adhesive tapes ...•.•.... , , . • . . 14
( 1 ) . Large-size·. compass with 1-13. Sand-paper block .. . . . . .. . .. . 15
inter chang eable 1-14. Duster , , .. •• , '. • , , • • • • • • • • • • 15
7
pend! and pen legs . . . . . . 08 1. -15. Drafting mac~ine ...•.• , . , . . . . 1 5
(:~) Lengthening bar . : . . . . . . . 08 1-16. Roll~N-D.raw . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . 16
(3) Small bow compass ..... . 1-1 7. General suggestions for
(4J Large~size divider ....... . drawing a sheet • . . , .. , . . . .• . . . 16
(5) Small bow divider .. , .... ··"·;c,,;:r;;,.;;>2•,. .•. (1) Cleaning the instruments . 16
(6) Small bow ink,:pen ... . (2) Pinning the pap!:!r to .the
(7) Inking pen . . . . . . . ··if''";':""'0"""',,'·} drawing b~ard .•.... '. ..••
Scales ........... .. Border lines ............. .
Protractor ..... . ,/;·. "\1,.t4)\'.'.Su.acing of drawings .. , , . ,
French curves .
lntroijictt611 , .... : . 36
Lines 'it,: ... ·••· .. . 36
(1 > Urieithi.t::kne?s .. 36
(:2) lnkec(drawings .. . 37
{3) Pencil drawings ......... . stn1Plf•• .:;1·ro1,1> letters . .. . . 37
3-1-1. Types of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 (2) letters . . . .. .. . .. . . 40
(1) Outlines . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . 35 3-3. Dimensioning ....... , . . . . . . . . 40
(2} Margin lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3-4. Dimensioning terms and notations 41
(3) Dimension lines . . . . . . . . . 35 ( 1 ) Dimension lrne • . . . • . . . . . 41
(4) Extension or projection lines 35 (2) Extension line ....... , . ... .41
(5) Construction lines . . . . . . . 35 (3) Arrowhead, (4) Leader . . . . 41
(6) Hatching or section lines . 35 3-5. Placing of dimensions . . . . . . . . . 42
(7) Leader or pointer lines . . . 35 (1} Aligned. system . . . . . 42
(8) Border lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 (2) Unidirectional system . 42
(9) ·S hort-break lines . . . . . . . . . 35 3-6. Unit of dimensioning ... , .....
(10) Long-break lines .......•. 35 3-7. General rules for dimensioning . 43
(11) Hidden or dotted lines . . . . . 35 3-8. Practical hints on dimensioning 43
(12) Ce.ntre lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Exercises Ill ....... , .. . .. . .. . . 48
4· L Introduction .. ., ..... ,. . .. . . 51 (1) Plain scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Scales • . • • . . • . . . • . . • • . • . . . 51 (2) Diagonal scales . . . • . . . . . . 55
(1) Engineer's, (2) Graphical scale 52 (3} Comparative scales ... , . . . 59
{3) Representative fraction . . . 52 ( 4) Vernier scales . . . . . . • . . . . . 61
4-3: Scales on drawings . . . • • . . . . . 52 (5) Seate of chords . . . . . . . • . . 65
4~4. Types of scales •..•..•... : . . . 52 Exercises IV • . . . • . . . .. . . . . • . . . 66
5-0. lntroduction ..........•...•. To construct squares .......•.
5~1. Bisecting a line . • • . . • . . . To construct regular polygons 82
5-2. To draw perpendiculars ... Special methods of drawing
5-3. To draw parallel lines •... regular polygons •..•. 84
5-4. To divide a line Regular polygons inscribed
5.~s. a
To divide in circles . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . • • . 86
5-6. To bisect an To draw regular figures using
5-7. T-square' and set-squares . • • . . 88
5-8. To draw tangemts . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5-9, ; lengths of arcs .. . . .. • . . . • . • . 91
Circles and in contact . • . 92
Inscribed circles • . . . . . • . • . • 94
98
..................... 130
Spirals ........... , •.... , ·.'· , .. 1 3 3
. Archernedian spiral .•• 1 34
6~5-2. Logarithmic or
equiangular spiral .. , . .. . . ... 1 36
Helix • .. .. • . . • .. . . ... *' .. 138
)\,method of drawiryg a
helical curve , ..... · .•....... 138
Helical springs .... ~ ......... 139
Screw threads . . . ..•.•.... 1 41
Helix upon a .......... 142
.....•.... 143
............. 144
7-0. Introduction ...•......••.•.. 151 ( 1) Simple slider crank mechanism 154
7~1. Loci of points .. , ........... 151 (2) Offset slider crank mechanism 154
7-2. Simple mechanisms .•....••.• 153 7-2-2. A four-bar mechanism ....•... 156
7-2-l; The slider crank mechanism ... 153 Exercises VII ........... ; .... 166
8-0. lntrodµc:tion •..•. '. •• ~ ....... 169 8-6. First-angle projection •••...... 171
.8-1, Prindple of projection ......•. 169 Third-angle projection •....... 172
Methods of projection ••.••.. 169 8-8. Reference line •.......•...•• 1 73
Orthographic projection • . . • . 169 8-9. BJ.S. code of practice . . . • ... 1 77
Planes of projection . . . • . . ·1 71 8-10. Typical Problems .•....•...•.. 1 77
Four quadrants ••..•......•.. 1 71 Exercises VIII . . . • . . . . . . • .... 183
9-0. Introduction ................ 189 9-3. A point is situated in the
third quadrant . . . .......... 190
9-1. A point is situated in the
9-4. A point is situated
first quadrant . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 189
in the fourth quadrant ....... 191
9-2. A point is situated in the 9-5. General conclusions ......... 191
second quadrant ............ 190 Exercises IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
10-0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .... 195 10-7. Line contained by a plane
perpendicular to both the
10-1 . Line parallel to one or
reference planes , . . . . . . . .... 205
both the planes ............. 1
True length of a straight line
10-2. line contained by one or
and its inclinations with the
both the planes ........ .
reference planes . . . . . . ...... 2 06
10-3. Line perpendicular to v111::,.,1:,:1·,,,. of a line .............. 209
the planes ...... . l\,/1;,,th,,rlc of determining
a line ............. 21 l
10-4.
line, the
nr,lii><·tin,fii(. which are
to xy .... ,. .... 2 12
10-5. of a line ... 21 2
10-6. problems 21 4
. ............. 237
!ntroductibn determine\true length
Types of .i~xiliary of a line .. A ................ 2 4 7
and views ''0\ •••••••• obtain pofot-view of a line
Qn
11-2. Projection df2,a point an.d edge~yiew of a plane ..... 248
an auxiliary pl~ne .. Tq deter111ine true shape of
a o
11-3. ProjectiO!'JS ;Of }fo~s --·' ···,01 plan~ tigt,tre . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2 5
"
by th~(use of auxiliary Exercises XI • • . ...•...••. 2 5 3
) inclined
(2) <to(one plane
12-2. Traces and perpendicular to the other 260
12~3. General conclusions (1) Plane, inclined to the H.P.
(1) Traces . .. . . . . .. . . ...... 258 and perpendicular
(2) Projections .............. 258 to the V.P. ...... ,. .. .. . . 260
12-4. Projections of planes parallel (2) Plane, inclined to the V.P.
to one of the reference planes 2 5 9 & perpendicular to the H.P. 261
{1} When the plane is parallel 12-6. Projections of oblique planes . 261
to the H.P. .............. 259 Exercises XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
13-0. Introduction . . ........ , .... 2 71 {2) Solids of revolution ...... 273
13-2. Projections of solids in
13-l. Types of solids .............. 2 71
simple positions ..............2 7 4
(1) Polyhedra ............... 2 71 Exercises Xlll(i) . . . . . ........ 2 79
Table of Contents xi
13-3. Projections of solids with axes 13~4. Projections of solids witb axes
inclined to one of the inclined to both the H.P.
reference planes and and the V.P. • . . .. • . . .. . .. ; 2 8.6
parallel to the other ..•••... 2 79 13-5. ProjeGtions of spheres • s ••••• 300
13-3-1 . Axis inclined to the V.P. and (1). Spheres in .contact
parallel to. the H.P. .•...•••. 2 80 with eacb other .
13-3.'.;t. Axis inclined to the H.P. and (2) Unequal. spheres . • . . ... 303
parallel to the V.P. ••..•.•••• 282 Exercises Xlll(ii) ••• , , ...• .•. ; 309
14-1.
.. .. 334
..... 338
.. 338
(4)
·. ... 323
14-3. . ... ; .. 326
parallel to
...... 326
Section plane parallel to
the axis ......• , ....... 326
(3) Section plane inclined to
the base ; ............ 326
Introduction ; ........... , .. 351 15-2-1. Cube ..........•.•.......•.
15-1. Methods of development .... 352 15-2-2. Prisms . . . ....· .............. .
(1) Pa.tall.el-line development 352 15-'2·3. Cylinders ...... .; . . . .•. , • 35.6
(2) Radial-line development . 352 15·2~4. Pyramids .... ; . . . . . .. ~ .. 360
:J 5·2-5. Cone ......... •. ... , •.. ; ...• 365
(3) Triang1.1lation development 352
15-3. Development.of
(4) Approximate method •.•. 352 transition pieces ; .. ,
15-2. Developments of lateral 15-4. Spheres . .•• . • . . • . . , ... ; ... 376
surfaces of right solids ...... 3 52 Exercises XV ............ ..
16-0. Introduction .. , . . . . ....... 381 16-4. Intersection of cylinder
16--1. Line of intersection ......... 381 ... and cylinder . . • . . . . . . .... 3 90
16-2. Methods of determining the 16-5. lnte.rsection of cylinder & prism 396
line of intersection ·b etween 16-6. Intersection of cone & cylinder 401
surfaces of two interpenetrating 16-7. Intersection of cone & prism 409
solids ............•....... 382 16-8. fntersection of cone and cone 411
{1) line method . . . . . . . . .. 382 16-9, Intersection of sphere and
(2}Cuttjng-plane method •.. 382 cylinder or prism ..•.•..•..• 412.
Intersection of two prisms ... 382 Exercises xvr . . . . . . . ....... 41 4
'17-2.
1
1
Oblique d ..... ng of pyramid . 470
Oblique dra,ing of circle ... 4 70
Tn.
Offset niiethod . . . . . . ... 4 70
j2) · Four cettre
18-4. · ·· approxi~ate method .... 4 71
18-5. Oblique dr<I,ving of cylinder . 4 71
18~6. Oblique dl~"Ving of prism ... 4 72
s~ypical prqblems of
~blique projection ......... 4 7 4
::Ex m ............. 475
Types of perspe~;ive . , •..•.. 486
( 1 ) i;>araUekpersij~ctive or one
point pei'sp~ttive ....... 486
Angular P?fjpective or two
point p~pective ........ 487
(2) Oblique perspective or
(3 }.Picture three .point perspective .. 488
Horizontal plane ........ 478 19-9. Distance points ..•......•... 489
(5)Auxiliiary ground plane .. 478 i 9-10. Measuring line .or line of heights 4 91
(6 ) Ground line {7) Horizon line 4 78 19-11. Perspectivces of drdes & solids 492
(8)Perpendicular axis ...... 478 19-12. Typical problems of
(9).Centre of vision ........ 478 perspective projection ... t •• : 494
{10)Central plane , ......... 478 (1) Visual-ray method --
19.-4. Station point . . > •••••••••• 4 79 by means of the top view
Angle of vision . . . . . ....• 4 79 and the front view ... , .. 494
19-6. Pict.ure plane ...... , ....... 480 Visual-ray method -
19-7. Methods of drawing by means of the· top view
perspective view .... , ...... 480 and the side view •. , .... 494
19-7-1. Visual-ray method .......... 48'1 (3) Vanishing-point method . 494
1 Vanishing-point method ....• 485 Exercises XIX ......... , • , .. 509