Table Of ContentElectrical Machine Drives
Electrical Machine Drives
Fundamental Basics and Practice
Claiton Moro Franchi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Franchi, Claiton Moro, author.
Title: Electrical machine drives : fundamental basics and practice / Claiton
Moro Franchi.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018042358 | ISBN 9781138099395 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric driving. | Electric machines.
Classification: LCC TK4058 .F68 2018 | DDC 621.46--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018042358
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
I dedicate this book to my sons, Bruna and Renato, who are a source of
inspiration and energy for the beginning of each day of my life and to my
father, Calixtro, who cannot be present to see the finished book. Also, my
wife, Eliane, for the companionship during these years and this work.
Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments............................................................................................. xvii
Author................................................................................................................... xix
1. Electric Motors ................................................................................................1
1.1 Electric Motors Types.........................................................................1
1.1.1 Direct Current Motors.........................................................1
1.1.1.1 Series......................................................................6
1.1.1.2 Shunt Excited........................................................6
1.1.1.3 Compound Excited ..............................................7
1.1.2 Alternating Current Induction Motors.............................8
1.1.2.1 Single-Phase Induction Motors..........................8
1.1.2.2 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors..........9
1.1.2.3 Three-Phase Electric Motor .............................. 20
1.2 Motor Selection..................................................................................36
Exercises..........................................................................................................36
2. Three-Phase Motors.....................................................................................39
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 39
2.2 Three-Phase Induction Motor Construction................................. 39
2.3 Faraday’s Law .................................................................................... 41
2.4 Lenz’s Law..........................................................................................46
2.5 Operation Principle of a Three-Phase Induction Motor..............47
2.6 Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Characteristics..........................54
2.6.1 Efficiency (η) .......................................................................54
2.6.1.1 Motor Efficiency Based on Rated Power.........54
2.6.1.2 Motor Efficiency in Function on the
Shaft Load ...........................................................54
2.6.2 Rated Speed........................................................................56
2.6.3 Slip ....................................................................................... 57
2.6.4 Torque Speed Design.........................................................58
2.6.5 Insulation Class.................................................................. 61
2.6.5.1 Temperature Rise ............................................... 62
2.6.6 Motor Cooling....................................................................66
2.6.6.1 IC 01—Open Drip Proof (ODP)........................ 67
2.6.6.2 IC 41—Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC)..68
2.6.6.3 IC 40—Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated
(TENV).................................................................68
vii
viii Contents
2.6.6.4 IC 418—Totally Enclosed Air Over (TEAO) ... 70
2.6.6.5 Special Applications Frames ............................ 70
2.6.7 Duty Cycle ..........................................................................73
2.6.8 Service Factor (SF)..............................................................80
2.6.9 Multiple Nominal Voltage and Frequency.....................80
2.6.10 Locked Rotor Current kVA Code Letter (CODE) .......... 81
2.6.11 Speed Direction.................................................................. 82
2.6.12 Environmental Conditions...............................................83
2.6.13 Degree of Protection (IP) ..................................................84
2.6.14 Frames .................................................................................90
2.6.15 Mounting ............................................................................93
2.6.16 Nameplate...........................................................................95
Exercises..........................................................................................................96
3. Electric Power ................................................................................................99
3.1 Real Power..........................................................................................99
3.2 Reactive Power................................................................................. 100
3.3 Apparent Power............................................................................... 100
3.4 Power Triangle................................................................................. 101
3.5 Power Factor..................................................................................... 103
3.6 Electric Power Calculations Examples......................................... 104
3.7 Power Factor in Industry ............................................................... 105
3.8 Causes of Low Power Factor.......................................................... 106
3.9 Advantages of Power Factor Correction ...................................... 106
3.10 Methods to Correct the Power Factor .......................................... 107
3.11 Capacitors Parameters.................................................................... 108
3.12 Power Factor Correction Using Capacitors ................................. 111
3.12.1 Examples of Power Factor Correction........................... 112
3.13 Location of Capacitors.................................................................... 114
3.14 Real Power in Three-Phase Motors .............................................. 117
3.15 Power Factor in Induction Motors ................................................ 118
3.16 Power Characteristics of a Three-Phase Motor........................... 119
Exercises........................................................................................................ 120
4. Motor Starter Components .......................................................................121
4.1 Push Buttons.................................................................................... 121
4.2 Selector Switch................................................................................. 124
4.3 Limit Switches................................................................................. 125
4.4 Fuses.................................................................................................. 126
4.4.1 Short Circuit Definitions................................................. 128
4.4.2 Operation Classes ............................................................ 129
Contents ix
4.4.3 Types of Fuses (European).................................................. 130
4.4.3.1 D Type.................................................................... 130
4.4.3.2 Type NH Fuse....................................................... 133
4.4.4 Sizing of Fuses...................................................................... 135
4.4.4.1 Sizing Example ..................................................... 136
4.4.5 Types of Fuses (US).............................................................. 137
4.4.6 High Speed Fuses ................................................................ 140
4.4.7 Final Considerations about Fuses...................................... 141
4.5 Overload Relays................................................................................. 142
4.5.1 Characteristic Tripping Curve ........................................... 146
4.5.1.1 Trip Class............................................................... 147
4.5.2 Ambient Temperature Compensation .............................. 148
4.5.3 Forms of Operation.............................................................. 148
4.5.4 Sizing ..................................................................................... 151
4.5.5 Solid-State Overload Relays ............................................... 151
4.6 Motor Protective Circuit Breakers .................................................. 154
4.6.1 Advantages of Using Motor Protective Circuit
Breakers................................................................................. 154
4.7 Contactors .......................................................................................... 156
4.7.1 Contactor Ratings ................................................................ 157
4.7.1.1 NEMA.................................................................... 158
4.7.1.2 IEC .......................................................................... 158
4.7.2 Lifespan of Contactor .......................................................... 162
4.7.3 Suppression Modules .......................................................... 164
4.7.4 Main Features of Contactors .............................................. 164
4.8 Auxiliary Relays................................................................................ 165
4.8.1 Time Relays........................................................................... 165
4.8.1.1 ON-Delay............................................................... 165
4.8.1.2 OFF-Delay.............................................................. 166
4.8.1.3 Star-Triangle.......................................................... 166
4.8.2 Monitoring Relays................................................................ 167
4.8.2.1 Phase Sequence..................................................... 167
4.8.2.2 PTC Thermistor .................................................... 167
4.8.2.3 Phase Loss ............................................................. 170
4.8.2.4 Undervoltage and Overvoltage .......................... 170
Exercises........................................................................................................ 171
5. Starting Methods of Induction Motors..................................................173
5.1 Starting Current of Induction Motor.............................................. 173
5.2 Basic Electrical Symbols................................................................... 174
