Crime Scene Investigation

194 Pages·2004·1.503 MB·English

by  Ian Pepper

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
C
R
I
METHODS AND PROCEDURES M
E
S
C
E
“I believe this is an essential handbook for all crime scene N
E
investigation students. I am confident that many practitioners also I
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will find it a useful source of reference. I have no hesitation in V
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commending this volume as a valuable standard text for crime scene S
T
examiners.” G.C. Knupfer, Former Detective Chief Superintendent and I
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Dean of Studies, National Training Centre for Scientific Support to A
T
Crime Investigation, UK IO
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M
Forensic evidence is increasingly significant in the detection and
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prosecution of crime. This means that the knowledge, skill and ability T
H
of the person who examines the scene of the crime – the Crime Scene O
D
Investigator (CSI) – has never been more important. S
A
N
This book guides aspiring and newly appointed CSIs through the D
methods and procedures for the accurate recording and recovery P
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of evidence from the scene of a crime. It features photographs, O
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drawings, self-assessment questions, and checklists of roles, E
D
equipment and activities required at the crime scene, providing the U
student or trainee CSI with a step-by-step handbook and the R
E
practising CSI with an invaluable reference. The book also offers a S
broad understanding of the development and context within which a
modern CSI must work as an integral member of investigative teams.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONis essential reading for all students
of forensic law enforcement, especially those wishing to become
Crime Scene Investigators. The text is ideal for undergraduate and
FE students and as a reference for trainee forensic practitioners.
IAN PEPPERis a Senior Lecturer in Crime Scene and Forensic
I
Science based in the School of Science and Technology at the A
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University of Teesside. He is a former Crime Scene Examiner and
K
Fingerprint Officer and has been an Instructor and Team Leader at the .
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National Training Centre for Scientific Support to Crime Investigation. E
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He has designed and delivered Crime Scene Investigator training in P
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the Far East, Middle East and Africa and is a member of the R
International Association for Identification and the Fingerprint Society.
Cover Design: Grosvenor (Northampton) Ltd
Crime Scene
Investigation

Crime Scene
Investigation
Methods and Procedures
Ian K. Pepper
Open University Press
OpenUniversityPress
McGraw-HillEducation
McGraw-HillHouse
ShoppenhangersRoad
Maidenhead
Berkshire
England
SL6 2QL
email:[email protected]
world wideweb:www.openup.co.uk
and TwoPennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121–2289,USA
Firstpublished2005
Copyright #IanK.Pepper 2005
All rightsreserved.Exceptforthe quotationofshortpassagesfor the purposesof
criticism andreview,nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedin a
retrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyfor,orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher
oralicencefromtheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLimited.Detailsofsuchlicences
(for reprographicreproduction)maybeobtainedfrom theCopyright Licensing
Agency Ltdof90 TottenhamCourtRoad, London,W1T4LP.
A cataloguerecordofthisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary
ISBN 0335214908(pb)0335214916(hb)
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
CIP dataappliedfor
TypesetbyYHT Ltd,London
Printed inthe UKbyMPGBooksLtd, Bodmin,Cornwall
Contents
Abbreviations vi
Introduction xi
Dedication x
1 Thehistoryandcontemporary structureof thepolice,scientific
services andcrimesceneinvestigationintheUnitedKingdom 1
2 Approachingthecrimescene,packagingtheevidenceandthe
documentationrequired 13
3 Thebasicsof crimescenephotography 26
4 Traceevidence:fibres,glass, hairs,paintandsoil 39
5 Impressions:footwearmarks, instrumentmarks, glovemarksandtyres 48
6 DeoxyribonucleicAcid (DNA)andbodyfluids 57
7 Fingerprints 68
8 Theinvestigationof afirescene 92
9 Firearms andexplosives 99
10 Theleadershipandmanagement oftheforensicexaminationof a
major crimescene 109
11 Other sourcesof evidenceforthecrimesceneinvestigator 124
12 TheCriminal LawCourtsintheUnitedKingdom 140
13 Organizationsrelatedto crimesceneinvestigation 149
14 Healthandsafetyatacrimescene 156
Answers toquestions 164
References 170
Index 175
Abbreviations
Like any large organization the police service has developed its own ‘lan-
guage’ that may be confusing to an aspiring or new forensic practitioner.
Listed here are some common abbreviations and what they stand for; how-
ever, thisisnot anexhaustive list.
ACE-V analysed, compared,evaluatedandverified
ACPO AssociationofChiefPolice Officers
AIB Accident InvestigationBranch
ALF Animal LiberationFront
ARV ArmedResponseVehicle
ASA AmericanStandardsAssociation
ASCLD AmericanSocietyofCrimeLaboratoryDirectors
BTP BritishTransportPolice
CAP CommonApproachPath
CBRN chemical,biological,radiologicalandnuclear
CID CriminalInvestigation Department
CJA CriminalJustice Act1967
CJPO CriminalJustice andPublicOrderAct1995
CJSU CriminalJustice SupportUnit
COSHH ControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealth
CPA CrimePattern Analyst
CPO CrimePrevention/ReductionOfficer
CPS Crown ProsecutionService
CRFP CouncilfortheRegistrationofForensicPractitioners
CRO CriminalRecords Office
CSE crime sceneexaminer(as CSI)
CSI crime sceneinvestigator
CSM crime scenemanager
DFO Diazafluoren-9-One
DNA DeoxyribonucleicAcid
EOD ExplosivesOrdnance Disposal
ESDA Electrostaticdetectionapparatus
ESLA electrostaticliftingapparatus
ABBREVIATIONS vii
FAIR ForensicAfterIncidentReview
FBI FederalBureauofInvestigation
FDL FingerprintDevelopmentLaboratory
FDR firearmsdischarge residue
FIO ForceIntelligenceOfficer
FIT FireInvestigation Team
FLINTS ForceLinked IntelligenceSystem
FLO familyliaisonofficer
FME forensicmedicalexaminer
FSAG ForensicSearchAdvisoryGroup
FSS ForensicScienceService
GPS globalpositioningsystem
GRIM GlassRefractiveIndexMeasurement
HMIC HerMajesty’sInspectorateofConstabulary
HOLMES HomeOfficeLargeMajorEnquirySystem
HSE HealthandSafety Executive
IAFIS IntegratedAutomaticFingerprintIdentificationSystem
IAI InternationalAssociationforIdentification
Interpol InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganization
ISO InternationalStandardsOrganization
JP JusticeofthePeace
KM KastleMayer
LCNDNA lowcopynumberDNA
LGC LaboratoryofGovernmentChemists
LIO LocalIntelligence Officer
LMG leucomalachitegreen
LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide
MDAT MajorDisasterAdvisoryTeam
Met MetropolitanPolice
MLP multilocusprobe
MODPolice MinistryofDefencePolice
NAFIS NationalAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem
NCIS NationalCriminalIntelligenceService
NCOF NationalCrimeandOperationsFaculty
NCS NationalCrimeSquad
viii ABBREVIATIONS
NHTCU NationalHi-Tec CrimeUnit
NSLEC NationalSpecialist LawEnforcementCentre
NTCSSCI NationalTraining CentreforScientificSupporttoCrime
Investigation
PACE Police andCriminal EvidenceAct 1984
PCR polymerasechainreaction
PITO Police InformationTechnologyOrganization
PM post-mortem examination
PNC Police NationalComputer
POLSA police searchadviser
PPE personalprotectiveequipment
PSDB Police ScientificDevelopment Branch
PSNI Police ServiceofNorthernIreland
PSSO Police SkillsandStandardsOrganization
RAFP Royal AirForce Police
RCMP Royal CanadianMountedPolice
RMP Royal MilitaryPolice
R v Reginaversus
RVP rendezvouspoint
SB Special Branch
SGM second generationmultiplex
SICAR shoeprintimagecaptureandretrieval
SIDS SuddenInfant DeathSyndrome
SIO SeniorInvestigatingPolice Officer
SLP singlelocusprobe
SLR SingleLens Reflex
SOCA Serious andOrganized CrimeAgency
SOCO scenes ofcrimeofficer(as CSI)
SSC scientific supportcoordinator
SSM scientific supportManager
STR shorttandemrepeat
TGM thirdgenerationmultiplex
TSU TechnicalSupportUnit
TTL throughthelens
UV ultraviolet
VCSI volume crimesceneinvestigator
VIPER VideoIdentification ParadeElectronicRecording
Introduction
There are three elements that are important in the investigation of a crime:
thehistoryleadingtotheoffencetakingplace,thecrimesceneitselfandthe
skillsofthoseinvestigatingtheevent.Withtheever-increasingimportanceof
forensic evidence in the detection and prosecution of crime the knowledge,
skillsandabilitiesofthosewhoexaminethescenesofcrimes,thecrimescene
investigators,hasneverbeenmore important.
As an operational crime scene investigator (CSI) within an urban police
force in the United Kingdom (UK) I attended in the region of 9000 crime
scenesrangingfrommultiplemurdersandrobberiestoburglariesandstolen
vehicles. I have also been privileged to work as a fingerprint examiner in a
largeFingerprintBureaumakinganumberoffingerprintidentificationsfrom
finger marks recovered from crime scenes by CSIs. As a lecturer and team
leader at the National Training Centre for Scientific Support to Crime In-
vestigation I have delivered training in the investigation of crime scenes
acrosstheUK,FarEast,MiddleEastandAfrica.NowasauniversitylecturerI
educatetheCSIsofthefuture.
The investigation of a crime is like putting together a jigsaw. No one
personhasallthepiecesbutsomeofthekeyshapescanbefoundatthecrime
scene.ThereisonlyoneopportunityfortheCSItorecoverforensicevidence
fromthesceneofthecrime.Theevidencemaybeofascientificnaturesuchas
DNA or unique marks on bullets; it may be minute such as fibres, hairs or
paintflakes,orevenobscuresuchasknotsordiatoms.Whateverthetypeof
evidence the CSIs are at the forefront of the investigation and if they don’t
recover the evidence then a forensic specialist cannot identify from where
andwhomit came.
ThistextguidesanaspiringornewlyappointedCSIthroughthemethods
andproceduresfortheaccuraterecordingandrecoveryofevidencefromthe
sceneofacrime,whilstprovidingabroadunderstandingofthedevelopment
and context within which a modern CSI must operate effectively as an in-
tegralmemberofinvestigativeteams.