Table Of ContentSMALL UNIT
ACTIONS
France: 2d Ranger Battalion at Pointe du Hoe
Saipan: 27th Division on T anapag Plain
Italy: 3JISt Infantry at Santa Maria Infante
France: 4th Armored Division at Singling
American Forces in Action Series
Historical Division
WAR DEPARTMENT WASHINGTON, D.C.
Fascimilie Reprint, 1982, 1986, 1991
CMH Pub 100-14
Center of Military History
United States Army
Washington, DC
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.s. Government Printing Office
Washington. D.C. 2Q402
ii
FOREWORD
In a nation at //Jar. teamwork by the whole people is necessary for victory.
But the issue is decided on the battlefield, toward which all national effort
leads. The country's fate lies in the hands of its soldier citizens; in the clash
of battle is found the final test of plans, training, equipment, and-above
all-the fighting spirit of tlnits mld individuals.
AMERICAN FORCES IN ACTION SERIES presents detailed accounts
of particlllar combat operations of United States forces. To the American
public, this record of high acllievement by men who served their nation well
is presented as a preface to the full military history of World War fl. To
the soldiers who took part in the operations concerned, these narratives
//Jill give the opportunity to see more clearly the results of orders
which they obeyed, and of sacrifices which they and their comrades
made, in performance of missions that find their meaning in the
outcome of a larger plan of battle.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
Chief of Staff·
III
WAR DEPARTMENT
Historical Division
Washington 25, D. C.
4 April 1946
Small Unit Actions. eleventh in the series of monographs on American operations in World
War Il, marks :1 departure from earlier numbers in that series. 1t presents, instead of a coor·
dina ted treatment of :1 larger operation, four detailed narratives dealing with small units which
took part in such operations. Each narrative has a unity of its own, but the actions dealt with
are separate and distinct, relating to four campaigns in three main theaters of war.
There are several reasons that justify such a publication. The most important IS to give
both the military reader and the American public solid, uncolored material for a better under
standing of the real nature o( modern banle. Military operations on the scale of this war if
treated, as they must usually be, in terms of armies and corps, can give only an outline account
of the fortunes of units smaller than a battalion, and very often the battalion is treated as the
smallest counter in the moves described on a battlefield. This tends to be misleading; :l hatul
ion has no such unity as a battleship, but is a complex organism that maneuvers ordinarily on
a front half a mile or more in width, includes a variety of specialized weapons, and ohen has
attachments of engineers or tanks to provide greater tactical flexibility. In jungle or hedgerow
coumry. the baualion frequently exists only as a mechanism to coordinate, perhaps with the
greatest difficulty, the separate cngagcmems of companies, platoons, or even squads. When the
record (or the military history) sums up an action by saying, "The 3d Battalion fought its way
forward against heavy resistance for 500 yards," only the mall who has himself experienced com
bat is likely to realize what this can involve, and what the phrase conceals. It does not give the
story of the front line action as experienced by the combat soldier. That story, hardest of all
military operations to recapture and make clear, lies in detail such as that offered by the narea·
tives presented here.
A further reason for such a publication has been recognized in the past by American mili
tary leaders, as by others. In training for modern war, particularly in armies largely officen:d in
lower units by men taken from civilian life, there is much need for concrete, case.history mate·
rial which company and field·grade officers can use to find out what actually happens in battle.
Manuals must deal with doctrines and theory; their material is generalized. There has always
been need for factual supplement, to show how tactical doctrines, good and bad, actually work
under the stress of battle conditions. But military literature has tended to leave this field of
research to the novelists, and military records have not in the past been designed to furnish an
adequate basis for study of small-unit actions. Aher the First World War, the American Army
endeavored to collect such materials, and found them hard to get and difficult to evaluate. The
best were included in a useful and interesting volume, fn/a"ntry in Battle~ prepared under the
auspices of The Infantry School, Fort Benning.
FreIn its inception in 1943, the Historical Division, War Department Special Staff, had as
one of its aims the securing of sufficient data to support future work of this type. For obtain
ing this data, as well as information at higher levels and on other phases of operations. the
Information and Historical Units, attached to field armies, conducted extensive interviews with
personnel of units engaged in typical, unusual, or critical actions. The interviews were accom·
panied by terrain study of the battlefield, sometimes conducted with members of the units being
interviewed. Every effort was made, by careful checking and rechecking, to obtain a full and
accurate :1ecount- not for the sake of a colorful story, but to have a trustworthy record for
v
whatever use it afforded. Sometimes (as in the case of two at the actions published here)
practically aU survivors of participating units were involved in group interviews that might
last two or three days for a single group. The scale of the dTort is suggested by the fact that
some 2.000 indexed interviews have come back to the War Department archives irom one
theater.
The four narratives given here will serve as samples of the sauro: materials thus oht;lil1l;:d.
containing in very large measure data which are not to he found in unit records. Thl' latter
were used in every case, however, to check and sllpple:menl inlen·iews.
The actions chosen for this publication illustrate widely varying tactical problcms :lnd
methods. Only one (Pointe du Hoe) represents a highly speciali7.ed form of action; the others
are typical of scores of battles in their respective theaters of operations. ;\11 are :\\'cragt' in the:
sense that they are not "success" stories, but cross sections of a war whit'h irwolvcu rncrses as
well as victories. This fact will be obscured in histories of camlxligns ~tn<.l maior b~lttlcs. tor. in
these, U.S. forces were almost uniformly successful. But thc larger successes were won by anions
like those recorded here: in every phase of the war hattalions and companies went through a
daily fare of experience that was never uniform, that nearly always included somt.' measure
of trial and even defeat as part of the fuller pattern which, o\'er a longer period. al.i<bl up to
victory.
The interviews for, and preparation of, the four narrative:s should ht: cre:Jite:d as fullows:
Poin/(' du Ho~, Historical Section. European Theater of Oper:Hions: The Fight on Tunllpag
Plain, 1st Information and HistoriGl1 Service: Santa Maria Inlanlt', 7th Information and His
torical Service (Fifth Army): Singling, 3d Information :Itld Historical Sc:rvicc (Third Army).
Small Unit Actiom is based on the be.st military records availahle: ..- \s far as possihk. names
and ranks of personnel were checked with records in The Adjutant General's Office. HOSlcr of
the enlisted men who participated in the Sanla Maria Infantt' Operation and Tht' Fight on
Tunapag Plain were not accessible. It was impossihle to obtain full names of all men mentioned
in the operations and to check last names, so it is expeclcd that some errors occur in spelling: of
names and in grade designations.
Fivc photographs (pp. 9, 13.37,75.91) ar(: by Ihe U.S. Navy: Ihrcc (pp. 79. 87. 107) were laken by
the U.S. Marine Corps: dC\len (pp. I. 8. 10, 20. 32, 42. '19. 126. 130. 160. a12) arc from the U.S. Army Air
Forces: three (pp. 92. IDS. 109) are br the 1st Information and HiSlOril'al SCf\'ice; tWfl\lc (pp. 176. JlH. 1~2.
193. 194. 198. 199, 200. 202. 203. 204, 210) w(:re taken b) the .\(1 Informalion and HislOrical s..:rvi(l': fnur
(pp. 116. 123. 142. 212) were taken by thc ,oinl Inlelli~('ncc ('.nllt·clin),! A),!cnq. All others were furnished by
the U.S. Army Signal Corps.
DISTRII:IUTloN:
AC of 5(2); WDSS Di\l(2); WDGS(2): T(Hist Scc)(20), (I&:E Off)(I): BaS(' Comd(I&:F. Off)(I):
Def Comd(Hist Sec)(20)j FC(I&:E Off)(I); Class III Inslls(I&:E Off)(I): GH ca 25 beds(I): CH
ea 25 bcds(I): RH ea 25 bcds(l): SH ca 25 bros(I): Sp 5\1 Sch 3-6, R-II. 17(10).2.7(20): USMA
(80); A(I&E 011)(1): CHQ(I&F. 011)(1); D(I&E 011)(1): R(I&E 011)(1): Sllo(l&E 011)(1).
T/O &: E: 1\-5'50. (;H ca 25 beds(!): R-5f'iO. SH ea 2') hcds(I); Special Distribution.
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.
AFA-ll
VI
CONTENTS
Pag~
POINTE DU HOE (2D RANGER BA'TTALION, 6 JUNE (944)
Assault Pians 4
The Landing 5
The Cliff Assault 9
Capture of the Point 19
Advance to the Highway 26
Moming at the Point: Action on the Left Flank 34
Moming at the Point: The CP Group 36
Afternoon Counterattacks 43
The Advance Group During D Day 45
The German Night Attack: First Phase 48
Nigllt Attack: Second Phase 56
Night Attack: Finale 57
THE FIGHT ON TANAPAG PLAIN (27TH DIVISION, 6 JULY (944)
Background: The Attack on 5 July 69
Morning of 6 July: Attack on the Plain 74
Change in Attack PlallS 81
The Moming Attack at Harakiri Gulell 86
The Afternoon Attack at Harakiri GlIlch 89
Afternoon: Plans for a New Attack (105th Infantry) 100
Advance of the I st Battalion (105 th Infantry) 102
SANTA MARIA INFANTE (351ST INFANTRY, ll-14 MAY (944)
Task of the 351 st Infantry 119
The Night Attack: Jump-Off 128
Sergeant Pyenta's Group at Hill 103 13l
Lieutenant Panich's Group at Hill 103 132
Sergeant Eddy's Group at Hill 103 135
Advance to the Tame Road 137
Company E at The Spur: 1st Platoo11 143
Company E at The Spur: The Main Body 145
Company G is Stopped at The Spur 149
The 3d Battalion is Stopped at Hill I 03 (12Ma y ) 151
Capture of Company F (12 May) .............. 154
Pians for Renewed Attack (13 Mav) 158
The Enemy Holds Out on The Spur (13 May) ............... 161
Hill 103 Again Stops the 3d Battalion 163
1st Battalioll Gains at the S-Ridge 165
Capture of Sallta Maria Infante (14 May) 170
VII
Page
SINGLING (4TH ARMORED DIVISION, 6 DECEMBER 1944)
Background of the Attack 179
A Change in Plan 183
The Infantry Attack 188
Stalemate in Singling 200
Relief 0/ Team B . 206
ANNEX: Abbreviations . 212
III
ustrations
Pointe du Hoe Page
Poitlte det Hoe CliUs .. 1
Tip of Pointe du Hoe. 3
Western Half of Fortified Area ... 8
Bomb and Shell Holes.. . .. ............... . 9
Last Lap of the Climb .. 13
Cratered Ground . 17
Wrecked Emplacements 18
Wreckage on the Point . 19
Top of German OP Position 22
Ruins on Exit Road . 25
Farm Buildings on Exit Road 27
Lane Leading South . 31
Col. Rudder's CP .. 37
After Relief .. 41
Orchard South of Rangers' Position 47
Area of Highway Positions . 49
Typical Norman Orchard 53
Hedgerows . 60
Preparing to Leave the Point 61
Men of 2d and 5th Rangers 62
The Fight on Tanapag Plain
T anapag Plain . 71
Aerial Photo of Tanapag Plain Battle Zone 75
Infantry and Medium Tanks . 79
Paradise Valley . 87
Aerial Photo of Harakiri Gulch Sector .... 91
J.
Capt. Lawrence O'Brien .. 92
A Pause in the Battle . 101
CP of the 1s t Battalion, 105 th Infantry 103
The Ditch that Dorey Cleaned Up ... 104
VIII
Page
Capt. Louis F. Ackerman . lOS
Cliff Walls .. 106
T ISgt. Charles Gannaway .. 109
Santa Maria bifatlte
Terrain of Fifth Army's Battle 116
The Ob;ective of the 351st Infantry 121
Terrain of the [tlitial Attack 123
The Ridge Road . 124
Terrain of Opming Attack 126
Minturno . 128
Tame 141
Mitlturtlo-Santa Maria Itlfanle Ridge 142
The Bare Slopes of the S-Ridge 157
Terrain of Later Attacks, 13 May 1944 160
Satlta Maria Infante . 170
Returning to Ruined Homes 172
Panorama .... opposite page 175
Singlitlg
Church at Singlitlg . 176
Aerial View of Singlitlg ... 182
Enemy Sdf-propelled GU1lS .... 186
Sitlgling Main Square . 190
Garden 192
Main Street in Singling 193
View Northeast from Singling 194
Courtyard .. 198
Opm Yard . 199
Hauptman's Destroyed Tank 200
Fitzgerald's Firing Position 202
Mark V Ta1lk . 203
Lt. Goble's Tank . 204
Sce1le Near Bitling .. 211
Maps
Pointe du Hoe
No. Page
1 Assault at Omaha Beach 2
2 Plan for Assault at Pointe du Hoe 6
3 The Assault La1ldings at Pointe du Hoe 10
4 Advance to the Highway. 21
5 Morning Near the Point . 32
IX
