Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy

809 Pages·2014·244.56 MB·English

by  Darryl Millis and David Levine (Auth.)

Canine Rehabilitation
and Physical Therapy

SECOND EDITION
Canine Rehabilitation
and Physical Therapy
DARRYL MILLIS, MS, DVM, DACVS,
CCRP, DACVSMR
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Director, CARES Center for Veterinary Sports Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
DAVID LEVINE, PT, PhD, DPT, DABPTS
(Orthopaedics), CCRP, Cert. DN
Professor and Cline Chair of Excellence
in Physical Therapy
Department of Physical Therapy
The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Chattanooga, Tennessee
CANINE REHABILITATION AND PHYSICAL THERAPY ISBN: 978-1-4377-0309-2
Copyright © 2014, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or
appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures
featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose
or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the
practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editor assumes any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material
contained in this book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Canine rehabilitation & physical therapy.
Canine rehabilitation and physical therapy / [edited by] Darryl Millis, David Levine.—Second edition.
p. ; cm.
Preceded by: Canine rehabilitation & physical therapy / [edited by] Darryl L. Millis, David Levine,
Robert A. Taylor. c2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4377-0309-2 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Dogs—Diseases—Treatment. 2. Veterinary physical therapy. 3. Medical rehabilitation. I. Millis,
Darryl L., editor. II. Levine, David (Veterinary physical therapist), editor. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Dog Diseases—therapy. 2. Physical Therapy Modalities—veterinary. SF 991]
SF991.C244 2014
636.7′089582—dc23
2013024902
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Contributors
Caroline P. Adamson Adrian, PT, PhD, CCRP Linda Blythe, DVM, DACVSMR
VCA Antech, Inc. and VCA Veterinary Specialists of Professor
Northern Colorado College of Veterinary Medicine
Loveland, Colorado Oregon State University
Conceptual Overview of Physical Therapy, Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon
and Canine Physical Rehabilitation History of Canine Physical Rehabilitation
Julie Albright, MA, DVM, DACVB Barbara Bockstahler, DVM, CCRP
Assistant Professor of Veterinary Behavior Section for Physical Therapy and Acupuncture and Movement
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Science Group Vienna
University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses
Knoxville, Tennessee Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology
Canine Behavior Vienna, Austria
Electrical Stimulation
T. Craig Angle, PhD, ME.d, ATC, CSCS
Associate Director of the Veterinary Sports Medicine Program Sherman O. Canapp Jr, MS, DVM, CCRT, DACVS,
Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine DAVCSMR
Auburn University Owner and Chief of Staff
Auburn, Alabama Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group
Canine Locomotion Analysis Ellicott City, Maryland
Common Conditions and Physical Rehabilitation of the
Joe Bartges, DVM, DACVIM, DACVN Athletic Patient
Professor, Medicine & Nutrition
The Acree Chair of Small Animal Research R. Barry Dale, PT, PhD, ATC, SCS, OCS, CSCS
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Associate Professor
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Physical Therapy
The University of Tennessee University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Knoxville, Tennessee Chattanooga, Tennessee
The Role of Chondroprotectants, Nutraceuticals, and Nutrition Basics of Exercise Physiology
in Rehabilitation
Jacqueline R. Davidson, MS, DVM, DACVS, CVA,
Anna Bergh, PT, DVM, PhD CVSMT, CCRP, CERP, CCRT, CVPP
Postdoctoral Research Fellow Clinical Professor
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Senior Lecturer College of Veterinary Medicine
Anatomy and Physiology Section Texas A&M University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences College Station, Texas
Uppsala, Sweden Common Orthopedic Conditions and Their Physical
Conceptual Overview of Physical Therapy, Veterinary Medicine, Rehabilitation
and Canine Physical Rehabilitation
v
vi Contributors Contributors vii
Robin Downing, DVM, CVA, CCRP, DAAPM Robert Gillette, DVM, MSE, DACVSMR
Affiliate Faculty Veterinary Specialty Center
Clinical Sciences Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine Basics of Exercise Physiology
Fort Collins, Colorado Canine Locomotion Analysis
Hospital Director
The Downing Center for Animal Pain Management, LLC Sallye Gregg, DVM
Windsor, Coloardo Hospital Director
Rehabilitating the Painful Patient: Pain Management in Regional Institute for Veterinary Emergencies & Referrals
Physical Rehabilitation Chattanooga, Tennessee
Physical Therapy for Wound Care
Ludovica Dragone, DVM, CCRP
Ambulatorio Veterinario Dog Fitness June Elaine Hanks, PT, PhD, DPT, CWS, CLT
Dog Fitness Associate Professor
Reggio Emilia, Italy Department of Physical Therapy
Superficial Thermal Modalities Bellarmine University
Louisville, Kentucky
Marti Drum, DVM, PhD, CCRP, CERP, DACVSMR Physical Therapy for Wound Care
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Kristinn I. Heinrichs, PhD, PT, ATC
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation
The University of Tennessee US Army Garrison
Knoxville, Tennessee Vicenza Health Center
The Physical Rehabilitation Evaluation Vicenza, Italy;
Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient Owner
Therapeutic Exercises: Early Limb Use Exercises Peak Sports Performance International
Therapeutic Exercises: Joint Motion, Strengthening, Endurance, Tempe, Arizona
and Speed Exercises Superficial Thermal Modalities
April Durant, DVM, DACVS Andrea L. Henderson, DVM, CCRT, CCRP
Assistant Professor, Soft Tissue Surgery Resident, Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Kansas State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Manhattan, Kansas University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine
Applications of Extracorporeal Shock Wave in Small Knoxville, Tennessee
Animal Practice Tissue Healing: Tendons, Ligaments, Bone, Muscles,
and Cartilage
Cassy Englert, PT, MS, OCS, CCRP
Orthopedic Therapist Sharon Kerwin, MS, DVM, DACVS, CCRP
Chattanooga Canine Rehabilitation and Wellness Professor
Chattanooga, Tennessee Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
The Physical Rehabilitation Evaluation Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Jeffrey Flocker, MPT, CCRP Common Orthopedic Conditions and Their Physical
Canine Physical Rehabilitation of the SouthWest, LLC Rehabilitation
Gilbert, Arizona
Aquatic Therapy
Steven M. Fox, MS, DVM, MBA, PhD
President Securos Inc.
Clive, Iowa
Rehabilitating the Painful Patient: Pain Management in
Physical Rehabilitation
vi Contributors Contributors vii
David Levine, PT, PhD, DPT, DABPTS (Orthopedics), Joseph M. Mankin, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)
CCRP, Cert. DN Clinical Assistant Professor
Professor and Cline Chair for Excellence in Physical Therapy Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Department of Physical Therapy Texas A&M University
The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga College Station, Texas
Chattanooga, Tennessee Orthopedic and Neurologic Evaluation
Regulatory and Practice Issues for the Veterinary and Physical
Therapy Professions Lin McGonagle, MSPT, LVT
Conceptual Overview of Physical Therapy, Veterinary Medicine, Director of Rehabilitation Services
and Canine Physical Rehabilitation Colonial Veterinary Hospital
The Physical Rehabilitation Evaluation Ithaca, New York;
Assessing and Measuring Outcomes Owner
Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient Animal Performance and Therapy Center
Superficial Thermal Modalities Genoa, New York
Therapeutic Ultrasound History of Canine Physical Rehabilitation
Electrical Stimulation
Other Modalities in Veterinary Rehabilitation Lauren Elizabeth MacGuire, PT, DPT, GCS
Range-of-Motion and Stretching Exercises Spine and Sport
Joint Mobilization Knoxville, Tennessee
Exercises for Proprioception, Balance, and Joint Position Aquatic Therapy
Awareness
Therapeutic Exercises: Early Limb Use Exercises Karen McLucas, LVT, LVMT
Therapeutic Exercises: Joint Motion, Strengthening, Endurance, Neurology and Neurosurgery Technician
and Speed Exercises Veterinary Medical Center
Aquatic Therapy University of Tennessee
Physical Rehabilitation for Geriatric and Arthritic Patients Knoxville, Tennessee
Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient
Denis J. Marcellin-Little, DVM, DACVS, DEDV, CCRP,
DACVSMR Ralph Millard, MS, DACVS, DVM
Professor of Orthopedics Clinical Assistant Professor, Small Animal Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University
North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, North Carolina West Lafayette, Indiana
The Physical Rehabilitation Evaluation Exercise Physiology of the Canine Athlete
Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient
Physical Rehabilitation for Geriatric and Arthritic Patients
Anne Marie Manning, DVM, DACVECC
Chief of Staff
Angell Memorial Animal Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Physical Rehabilitation for the Critically Injured
Veterinary Patient
viii Contributors Contributors ix
Darryl Millis, MS, DVM, DACVS, CCRP, DACVSMR Deborah Gross Saunders, DPT, MSPT, OCS, CCRP
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Owner
Director, CARES Center for Veterinary Sports Medicine Wizard of Paws Physical Rehabilitation for Animals, LLC
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Colchester, Conneticut
College of Veterinary Medicine Laser Therapy in Canine Rehabilitation
University of Tennessee Joint Mobilization
Knoxville, Tennessee Common Conditions and Physical Rehabilitation of the
Regulatory and Practice Issues for the Veterinary and Physical Athletic Patient
Therapy Professions Development of a Rehabilitation Facility for Small Animals and
Canine Anatomy Business Considerations
Responses of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Disuse and
Remobilization Lisi Sharon, DVM, CCRP
Orthopedic and Neurologic Evaluation The Israeli Rehabilitation Center for Animals
Assessing and Measuring Outcomes doar Na Izreel, Israel
Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient Neurologic Conditions and Physical Rehabilitation of the
Superficial Thermal Modalities Neurologic Patient
Laser Therapy in Canine Rehabilitation
Other Modalities in Veterinary Rehabilitation Amanda Sutton, MSc Vet Phy, MCSP
Applications of Extracorporeal Shock Wave in Small Animal MSc Veterinary Physiotherapy
Practice Royal Veterinary College
Biomechanics of Physical Rehabilitation and Kinematics of London, United Kingdom
Exercise Amanda Sutton’s Animal Physiotherapy
Range-of-Motion and Stretching Exercises Littleton, Winchester Hants, United Kingdom
Exercises for Proprioception, Balance, and Joint Position Massage
Awareness
Therapeutic Exercises: Early Limb Use Exercises William Thomas, DACVIM (Neurology), DVM
Therapeutic Exercises: Joint Motion, Strengthening, Endurance, Professor
and Speed Exercises Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Aquatic Therapy The University of Tennessee
Physical Rehabilitation for Geriatric and Arthritic Patients College of Veterinary Medicine
Knoxville, Tennessee
Jim Minick Neurologic Conditions and Physical Rehabilitation of the
Executive Director Neurologic Patient
All Pets Wellness Center
Lockport, Illinois Tyler Tucker, DPT
Development of a Rehabilitation Facility for Small Animals and OnMark Physical Therapy
Business Considerations Hunstville, AL
Superficial Thermal Modalities
Donna M. Raditic, DVM, CVA, DACVN
Adjunct Associate Clinician Zoran Vrbanac, DVM, PhD
Integrative Medicine Service Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Diagnostics and
University of Tennessee Physical Therapy
Knoxville, Tennessee Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
The Role of Chondroprotectants, Nutraceuticals, and Nutrition University of Zagreb
in Rehabilitation Zagreb, Croatia
Physical Rehabilitation for the Critically Injured
Cheryl Riegger-Krugh, PT, MS, ScD Veterinary Patient
Clinical Professor
Physical Therapy Program J. Randy Walker, PT, PhD, DPT
Walsh University Acting Dean, Graduate School
North Canton, Ohio The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Canine Anatomy Chattanooga, Tennessee
Joint Mobilization
viii Contributors Contributors ix
Tim Watson, PhD, BSc(Hons), MCSP, DipTP Bobbie Werbe, LVMT, BS, CCRP, CERP
Professor of Physiotherapy Indianapolis, Indiana
University of Hertfordshire Nursing Care of the Rehabilitation Patient
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Therapeutic Ultrasound Dana Whitlock, PT, DVM, MS, PT, CCRP
Veteriarian, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Joseph P. Weigel, DVM, DACVS Holistic Veterinary Care
Associate Professor of Surgery Oakland, California
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Massage
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Canine Anatomy
Biomechanics of Physical Rehabilitation and Kinematics
of Exercise
Preface
Individuals involved in veterinary medicine and surgery resulted in the need for close collaboration between veteri-
have witnessed remarkable progress in their ability to diag- narians, physical therapists, and veterinary technicians to
nose and treat problems that, in the recent past, would have provide optimal evaluation and treatment of animal
been untreatable. Total hip replacement in the dog, laparo- patients. Currently, these collaborative efforts and relation-
scopic procedures, arthroscopic surgery and the wide- ships are being used to create treatment protocols for many
spread use of sophisticated imaging modalities such as types of cutaneous, neurologic and musculoskeletal inju-
MRI, CT, and real-time ultrasonic imaging are daily occur- ries in animals. In this book, we hope to amalgamate the
rences in veterinary medicine. With the availability of these knowledge that physical therapists, veterinarians, and vet-
sophisticated diagnostic techniques, the expectations for erinary technicians possess to facilitate a faster and more
enhanced functional results have grown. complete recovery from debilitating conditions.
Human physical therapy is an internationally recog- It is with these goals in mind that this edition was con-
nized discipline, and the positive efforts of post-surgical ceived and written. We have seen a tremendous interest,
and post-injury rehabilitation have been documented and and growth, in veterinary rehabilitation since the first
recognized in human health care. Relatively little attention edition of this book was published in 2004. Canine reha-
has been given to veterinary patients afflicted with similar bilitation has grown from a small area of interest to a
conditions. There is profound interest on the part of veteri- recognized discipline during this time, and all animal
nary caregivers to learn about and provide rehabilitation patients, their owners, and veterinary caregivers are real-
and therapy following surgery, illness, or injury. Tech- izing the benefits of this progression. This book has
niques used in human physical therapy are being adapted expanded greatly from the first edition as knowledge within
for use in small animal patients. this field has rapidly grown. Many chapters have been
The purpose of this textbook is to provide a solid under- added to disseminate this new knowledge, and all of the
standing of physical therapy techniques and interventions chapters have been updated to reflect advances in the
for dogs. Most professional programs in veterinary medi- respective topics. We hope this book is useful as both an
cine do not provide training in physical therapy. Educa- in-depth study of the field, and as a quick reference on
tional programs in physical therapy do not include topics such as protocols for specific conditions that are
evaluation and treatment of animals. These factors have seen clinically.
xi