Bioprocess engineering: downstream processing

233 Pages·2019·12.022 MB·English

by  Ling, Tau Chuan, Ooi, Chien Wei, Show, Pau Loke

Bioprocess Engineering
Bioprocess Engineering

Downstream Processing
Edited by
Pau Loke Show
Chien Wei Ooi
Tau Chuan Ling
Bioprocess Engineering

Downstream Processing
Edited by
Pau Loke Show
Chien Wei Ooi
Tau Chuan Ling
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-60575-6 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Show, Pau Loke, editor. | Ooi, Chien Wei, editor. | Ling, Tau Chuan, editor.
Title: Bioprocess Engineering : downstream processing / [edited by] Pau Loke Show,
Chien Wei Ooi, Tau Chuan Ling.
Other titles: Bioprocess engineering (Taylor & Francis)
Description: Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019002796 | ISBN 9781138605756 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN
9780429466731 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Biotechnology. | Biochemical engineering.
Classification: LCC TP248.3 .B5835 2019 | DDC 660.6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019002796
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
Editors ....................................................................................................................xvii
Contributors ............................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Cell Disruption .....................................................................................1
Subbarayalu Ramalakshmi
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Mechanical Methods .................................................................1
1.2.1 High Pressure Homogenizer (HPH) .............................2
1.2.2 Bead Mill ......................................................................3
1.2.3 Ultrasonication and Cavitation .....................................4
1.2.4 French Press .................................................................5
1.3 Physical Methods .......................................................................6
1.3.1 Freeze-Thaw .................................................................6
1.3.2 Thermolysis ..................................................................7
1.3.3 Osmotic Shock..............................................................7
1.4 Chemical and Enzymatic Methods ...........................................8
1.4.1 Detergents .....................................................................8
1.4.2 Solvents ......................................................................10
1.4.3 Enzymes .....................................................................10
1.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................11
References ..........................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Centrifugation ....................................................................................15
Xing Hu and Peng Zhang
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................15
2.2 Principles of Centrifugal Sedimentation .................................15
2.3 Types of Centrifugal Separations ............................................19
2.3.1 Differential Centrifugation .........................................19
2.3.2 Zonal Centrifugation ..................................................20
2.3.3 Centrifugal Elutriation ...............................................21
2.4 Centrifugal Equipment ............................................................21
2.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................24
References ..........................................................................................24
Chapter 3 Filtration .............................................................................................27
Shir Reen Chia, Winn Sen Lam, Wei Hon Seah, and Pau Loke Show
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................27
3.2 Filtration Techniques ...............................................................28
v
vi Contents
3.2.1 Theory ........................................................................28
3.2.1.1 Gas Filtration ..............................................28
3.2.1.2 Solid-Liquid Filtration ................................29
3.2.2 Mechanism .................................................................30
3.2.2.1 Direct Interception ......................................30
3.2.2.2 Diffusional Interception ..............................30
3.2.2.3 Inertial Impaction .......................................30
3.2.3 Filter Media Selection ................................................31
3.2.3.1 Gas Filtration ..............................................31
3.2.3.2 Solid-Liquid Filtration ................................32
3.2.4 Applications ................................................................32
3.2.4.1 Gas Filtration ..............................................32
3.2.4.2 Solid-Liquid Filtration ................................34
3.3 Filtration Mode ........................................................................37
3.3.1 Dead-End Filtration (Conventional Filtration) ...........37
3.3.2 Cross-Flow Filtration .................................................39
3.3.3 Industrial Applications ...............................................41
3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages ..................................42
3.3.4.1 Dead-End Filtration versus Cross-Flow
Filtration .....................................................42
3.3.4.2 Filtration versus Other Separation
Methods ......................................................43
3.4 Advanced Development in Filtration .......................................44
3.5 Future Prospects and Challenges ............................................46
3.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................48
Abbreviations .....................................................................................48
References ..........................................................................................48
Chapter 4 Membrane-Based Separation Processes.............................................55
Kit Wayne Chew, Bervyn Qin Chyuan Tan, Jiang Chier Bong,
Kevin Qi Chong Hwang, and Pau Loke Show
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................55
4.2 Microfiltration .........................................................................56
4.3 Ultrafiltration ...........................................................................58
4.4 Nanofiltration ...........................................................................59
4.5 High-Performance Tangential Flow Filtration ........................60
4.6 Membrane Chromatography ....................................................62
4.7 Membranes and Modules ........................................................65
4.7.1 Plate-Frame Module ...................................................65
4.7.2 Spiral-Wound Module ................................................66
4.7.3 Hollow-Fiber Modules................................................66
4.8 Membrane Support Materials ..................................................67
Contents vii
4.9 Application of Membrane Filtration ........................................69
4.9.1 Membrane Filtration in Biotechnology ....................69
4.9.2 Virus Filtration .........................................................70
4.9.3 Membrane Filtration outside Biotechnology ............71
4.10 Conclusion .............................................................................72
References ..........................................................................................72
Chapter 5 Reverse Osmosis .................................................................................77
Kai Ling Yu, Sho Yin Chew, Shuk Yin Lu, Yoong Xin Pang, and
Pau Loke Show
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................77
5.2 Mechanisms of RO ................................................................78
5.2.1 Process Fundamental ...............................................78
5.2.2 System Design ..........................................................81
5.3 RO Membranes and Fouling .................................................82
5.3.1 RO Membranes and Materials .................................82
5.3.1.1 Cellulosic Membranes ...............................82
5.3.1.2 Noncellulosic Membrane ..........................83
5.3.1.3 Interfacial Composite Membranes ............84
5.3.2 Membrane Fouling ...................................................86
5.3.2.1 Colloidal Fouling ......................................86
5.3.2.2 Biofouling ..................................................87
5.3.2.3 Organic Fouling ........................................87
5.3.2.4 Inorganic Scaling ......................................88
5.3.3 Membrane Fouling Control ......................................88
5.3.3.1 Pretreatment ..............................................88
5.3.3.2 Surface Modification of the Membrane ....89
5.3.3.3 Membrane Cleaning ..................................89
5.4 Applications ...........................................................................90
5.4.1 Applications in Upstream Processing ......................90
5.4.2 Applications in Downstream Processing .................91
5.5 Advantages and Limitations of an RO System ......................92
5.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges ......................................94
5.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes Membrane .................................94
5.6.2 Biomimetic RO Membranes .....................................95
5.6.3 Hybrid of Forward Osmosis-Electrodialysis-
Reverse Osmosis .......................................................95
5.7 Conclusion .............................................................................96
References ..........................................................................................97
viii Contents
Chapter 6 Chromatography ...............................................................................103
Kirupa Sankar Muthuvelu and Senthil Kumar Arumugasamy
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................103
6.1.1 History of Chromatography .....................................103
6.1.2 Branches of Chromatography ...................................104
6.1.3 Chromatographic Terms ...........................................105
6.2 Principle and Control of Separation ......................................106
6.2.1 Principle of Chromatography ...................................106
6.2.1.1 Distribution Coefficient ............................106
6.2.1.2 Adsorption ................................................107
6.2.1.3 Partition ....................................................107
6.2.1.4 Ion Exchange ............................................107
6.2.1.5 Molecular Exclusion .................................108
6.2.2 Retention and Resolution in Chromatography .........109
6.2.3 Components of a Chromatography System ..............111
6.2.4 Control of Separation ...............................................111
6.2.4.1 Van Deemter Equation..............................111
6.2.5 Key Parameters Influencing Chromatographic
Separations ...............................................................113
6.2.5.1 Particle Size ..............................................114
6.2.5.2 Mass Transfer and Longitudinal
Diffusion ...................................................114
6.2.5.3 Gradient Elution ........................................114
6.2.5.4 Hardware Improvements ..........................115
6.2.5.5 Parameter Summary .................................117
6.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography .........................117
6.3.1 Introduction ..............................................................117
6.3.1.1 Pros and Cons of HPLC ...........................118
6.3.2 Principle ...................................................................119
6.3.3 Application ...............................................................120
6.4 Affinity Chromatography ......................................................122
6.4.1 Introduction ..............................................................122
6.4.2 Principle ...................................................................123
6.4.2.1 Affinity-Tagged Purification .....................124
6.4.3 Applications ..............................................................124
6.5 Size Exclusion Chromatography ...........................................128
6.5.1 Introduction ..............................................................128
6.5.2 Principle ...................................................................128
6.5.3 Application ...............................................................131
6.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography .............................................132
6.6.1 Introduction ..............................................................132
6.6.2 Principle ...................................................................132
6.6.2.1 Choice of Buffers ......................................133
6.6.3 Application ...............................................................134
Contents ix
6.7 Inverse Gas Chromatography ..............................................134
6.7.1 Introduction ............................................................134
6.7.2 Principle .................................................................134
6.7.2.1 The Filling of the Chromatographic
Column ....................................................135
6.7.2.2 The Inverse Chromatography Techniques ..135
6.7.3 Application .............................................................136
6.8 Gradient Elution ..................................................................137
6.9 Troubleshooting Chromatography .......................................137
6.10 Conclusion ...........................................................................138
References ........................................................................................138
Chapter 7 Biosorption .......................................................................................143
Billie Yan Zhang Hiew, Lai Yee Lee, Suchithra
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, and Suyin Gan
7.1 Introduction .........................................................................143
7.2 Selection of Biosorbent ........................................................144
7.3 Modification of Biosorbent ..................................................145
7.4 Influences on Biosorption Performance ..............................147
7.5 Biosorption Theoretical Models ..........................................148
7.5.1 Isotherm Models .....................................................148
7.5.2 Kinetic Models .......................................................150
7.6 Review on Biosorption Performance and Mechanisms .......151
7.7 Future Prospects ..................................................................157
7.8 Conclusion ...........................................................................160
References ........................................................................................160
Chapter 8 Liquid-Liquid Separation .................................................................165
Hui Yi Leong, Pau Loke Show, K. Vogisha Kunjunee, Qi Wye
Neoh, and Payal Sunil Thadani
8.1 Introduction .........................................................................165
8.2 Conventional Liquid-Liquid Separation Methods ...............166
8.2.1 Variables Affecting Separation ..............................166
8.2.2 Current Technologies .............................................166
8.2.2.1 Mixer-Settlers ..........................................167
8.2.2.2 Packed Extraction Towers .......................168
8.2.2.3 Centrifugal Separators ............................169
8.2.2.4 Other Separation Towers .........................169
8.2.3 Applications in Biochemical Engineering .............170
8.2.4 Advantages and Limitations of Conventional
Liquid-Liquid Separation .......................................171
8.3 Liquid Biphasic Partitioning System (LBPS) ......................172
8.3.1 Mechanism of LBPS ..............................................172
8.3.2 Variation of LBPS ..................................................173