Biomarkers: Research and Application in the Assessment of Environmental Health

135 Pages·1993·4.788 MB·English

by  J. H. Koeman, A. Köhler-Günther, B. Kurelec, J. L. Rivière, D. Versteeg (auth.), David B. Peakall, Lee R. Shugart (eds.)

Biomarkers
Research and Application in the Assessment
of Environmental Health
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Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. 68
Biomarkers
Research and Application in the Assessment
of Environmental Health
Edited by
David B. Peakall
Monitoring & Assessment Research Centre
The Old Coach House
Campden Hill
London, W8 7AD, UK
Lee R. Shugart
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biological Markers held at
Texel, Netherlands, May 12-17,1991
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com
ISBN-13:978-3-642-84633-5 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-84631-1
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-84631-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Research and application in the assessment of environmental health / edited by David B. Peakall and Lee. R.
Shugart.
(NATO ASI series. Series H, Cell biology; vol. 68)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-3-642-84633-5
1. Indicators (Biology)-Congresses. 2. Biochemical markers-Congresses. 3. Environmental monitoring-Congresses.
I. Peakall, David B. II. Shugart, Lee R. III. Series. QH541.15.15R47 1993 363.73'84-dc20
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993
Typesetting: Camera ready by authors
31/3145 -5 4321 0 -Printed on acid-free paper
CONTENTS
TABlE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. v
ACKN"OWlEDGEMENT ................................. xi
OVERVIEW .......................................... xiii
1. APPLICATIONS AND OBJECITVES
OF BIOMARKER RESEARCH ......................... 1
1.1. INTRODUCfION ............................... 1
1.2. DEFINITIONS.................................. 2
1.3. OBJECfIVES OF BIOMARKER PROGRAMS ......... 3
1.3.1. Relationship to Chemical Monitoring ............ 4
1.3.2. Relationship to Toxicity Testing and
Residue Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
1.3.3. Ethical Considerations ....................... 5
1.4. APPLICATIONS OF BIOMARKER PROGRAMS ...... , 6
1.4.1. Environmental Assessment .................... 6
1.4.2. Long-Term Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
1.4.3. Field and Semi-Field Testing .................. 7
1.4.4. Identification of Organisms/Populations at Risk .... , 7
1.4.5. Identification of Chemical/Mode of Action ........ 8
1.5. RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF BIOMARKERS ...... 8
1.5.1. Linking Exposure to Toxic Effects .............. 9
1.5.2. General Indicators vs Specific Indicators . . . . . . . . .. 9
1.6. CURRENT LIMITATIONS IN THE
USE OF BIOMARKERS ......................... 11
1.6.1. Prerequisites to the Use of Biomarkers .......... 11
1.6.2. Experience with Different Types
of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
1.7. FUTURE OF BIOMARKERS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................ 12
1.8. LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
VI
2. THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE
BIOMARKER APPROACH ........................... 15
2.1. INTRODUCfION .............................. 15
2.2. DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS ............... 15
2.3. PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS AS
A BASIS FOR BIOMARKERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
2.4. CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE
OF BIOMARKERS ............................. 21
2.4.1. Health and Homeostasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
2.4.2. Biomarker Hierarchies ...................... 22
2.4.3. Interaction with Other Stressors ............... 24
2.5. FUTURE PROSPECfS .......................... 25
2.5.1. Changes in Gene Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
2.5.2. Use of Molecular Probes .................... 26
2.5.3. Human Health Considerations ................ 27
2.5.4. Patterns of Biomarker Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
2.6. LITERATURE CITED ........................... 28
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOMARKER-
BASED STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
3.1. INTRODUCfION .............................. 31
3.2. SELECfION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF STUDY SITES ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
3.3. SELECfION OF SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
3.3.1. Abundance of Species ...................... 34
3.3.2. Life History Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
3.3.3. Baseline Toxicological Information on a Species ... 38
3.4. BIOMARKER SELECfION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
3.4.1. Biomarkers of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
3.4.2. Biomarkers of Toxic Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
3.5. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
3.5.1. Biological Variables ........................ 43
3.5.2. Abiotic Variables .......................... 44
VII
3.6. ANALySIS.................................... 45
3.6.1. Biomarker Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
3.6.2. Chemical Analysis ......................... 46
3.6.3. Archiving of Samples ....................... 47
3.7. SUMMARy ................................... 47
3.8. LITERATURE CITED ........................... 47
4. INTERPRETATION OF BIOMARKER
RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
4.1. INTRODUCTION .............................. 49
4.2. BIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF
BIOMARKERS ................................ 49
4.2.1. Exposure and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
4.2.2. Diagnosis and Prediction .................... 50
4.3. STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL
TECHNIQUES FOR INTERPRETATION ............ 53
4.3.1. Assumptions.............................. 53
4.3.2. Choosing Analyses to Answer
Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54
4.3.3. Some Statistical and Mathematical
Approaches .............................. 56
4.3.4. Study Designs ............................ 58
4.3.5. Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
4.4. SOCIETAL INTERPRETATIONS .................. 59
4.4.1. Envi~onmental Quality ...................... 59
4.4.2. Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
4.5. LITERATURE CITED ........................... 61
5. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF
BIOMARKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
5.1. INTRODUCTION .............................. 63
5.2. THE IDEAL BIOMARKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
5.3. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BIOMARKERS .......... 65
5.3.1. General Principles ......................... 65
VIII
5.3.2. Chemical Approach to Biomarker
Development ............................. 69
5.3.3. Physiological Approach to Biomarker
Development ............................. 71
5.3.4. Ecosystem Approach to Biomarker
Development ............................. 72
5.4. VALIDATION................................. 74
5.4.1. Definition ............................... 74
5.4.2. Analytical Validation ....................... 74
5.4.3. Biological Validation ....................... 75
5.5. LITERATURE CITED ........................... 76
6. CONCEPTUAL STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT
AND APPliCATION OF A BIOMARKER-BASED
BIOMONITORING PROGRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
6.1. DEFINITION OF STUDY OBJECfIVES . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
6.1.1. Hazard Identification ....................... 80
6.1.2. Hazard Assessment ........................ 81
6.1.3. Risk Prediction ............................ 82
6.2. GENERAL ELEMENTS OF A
BIOMARKER-BASED BIOMONITORING
STUDy ...................................... 83
6.2.1. Selection of Study Areas and Reference Sites . . . .. 85
6.2.2. Selection of Sampling Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86
6.2.3. Characterization of Study and Reference Sites .... 87
6.2.4. Species Selection .......................... 88
6.2.5. Biomarker Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90
6.2.6. Sampling Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
6.2.7. Biological and Chemical Analysis .............. 92
6.2.8. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation
of Results ............................... 93
6.3. TAILORING STUDY DESIGN FOR
SPECIFIC OBJECfIVES ......................... 93
IX
6.4. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS:
lABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES ............. 94
6.4.1. Definition of Experimental Objective ........... 99
6.4.2. Exposure Scenario ........................ 100
6.4.3. Species Selection ......................... 101
6.4.4. Biomarker Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
6.4.5. Exposure Protocol ........................ 105
6.4.6. Biological and Chemical Analysis ............. 106
6.4.7. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation
of Results .............................. 107
6.4.8. Comparison of Field and Laboratory Results . . . .. 107
6.4.9. Evaluation of Biomarker Responses ........... 108
6.5. LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
AUBBREV1All0NS .................................... 111
liST OF CONTRmUTORS ............................. 113
SUBJECT INDEX ..................................... 117
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biological Markers
12 - 17 May, 1991, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research,
Texel, the Netherlands
1. Dr. Sean Kennedy (Canada) 21. Dr. J. Riviere (France)
2. Dr. Richard Halbrook (TN, U.S.A) 22. Dr. David Peakall (England)
3. Dr. Kevin Chipman (England) 23. Dr. Aimo Oikari (Finland)
4. Dr. Lee Shugart (TN, U.S.A.) 24. Dr. John Bickham (TX, U.S.A.)
5. Prof. Jan Koeman (Netherlands) 25. Dr. Helen Thompson (England)
6. Dr. Jan Boon (Netherlands) 26. Dr. John McCarthy (TN, U.S.A.)
7. Dr. Bernie Daniel (OH, U.S.A.) 27. Dr. Christina Fossi (Italy)
8. Dr. Angela Kohler (Germany) 28. Dr. Mark Feeley (Canada)
9. Dr. Michel Moore (England) 29. Dr. Richard DiGiulio (NC, U.S.A.)
10. Dr. Kate Smith (OH, U.S.A.) 30. Dr. Michael Depledge (Denmark)
11. Dr. J. Amaral-Medes (Portugal) 31. Ms. Joke Hart (Netherlands)
12. Dr. John Stegeman (MA, U.S.A.) 32. Dr. Pamela Kloepper (OH, U.S.A.)
13. Dr. Glen Suter (TN, U.S.A.) 33. Dr. William Hawkins (MS, U.S.A.)
14. Dr. Gary Winston (LA, U.S.A.) 34. Dr. Donald Versteeg (OH, U.S.A.)
15. Ms. Beatrix Hocker (Germany) 35. Dr. Gary Rand (FL, U.S.A.)
16. Dr. Branko Kurelec (Yugoslavia) 36. Dr. Dick Vethaak (Netherlands)
17. Dr. Colin Walker (England) 37. Ms. Christine Hull (TN, U.S.A.)
18. Prof. A. Renzoni (Italy) 38. Mr. Mark Simmonds (England)
19. Dr. Anne Fairbrother (OR, U.S.A.) 39. Ms. Karen Wilkinson (TN, U.S.A.)
20. Dr. Brenda Ballachey (AK, U.S.A.) 40. Dr. Jan Everaarts (Netherlands)