Biology of Adelpha mythra feeding on Asteraceae, a novel plant family for the neotropical Limenitidinae (Nymphalidae), and new data on Adelpha "species-group VII"

4 Pages·2001·2.2 MB·English

by  Andre Victor Lucci Freitas

Volume 54, Number 3 97
tively).Aftermoving,thelarvaetypicallybecameinactiveagain,only LiteratureCited
feeding27.8%inthelaboratoryand25.5%inthefield. However,in Debinski,D. M. &L.Kelly. 1998. DeclineofIowapopulationsof
tahgeesfideold,noetnctaokuentienrtoinagccfoouondtisdinsottangcueartaranvteeleedd,.aOnndcethaeslearpvearicnentth-e the regal fritillary (Speijeria idalia) Drury. J. Iowa Acad. Sci.
105:16-22.
apfirfeotlbedarbfhielaiedtdyif.negdH,o8wi1te.vw3eo%ru,olfdltaehrivetatehieimrne.rtehemalianboirnaatcotriyvewoourldmorveemawiintihnaecqtuiavle HEharmlmfiloicenhs.,dW,Pm.P.AC..C&.&BADr..oHwV..nMEChcor.C,loirDcukhbl.ueq.1u96e119,.83IH.owoTawh.e2to6de2kcpnlpio.nwetahnedbeuxtttienrc--
Larvaewouldeatthevioletleavesrapidlyduringfeedingbouts tion of Speijeria populations resulting from human environ-
waanldk,.wMhceCnornkoltefeaenddingH,amlamrvoanedwo(u1l98d8)hiodbeseinrvceldumspimsiloafrgfreaesdsinogr mentaldisturbances(Nymphalidae:Argynninae).J.Res.Lepid.
22:217-224.
bl2a(ee4anahldhstaeohvadoiupuorpbgraahprcfeeiokrtnritwtoSolad.yl)tzkhedaeerinddepdrnpaneafioserhttdiiepvpoipenwoorlallcyelytektoiapenv.ldeavTniittnhoshleaeeatmcfs)iupf.clrtlahvoWnesitidnessnpattdsaahrtaadhtlicawr(ere2evnc5artt.eiti4mho0ieannttmediwtriosadvsapewanrratoeyht-a HKooplplrNeairean,wdid,BYa.loWiJr.ak,1(J9.DN9r17eu9.wr3y1B)Y.eohr(TakLvh.eiepo4ir2bdau4oltptpteepecr.rofall:yogbNyoyoomkfp.hthaSeleircdeoagneadl),ferdii.tnilKDlaaornuy,sbalSsepdetiaajylel.--
grassprairie: reproductivediapause,factorsinfluencingovipo-
asgdrneoadewsmsnfectwdoliupnmrmadoptgwtriaeetnrshdsaoisurvtetelhmnyeaoitlleinascresiv,dnaguetnhtwteiharlelemkit.uenbdAteiseclqatuthmaheleelsyfiuonncallclsotoesitwev,ienttoghatevmitolohralernevtibasnagwus.apelTaokhfneedda MattsKoiatoninso,nassSiS.ttea0st.ee,leURcn.tiivoDenr.,siDataynv,di1sl,0ar5v&aplp.Of.orDag.inSgpebenhcaevri.or.19M7.1S..RTehaersiinsg,
techniques for species of Speijeria (Nymphalidae). Lepid.
larvaestudiedinthelaboratoryandgreenhousedisplayedasimilar J.
Soc. 25:247-256.
dmiauyrnbael dfueeedtiongapraetdtuecrtni.onThientienmapcteirvaittuyraes,sohcoiwaetvederwittehmpneirgahttfuarlel McCozrerkelnee,hiDp.poVl.yt&a (PN.yCm.phHaalimdmaoen)di.na1m9a88r.inBei-omloodgiyfioefdSepneviijreorni-a
does not drop substantially as soon as the sun sets in eastern ment. Lepid.Soc. 42:184-195.
Kansas,leadingustobelievethatlightisamoreimportantcuefor Royer,A.JR.. 1988. ButterfliesofNorth Dakota. Minot State Uni-
activitythantemperature.
This studyofasmall sample ofS. idalia larvae in Kansas tall- Scudvderesrit,y,S.MiHn.ot1,88N9o.rtBuhttDearkfoltieas.o1f92thpep.eastern United Statesand
grass prairie indicates that they do not forage entirely at night. Canadawithspecialreferenceto NewEngland. Publishedby
ttMohoedregeteenstruumsdiySnpeiesihjneoerweiadw.eiddecsopvreeriandgtahilsabrgeehravgieoorgriaspwhiitchirnegSi.oindailnioaradnedr ptph.ea7u6t7h-o1r7.7C4a;mvborli.d3g,ep,p.Ma1s7s7a5c-h1u9s5e8tt,sp.isV.ol1.-81,9,pp3.m1a-p7s7.6;vol.2,
Acknowledgments BrianJ. Kopper,12DavidC. Margolies,andRalphE.Charl-
ton,DepartmentofEntomology, Kansas State University, Manhat-
WethankAlbertoB. BroceandMattR.Whiles,Departmentof tan,Kansas66506-4004, USA.
Entomology, Kansas State University and William F. J. Parsons,
Department ofEntomology, University ofWisconsin for helpful 1Presentaddress:DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofWis-
comments on earlierversions ofthis manuscript. Voucherspeci- consin,237RussellLabs, Madison,Wisconsin53706, U.S.A.
mens (Lot#076) are depositedinthe KSU museum ofEntomo- 2Correspondingaudior.
logical&PrairieArthropodResearch.ThisiscontributionNo.99-
515-JoftheKansasAgriculturalExperimentStation, KansasState Submittedforpublication 14August1999,revisedandaccepted25
University, Manhattan, Kansas66506. July2000.
JournaloftheLepidopteri.sts'Society
54(3),2001,97-100
BIOLOGYOFADELPHAMYTHRAFEEDINGONASTERACEAE,ANOVELPLANTFAMILYFORTHE NEOTROPICAL
LIMENITIDINAE (NYMPHALIDAE),ANDNEWDATAONADELPHA"SPECIES-GROUPVII"
Additionalkeywords:Adelphasyma,Adelphacocala,lifehistory,Rosaceae,Rubiaceae.
The NeotropicalgenusAdelpha Hiibner(Nymphalidae)includes southeast Brazil,isoneof16speciesofAdelpha knowninthe Santa
about85species (KeithWillmottpers. comm.)spreadfromwestern GenebraForest Reserve (22°44'S, 47°06'W, altitude 600-630 m), a
USAtoUruguay,andoccurringinawidevarietyofhabitatsandveg- 250 ha fragment ofsemideciduous forest in Campinas, Sao Paulo
etationtypes (Aiello 1984). Speciesdeterminationisverydifficultin State, SE Brazil(seeadditionalinformationontheareain Morellato
someAdelpha groups, andthenaturaldivisionsofthegenusarenot andLeitao-Filho 1995). InJanuary1999,afemaleA. mythrawasob-
yet fully resolved, although a numberofspecies relationships have served there ovipositing on the scandentvine, Mutisia coccinea St.
beenproposedonthebasisoftheimmatures (Aiello 1984). Unfortu- Hil. (Asteraceae).Theeggdidnothatch,sotliisveryunusual"record"
nately,immaturesareknownforonly32speciesofAdelpha,solely21 was thought to be an oviposition mistake ofthis female. However,
ofwhich have someportion ofthe earlystages illustrated. Thus, al- from February to April 1999, A. mythra was reared from first to
thoughacladisticanalysisofthegenusisneeded,itwouldbeimpos- fourthinstarscollectedonthesameplantspeciesandalsoonBathysa
sibleatthistime. Becauseinformationonadditionalspeciesisessen- meridionalis (Rubiaceae) in several parts of the Serra do Japi
tial to a better understanding ofthe genus (DeVries 1987; Aiello (23°11'S,46°52'W),amountainrange(700-1300maltitude)covered
1991),itisimportantthatanynewdataaboutAdelphaimmaturesbe by semideciduous forest, in Jundiai, Sao Paulo State, SE Brazil
reported(Otero&Aiello 1996). (Brown1992).ImmaturesofAdelphasymawerealsofoundonRubus
ThispaperdescribestheimmaturestagesofAdelphamythra (Go- (Rosaceae)intheSerradoJapi,andimmaturesofA. cocalaweredis-
dart1824)andA.sijma(Godart1824),reportstheirlarvalhostplants, coveredfeedingonaRubiaceaeintheParque EcologicodoVoturua
anddiscusses theposition ofbothspecieswithinAdelpha, basedon (46°22'W,23°57'S,altitude20-100m),a200hafragmentoflowland
theirimmatures. subtropical rainforest in the city ofSao Vicente, coastal Sao Paulo
Studysitesandmethods.Adelphamythra,amontanespeciesin State, SEBrazil.
98 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
A. syma
F0
©
LEG T1 T2-T3 A1 A2 /A3-6 A7 A8 A9 A10
PROLEG
ira -ONG SHORT
SIMPL % 4/SCoOLUS® ~t/SC®OLUS©
SCOLUS
O o o o o o o
o o o o o o
yV V V
/T1 T2 T3 Ai A2 /A3-6 A7 A8 A9 A10
LEG PROLEG
Fig. 2. Above,ChaetotaxyoffirstinstarlarvaofAdelphasyma.
Fig. 1. Fifth instar larvae ofAdelpha syma (above) and A. Below, DistributionofscoliinafifthinstarlarvaofA. mythra.
mythra (below)
Larvaewererearedinplasticcagescleaneddaily,followingFre- greenish brown, with sculpturing andornamentation as described
itas (1991). Adults, headcapsules andpupalskinsareinthecollec- forotherspeciesofAdelpha,placedontheuppersurfaceoftheleaf,
tionofthefirstauthor. Larvalfoodplantvouchers,identifiedbyDr. neartheapex.Theheightanddiameterwereabout0.8mm;thedu-
JorgeTainashiro,havebeendepositedintheherbariumoftheUni- rationwasnotdetermined.
versidadeEstadualdeCampinas. The first instarwas entirely brown, with pale body setae about
Descriptions of immatures and host plants of Adelpha 0.06 mm long, arranged as in Fig. 2. The head capsule was pale
mythra. The only egg observed was greenish brown, sculptured brownwithoutornamentation.Thefinalbodylengthwas4mm.The
withhexagonalpits,with spines arisingfromthepitjunctions,con- secondinstarwasentirelybrown,withaspinybrownhead.Thebody
sistentwith eggs described forotherspecies ofAdelpha. The egg boreshortstubbyscoli.Thefinalbodylengthwas 6 mm.Thethird
wasplacedontheuppersurfaceoftheleaf,neartheapex.Itwaslaid andfourth instars showedaclearlyvisiblevariegatedpattern,with
rapidlybyastartledfemale,anddidnothatch. headspineslonger.Thefinallengthswere9mminthethirdand15
Firstandsecondinstarswerenotdescribedin detail. Thethird mm inthefourthlarval stadia. The fourth andfifthinstarshadthe
instarhadconspicuousheadscoliandafaintlyvisiblevariegatedpat- same general pattern. The fifth instar (Fig. 1) wasvariegatedwith
ternthat,withfewchanges,wasmaintainedandintensifiedthrough green,creamandbrown, showingageneralpatternofobliquelat-
the remaininglarval stadia. The fifth instar(Fig. 1)wasvariegated eralstripes.Thegreenareaschangetolightorangebeforepupation.
green, with a pattern ofoblique lateral stripes. The green areas Thebodyscoliwereshortandthick,withdensespines,andthescoli
changedtolightorangeas the larvaenearedpupation. Inthe final ofA2archingposteriorly.Thedistributionofthescoliwasthesame
larvalstadium,thebodyscoliwereshortandthick,withadensecov- as inA. mythra. The fully grown larvawas 25 mm long. Data on
eringofspines; thescolionA2werearchedposteriorly.Thedistri- headcapsulewidths forall instarsareinTable 1.Thefirstthrough
butionofthescoli(Fig.2)wasthesameasformostAdelphaspecies. fourthinstarsconstructedfrasschainsandhadabehaviorsimilarto
Thematurelarvawasabout25mmlong. thatdescribedforA. mythra.
Thefirstthrough fourthinstarsinitiatedfeedingattheapexofa Thepupa(Fig. 3B) showedanelongatedgeneralprofile (about
leaflet, leavingthemidveinintact andextendingitwith feculaand 18mmlong),withsegmentA2projectingandcurvedanteriorly,and
silk to form "frass chains" (Aiello 1984). They rested upon these segmentT2pointedanddirectedposteriorly. Theheadhornswere
structures when not feeding. In addition, theyattached dead leaf verysmallandpointed,curvedoutfromthesidesofthehead.The
fragments and clumps offecula to the base ofthe chains. When generalcolorwasbrown,withdarkfinesonthewingpadsandnore-
feedingonBathysameridionalis,larvaebuilt"frasschains"onother flectiveareas.
partsofthesamelargeleaf. The hostplant in the SerradoJapiwasRiibusbrasiliensis Mart.
Thepupa (Fig. 3A) showedanelongatedgeneralprofile (about (Rosaceae),acommonblackberryofsunnysecondgrowthhabitats,es-
17mmlong),withsegmentA2producedandcurvedanteriorly,and peciallyinmontanesites.RubusrosifoliusSm.,anintroducedspecies,
segmentT2pointedanddirectedposteriorly.Thehead hornswere isalsousedaslarvalfoodinotiiermontanesitesinSEBrazil.
pointedandshapedliketinyasymmetricalleaves, curvingoutfrom Positions withinAdelpha. The scolus shape andthe general
thesidesofthehead.Thegeneralcolorwasbrown,withdarklines pattern ofthe larvae, andthe general form ofthe pupae, suggest
onthewingpadsandnoreflectiveareas.
Mutisiacoccinea (Asteraceae),ascandentshrubcommoninwet Table 1. HeadcapsulewidthsofAdelphasyma
second growth habitats, was observed as the larval food plant of
Adelpha mythrabothinSantaGenebraandintheSerradoJapi. In Larvalinstar Range(mm) Mean SD »
tB.heSlmaitttehr&sitDe,oAw.nmsy(tBhurbaiawcaesaea)l,soarpelaarnetdwoitnhBeantohrysmaoumserliedaivoensal(iuspLt.o 21°° 00..7586--00..8528 00..8507 00..001114 57
lminlengthandwidth),ofmontanehabitats,whereitoccursmost 3° 1.18-1.22 1.18 0.042 6
Aofdteelnpnheaasrpweactieerscionurtsheast.siBtaet(hByrsaowmner1i9d9io2naalnidsAisVuLsFedpebrys.maobnsy.).odier 54°° 21..7634--32..1023 21..8819 00..115313 1113
Immatures and host plants ofAdelpha syma. The eggwas
Volume 54, Number 3 99
that both Adelpha mythra and A. sijma belong to the Species- TherecordofAsteraceaeasalarval hostofthe Limenitidinae rep-
Group VII ofAiello (1984). The immatures ofboth species are resentsanewplantfamilyforneotropicalAdelpha. LarvaeofAdel-
verysimilartothose ofA. cocala, the main difference beingthat pha specieshavebeenrecordedasfeedingonAquifoliaceae,Aster-
theA2processofthepupaismuchlongerinA. mythra andmore aceae, Bombacaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Combretaceae, Ericaceae,
arched inA. sijma than inA. cocala (Fig. 3C). InA. mythra, the Fagaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Icacinaceae, Malpighiaceae, Melastom-
lengthoftheA2projection approachesthe conditionobservedin ataceae, Moraceae, Ochnaceae, Piperaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae,
A. phylaca (as describedbyMiiller 1886) (Fig. 3D), aspeciesbe- Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae and Vochysiaceae
longingto Group II ofAiello (1984). However,theT2projections (Jones & Moore 1883, Miiller 1886, Moss 1933, Biezanko et al.
ofA. mythra andA. syma are slopedposteriorly, and not curved 1966,Aiello 1984, 1991, DeVries 1987,Ackery 1988, Brown 1992,
upwardas in Group IIpupae, givingpupaeinthetwogroupsdis- Otero&Aiello 1996,Diniz&Moraes 1997,Constantino 1998,and
tinctive general appearances. Thepupal headhornsofA. mythra this work). Some themes may be recognized in the different
(Fig. 3A) are similarin shapetothose ofA. cocala (Fig. 3C), but species-groups (Aiello 1984). Basicallythe species ofAdelpha can
are farther apart at theirbases and are more tapered. The head besortedintorubiaceousfeedersandnon-rubiaceousfeeders.Four
hornsofA. syma (Fig. 3B) aresimilartothoseofA. phylaca (Fig. examplesofspecies feedingonboth Rubiaceae andotherfamilies
3D),butaremorecurved. havebeen reported(A. serpa,A. boreastizona,A. sijma andA. co-
Additional species ofAdelpha need to be reared in order to cala), andA. mythra is the fifth recordedcase. Although interest-
clarifythescenariobasedonthemorphologyoftheimmaturesand ing, this pattern must be considered with caution, because some
to make a cladistic analysis possible. Some species groups are plantidentificationsneedtobeconfirmedbyadditionalfieldobser-
based on only one, two or three species, and the immatures of vations.
manycommon species remain tobediscovered, ortheirdescrip-
tionsarenotsufficientlydetailedtopermitassignmenttoaspecies- Acknowledgments
group. Additional descriptionsofAdelpha immatureswith figures
areimportant,especiallywhentheyshowapparentdeviationsfrom ThisstudywasconductedaspartofaPh.D.Thesison Nymphali-
theeightknownspeciesgroups(Aiello 1984,Otero&Aiello 1996). dae systematics and evolution. K. Willmott, Deane Bowers and an
Hostplantuse.AmongtheNymphalidae,theassociationwith anonymousrefereereviewedandmadehelpfulcriticsandcomments
pAesctiearlalcyeMaeelaistaleairvnaalefaonoddApclarnatesiniasef)ou(nAdckienryon1l9y8a8,feFwregitraosup1s99(1e)s.- tohnetBhreazmialniuasncCriNpPt.qTthoisAVreLsFeaarcnhdwKaSsB.supportedbyfellowshipsfrom
mm
5
Fig.3. PupaeofAdelpha mythra (A),A.syma (B),A. cocala (C)andA. phylaca (D) (A.phylaca redrawnfromAiello, 1984,inadifferent
scale;thebarmeans7.3mm).
Volume 54, Number 3 100
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