Table Of ContentBetween China and Japan
Between China and Japan
The Writings of Joshua Fogel
By
Joshua Fogel
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fogel, Joshua A., 1950–
[Works. Selections]
Between China and Japan : the writings of Joshua Fogel / by Joshua Fogel.
pages cm. — (The writings of ; 7)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-28202-5 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28530-9 (e-book)
1. China—Relations—Japan. 2. Japan—Relations—China. I. Title.
DS740.5.J3F639 2015
303.48’251052—dc23
2015008920
This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering
Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.
For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.
isbn 978-90-04-28202-5 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-28530-9 (e-book)
Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and
Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided
that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change.
Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work.
In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from
copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle
other permission matters.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies 1
1 Art History and Sino-Japanese Relations 4
2 Miyazaki Tōten and the 1911 Revolution 14
3 New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for
China 24
4 The Gold Seal of 57 CE and the Afterlife of an Inanimate Object 47
5 Japanese Views of China in Historical Perspective 65
6 Translator’s Preface to Books and Boats (Ōba Osamu) 77
7 The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies 81
8 Chinggis on the Japanese Mind 101
9 A Decisive Turning Point in Sino-Japanese Relations: The Senzaimaru
Voyage to Shanghai of 1862 111
10 Lust for Still Life: Chinese Painters in Japan and Japanese Painters in
China in the 1860s and 1870s 133
11 The Nanking Atrocity and Chinese Historical Memory 157
12 Prostitutes and Painters
Early Japanese Migrants to Shanghai 179
13 On Translating Shiba Ryōtarō into English 210
14 Tackling the Translation of an Invaluable Primary Source that No One
Person Would Dare Face Alone 225
15 Introduction: Liang Qichao and Japan 242
vi Contents
16 Response to Herbert P. Bix, “Remembering the Nanking
Massacre” 253
17 Naitō Konan and Naitō’s Historiography: A Reconsideration in the
Early Twenty-First Century 261
18 Japanese Travelers to Shanghai in the 1860s 276
19 An Important Japanese Source for Chinese Business History 297
20 Chinese Understanding of the Japanese Language from Ming
to Qing 299
21 “Shanghai-Japan”: The Japanese Residents’ Association of
Shanghai 337
22 Introduction: Masuda Wataru and the Study of Modern China 369
23 The Japanese and the Jews: A Comparative Analysis of Their
Communities in Harbin, 1898–1930 373
24 The Controversy over Iris Chang’s Rape of Nanking 394
25 The Nanjing Massacre in History 399
26 Integrating into Chinese Society: A Comparison of the Japanese
Communities of Shanghai and Harbin 406
27 The Other Japanese Community: Leftwing Japanese Activities in
Wartime Shanghai 431
28 Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and China 455
29 Confucian Pilgrim: Uno Tetsuto’s Travels in China 459
30 Japanese Travelers in Wartime China 488
31 Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of
Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective 496
Contents vii
32 Recent Translation Theory and Linguistic Borrowing in the Modern
Sino-Japanese Cultural Context 507
33 Japanese Literary Travelers in Prewar China 518
34 Japanese Approaches to the Cultural Revolution: A Review of
Kokubun Ryōsei’s Survey of the Literature 543
35 The Debates over the Asiatic Mode of Production in Soviet Russia,
China, and Japan 548
36 Introduction: Itō Takeo and the Research Work of the South
Manchurian Railway Company 577
37 A New Direction in Japanese Sinology 597
38 On the ‘Rediscovery’ of the Chinese Past: Cui Shu and Related
Cases 617
Index 641
Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies
My route into Asian studies is about as normal as it would have been unpre-
dictable beforehand. As a third-generation American—all of my grandparents
were immigrants from Eastern Europe in the second decade of the twentieth
century—I was neither the first person in my family to get a B.A. nor even a
Ph.D. I was, however, the first person to become interested in the history and
culture of East Asia. Because there was such a bookish culture in my family,
though, it was never seen as an unusual pursuit; in fact, I’m certain that my
lefty parents were thrilled that one of theirs was studying China, given what
was for them the exciting events in the years immediately preceding my birth
in 1950. In fact, many people have commented (and occasionally reached some
far-fetched conclusions) about the natural ties between Chinese and Jews. I
personally don’t buy any of it, though of course I respect their right to have
silly views.
Although born in Brooklyn, New York, I grew up from age seven in Berkeley,
California precisely in those now famous years of political turmoil and excite-
ment. Mine was a politically active, left-of-center family, and that meant count-
less marches and rallies for the important causes of the day: the civil rights
movement, the movement in opposition to the American war in Viet Nam
War, and many spin-offs of both. I spent my college years at the University of
Chicago (1968–1972), continuing in those same activities and there developing
a keen interest in modern China.
At the University of Chicago, I studied first with the late Professor Tang Tsou
in the political science department and later with Philip Kuhn and Akira Iriye
in history. In 1972 I entered graduate school at Columbia University where I
initially studied with C. Martin Wilbur and, upon his retirement, with Wm.
Theodore de Bary. During those years, I studied Chinese (from 1970) and
then Japanese (from 1973) relentlessly, day and night. Americans were unable
to study in China throughout most of the 1970s, so that was still a romantic,
though never actually a practical, desideratum. Columbia had a rather draco-
nian language requirement (long since watered down), and thus I had taken
the equivalent of a fair number of years of both Chinese and Japanese lan-
guage (including summers) by the time I was searching for a thesis topic.
I forget who first suggested the topic of Naitō Konan (1866–1934), the great
Japanese Sinologist, but I jumped at the suggestion. The next thing I knew I
© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���5 | doi ��.��63/9789004�85309_00�
2 Introduction: My Route into Asian Studies
was reading my first book in Japanese, cover to cover, a biography of Naitō
by one of his last students, Mitamura Taisuke of Ritsumeikan University. And,
in late 1976 I was off on my first trip to Asia with support from the Fulbright
Foundation and later from the Japanese Ministry of Education. I spent roughly
eighteen months at Kyoto University, where Naitō had pioneered Chinese
studies at the beginning of the twentieth century, reading through his works,
soaking up as much of the Sinological world of Kyoto University as possible,
and interviewing Naitō’s last students. I also made some of my best friends
among the students of that generation in Kyoto at the time.
Historical studies were in those days largely compartmentalized by nations.
The idea of crossing borders and working on more than one national entity
at the same time was not frowned upon, but it was not exactly encouraged
either—anywhere in the world. Diplomatic historians at least paid lip service
to working in multiple archives and multiple languages, but in reality few his-
torians, diplomatic or otherwise, working in the West were actually doing that.
Professor Iriye was one of those few and a great inspiration to me.
Many times over the years I have been asked, in East Asia as well as the
West, if I am first and foremost a historian of China or Japan. The answer I like
to give—and usually do—is that I don’t make that distinction. I explain that
I pick topics that cross the Sino-Japanese border and go where the research
necessitates I go. We now have the language of “border-crossing” and “global
studies” and even “globalization,” but that is a relative recent addition to the
historian’s lexicon.
But, once I sensed the wealth of fascinating but still unstudied topics in
Sino-Japanese interactions, I was an immediate convert. Subsequent research
topics and books included: the life and work of a Japanese expatriate in China
(Nakae Ushikichi, 1889–1942); Japanese travel writings about China (1862–
1945); the Japanese community of Shanghai; Japanese historiography (1784–
present) concerning the gold seal presented by the founding emperor of the
Later Han dynasty in 57 CE to an emissary from somewhere in that space we
now call Japan and soon lost before being found in the late eighteenth century;
and most recently, the voyage of the Senzaimaru in 1862 and the restarting of
Sino-Japanese diplomatic and commercial relations in the modern era. Many
run-ups to and spin-offs from these (and other) projects are represented in the
essays that follow in this collection.
In 1988 I called together a small group which met in my hotel room at the
annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, and we formed the Sino-
Japanese Studies Group. There were only about fifteen of us at the time—
Sherman Cochran reassured me that there were fewer participants at the first
national congress of the Chinese Communist Party—and we weren’t exactly
