Appendix A The Collins-Soper Frame

198 Pages·2013·4.51 MB·English

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UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA
GRADUATE COLLEGE
Measurement of the Angular Distribution
of Electrons from W Boson Decays
at D 0
A Dissertation
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
by
GEORG STE1NBRÜCK
Norman, Oklahoma
1999
UMi Number 9949701
UMI
UMI Microform9949701
Copyright 2000 by Bel! & Howell Information and Learning Company.
All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company
300 North Zeeb Road
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346
© Georg Steinbrück 1999
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Measurement of the Angular Distribution
of Electrons from W Boson Decays
at D 0
A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
BY
Pjiii^^^utierrez
^ ^xOeorge Kalbfleisch
^ Ron Kantowski
/ Sheena iVrarphy
James Hawthorne
Acknowledgments
This dissertation is a cumulative effort of many years of research conducted by a
large number of people. I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this
work in some fashion. First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor, Professor
Phil Gutierrez, for his continuous support and interest in this analysis and in
my work as a graduate student at the University of Oklahoma. His expertise and
guidance were greatly appreciated as he helped to get me started on many projects
that needed the initial input by someone experienced in high energy physics.
At D0, I would like to thank the members of the WZQCD group under the
strong leadership of Cecilia Gerber for their continuous support. Without the help
of Cecilia and Miguel Mostafa, who is working on the W pr analysis, this analysis
would not have been completed by now. Darien Wood deserves recognition for
proposing this analysis and for answering many questions I had along the way.
Next I would like to thank all teachers who have helped me to understand
physics and who are paxt of the reason I am here now. In chronological order
these are my two high school teachers, Herr Kruger and Herr Lameck who taught
math and physics to me and were an important factor in my decision to study
physics. Then I would like to mention the professors at the University of Heidelberg
from whom I learned basic and advanced physics. Specially Professor zu Putlitz
(experimental physics). Professor Wegner (theoretical mechanics and statistical
mechanics) and Professor Freitag (functions theory) deserve recognition for their
well structured and interesting lectures. I would also like to thank my friends in
Heidelberg: Markus, Georg, Jorg and Burkhard. We had a lot of fun together
solving physics problems and just hanging out.
While the lectures in Germany were sometimes crowded and somewhat anony-
IV
mous, I had the opportunity to experience a very different style of teaching at
the University of Oklahoma. Small classes provided the opportunity for intense
interaction between students and professors. AU of the classes I took in Oklahoma
were very inspiring. Thanks to Professors Jack Cohn (general relativity), Dave
Kaplan (particle physics I), Ron Kantowski (quantum field theory), Phü Gutierrez
(particle physics II), and Jeff Purinton (Aristotelean and Platonic philosophy). I
also had the opportunity to get my first teaching experience as a teaching assistant
under Professor George Kalbfleisch in a two semester electronics lab. This was an
especially interesting task since I had to learn electronics while teaching it.
Maybe the greatest thanks should go to my family. My wife Trish has always
supported my career as a physicist with aU the difficulties it brings with it. Thanks
also to my beautiful children Lili and Evi, who bring so much fun and excitement
into our lives.
I am very grateful to my parents for their love and support over the years.
You have always supported my dreams in life! Thanks to my brothers Andreas
and Christian for our good childhood memories. I would also like to thank our
friends Magdalena and Tom for lots of great dinners and conversations we enjoyed
together. Finally, my in-laws deserve thanks for making me part of their loving
family and introducing me to the United States.
To Trish,
Lili and Evi
VI
C ontents
1 The Standard Model of High Energy Physics 1
Symmetry groups....................................................................................... 3
1.1
1.2 The particles ............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Electroweak interactions..........................................................................
6
1.4 The Higgs Mechanism ............................................................................. 9
1.5 QCD as a gauge theory .......................................................................... 12
2 Angular Distribution Theory 19
2.1 Some Intuition into the Angular Distribution...................................... 24
3 The Experiment 27
3.1 The Fermilab Tevatron............................................................................ 27
3.2 Overview of the Whole Detector............................................................. 31
3.3 The Central Detector................................................................................ 33
3.3.1 The Vertex Chamber..................................................................... 34
3.3.2 The Transition Radiation D etector........................................... 35
3.3.3 The Central Drift Cham ber........................................................ 36
3.3.4 The Forward Drift Chambers ..................................................... 38
3.4 The Calorimeter ...................................................................................... 39
3.4.1 Calorimeter Design........................................................................ 42
3.4.2 Central Calorimeter........................................................................ 45
3.4.3 Endcap Calorimeter ..................................................................... 46
Vll