ANATOMY - Medical Mnemonics .com

139 Pages·2002·1.22 MB·English

ANATOMY

Bowel components [ID 189]
" Dow Jones Industrial A egarev C gnisol Stock Report":
(cid:31) :latsi do tlamixor pmorF
Dmunedou
Jmunuje
Imuel
Appendix
Cnolo
Sdiomgi
Rmutce
(cid:31) ",muce ceh tedulcn io t:ylevitanretlA Dow Jones Industrial C gnibmil A egarev C gnisol Stock Report".
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor

Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels Hi Yield [ID 3225]
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T 12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T 10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T 8
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile -Ife

Duodenum: lengths of parts [ID 58]
gnitnuoC" 1 to 4:"dereggat stu b
1st part: 2sehcn i
2nd part: 3sehcn i
3rd part: 4sehcn i
4th part: 1hcn i
Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor

Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions [ID 114]
as'erehT Hepatic " H lacimotan aro feni lgnidivi deh ts i Heh tf okcit slacitre ven O.revi lf oroirefn in o"
otn irevi leh tsedivi dtah tkcit S.sevla hralucsa vro fredivi deh ts ikcit slacitre vreht oeh tdn aebo ltfel/thgir
s't itah tetanutro fs't i,dool bseirra cava cane vecnis (noisserpm iava cane vhti wen oeh ts isevla hralucsav
.)sevla hdool bro fredivi deht
Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Meckel's diverticulum details Hi Yield [ID 72]
2.gno lsehcn i
2.muel if odn emor ftee f
2.ne mn inommo cero msemi t
2.noitalupo pn iecnerrucc o%
2 types of tissues may be present.
(cid:31) Note: " di-" "snaem two", so di eh tll ahti wgnih teh ts imulucitrev twos.
Knowledge Level 2, System: Alimentary
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left Hi Yield [ID 2516]
Aorta dn a right eva hhca e 5 letters, so aorta is on the right.
Vena dn a cava dn a left eva hhca e 4.tfe leh tn os iava cane vo s,srette l
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Aortic arch: major branch order [ID 29]
"Know your ABC'S:"
A:o tesi rsevi ghcr acitro
Bknur tcilahpecoihcar
left C nommo Carotid
left Snaivalcbu
(cid:31) .seiretr ayranoro ceh ts't i,yllacinhce T'?atro af ohcnar btsri fs itahW 'f onoitseu qkcir thguoh teraweB
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Atrioventricular valves Hi Yield [ID 2681]
" LAB RAT:"
Left A :muirt Bicuspid
R thgi A :muirt Tricuspid
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

Axillary artery branches [ID 1208]
" S werc T eh Lawyer S eva A Patient":
Scicaroh troirepu
Tloimorcaocaroh
Lcicaroh tlareta
Subscapular
Alaremu hxelfmucri croiretn
Plaremu hxelfmucri croiretso
Alternatively: " S emo T semi L efi S smee A P."nia
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous contributor and Joe Azzopardi Not specified and Xarabank

Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches [ID 608]
" I A m Pretty S"yxe
I hti wseo gyretr alaretallo cranl uroirefn Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with S.yretr alaretallo cranl uroirepu
(cid:31) Alternatively: " I A m Pretty Smart".
Knowledge Level 5, System: Cardiovascular
Paul's Boutique Western University College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

Carotid sheath contents [ID 669]
" I See 10 CC's in the IV:"
=).C.I (ee SI I lanretn Carotid artery
10 = CN 10)evre nsugaV (
CC = C nommo Carotid artery
=VI I ralugu Jlanretn Vnie
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Cavernous sinus contents Hi Yield [ID 1094]
O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
(cid:31) .margai deeS
O)III (evre nrotomolucc
T)VI (evre nraelhcor
O)1V (evre ncimlahthp
M)2V (evre nyrallixa
Carotid artery
A)IV (evre ntnecudb
T: When written, connects to the T of O TOM.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Jonathan Vafai New York University School of Medicine

Coelic trunk: branches Hi Yield [ID 1833]
Left H dna S (edi LHS:)
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Dr. Harsh Sharma

Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs [ID 613]
" Prostitutes C esua S gnigga S nellow R de T ]ne mni [selcitse L gnivi In S:"ni
P]roirefni [cinerh
Ccaile
Sciretnese mroirepu
S]elddim [lanerarpu
Rlane
T [ralucitse "in men" only]
Lsrabmu
Iciretnese mroirefn
Slarca
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Josser Mt. Sinai Medical School

External carotid artery branches [ID 291]
" S emo Anatomists L eki F ,gnik#* Others P refer S & M:"
Superior thyroid
Alaegnyrah pgnidnecs
Llaugni
Flaica
Olatipicc
Praluciru aroiretso
Slaropme tlaicifrepu
Myrallixa
(cid:31) Alternatively: As S eh Lay Flat, O s'racs Passion Slowly Mounted".
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents Hi Yield [ID 10]
NAVEL:
(cid:31) laide msdrawo tpi hlareta lmorF navel:
N)htaeh sdnihe byltcerid (evre
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
(cid:31) .larome Fdella cll aer anieV/yretrA/evreN
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN

Heart valve sequence [ID 1938]
" Try Pul gnil My Aorta:"
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Michael Franco Melbourne University, Australia

Inferior vena cava tributaries [ID 1091]
" I L eki To R esi So H:"hgi
Iscaill
Lrabmu
Tralucitse
Rlane
Slanerarpu
H.nie vcitape
(cid:31) Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.
Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular
Usman Ahmad KMC

Internal iliac artery: anterior branches [ID 1169]
":yrali Ho tdettimd alli BtahW I M dekli Our I elbaitasn Intern's Udders Under the D:"kse
Ilaetul groirefn
Mlatce relddi
Obturator
Iyretr alacise vroirefn
Internal pudendal artery
Ulacilibm
U/D= U /)elamef (yretr aeniret D)elam (yretr alaitnerefe
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Internal jugular vein: tributaries [ID 502]
" M lacide S sloohc Let Confident People I:"n
(cid:31) From inferior to superior:
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid
Llaugni
Claica fnommo
Plaegnyrah
Inferior petrosal sinus
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
LaShawn A. Weaver Medical University of South Carolina

Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres [ID 270]
" VC hti wseo g VC:"
The V dn amusone C s aedi sema sn os ietadua V ane Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must
be on anterior by default.
(cid:31) roirefn ieeS -.margai dweiv
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left Hi Yield [ID 79]
Tri dn aevla vtrae hdipsuc tri-.edi sthgi reh tn ohto bgnu ldebol
Bicuspid and bi-.edi stfe leh tn ohto bgnu ldebol
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Maxillary artery branches [ID 935]
" DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I P ,refer Must P enoh A scilohocl Anonymous":
Draluciru apee
Anterior tympanic
Mlaegnine melddi
Iraloevl aroirefn
Alaegnine myrossecc
M ciretessa
Pterygoid
Deep temporal
Blaccu
Sphenopalatine
Denitala pgnidnecse
Ilatibroarfn
Praloevl aroirepu sroiretso
Mraloevl aroirepu selddi
P laegnyrah
Araloevl aroirepu sroiretn
Artery of the pterygoid canal
Knowledge Level 7, System: Cardiovascular
Imani Walker and Fareeda Hamid New York College of Osteopathic Medicine

Portal-systemic anastomoses: main 2 places that retroperitoneals connect into systemic [ID 511]
Retro Peritoneals hook up with R dn alane P.snie vlarbetrevara
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor

Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus [ID 278]
" MAG:]snie vesocira vro ftnatropm ier asnie vsuonehpa sehT ["snie vesocira vsa henialed
M ,suloela mlaide A dn a,suloela mo troiretn G.rehtego to gsuonehpa staer
Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral.suloela m
Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Thoracic cage: relations to the important venous structures [ID 324]
eh tdniheB sternoclavicular.nige bsnie vcilahpecoihcar beh t:stnio j
eh tdniheB 1st costal cartilage.snige bava cane vroirepu seh tthgi reh tn o
eh tdniheB 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
eh tdniheB 3rd costal cartilage.sdn eava cane vroirepu seh tthgi reh tn o
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
Fred Reid Undergrad at St -Andrews, UK

Thoracoacromial artery branches [ID 1207]
ABCD:
Alaimorc
Breast (pectoral)
Cralucival
Ddiotle
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous contributor UCLA School of Medicine

Scalp layers [ID 258]
SCALP:
(cid:31) From superficial to deep:
Snik
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Leussi traloer aesoo
Pmuinarcire
Knowledge Level 1, System: Integumental
Anonymous Contributor

Ureter to ovarian/testicular artery relation [ID 56]
" Water under:"egdir beh t
The ureters er a,)reta wyrra chcihw ( posterior to the ovarian/testicular artery.
(cid:31) .suret ugnivome rneh wyretr anairav of odaetsn ireter utu co ts irorr elacigru snommo c aecni s,tnatropm iyllacinilC
Knowledge Level 2, System: Kidney/Urine
Anonymous Contributor

Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy [ID 54]
" 1,3,5,7,9,11:"
er asnoisnemi dneelpS 1 xhcn i 3 xsehcn i 5.sehcn i
s ithgieW 7.secnu o
sbi rseilredn utI 9 hguorh t 11.
Knowledge Level 5, System: Lymphoid
Anonymous Contributor
Thoracic duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus [ID 26]
"The duck between 2 gooses:"
cicarohT duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azy gous and esopha gus.
Knowledge Level 5, System: Lymphoid
Anonymous Contributor

Abdominal muscles [ID 162]
erapS" TIRE:"nemodb arieh tdnuor a
Tsinimodb asusrevsnar
Ieuqilb olanimodb alanretn
Rsinimodb asutce
Eeuqilb olanimodb alanretx
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group [ID 1117]
" Pimps F kc* Prostitutes For F:"nu
Pronator teres
Fsilaida ripra croxel
Psuogno lsiramla
Fsiranl uipra croxel
Fsilaicifrepu smurotigi droxel
Knowledge Level 3, System: Muscle
Rob

Bicipital groove: attachments of muscles near it [ID 27]
"The lady between two majors:"
Teres major.evoor gf opi llaide mo tsehcatt a
silarotceP major.evoor gf opi llareta lo t
Lati.sroja m 2eh tneewte b,evoor gf orool fn os i)ydaL (sumiss
Knowledge Level 3, System: Muscle
Sandeep

Brachioradialis: function, innervation, one relation, one attachment [ID 92]
Boihcar R:silaida
Function: Its the B ree R.ree b agnidlo heki ldetneir os itsir wneh wtsegnort s,wobl esexel f,elcsu mgnisia
:noitavrennI B skaer Rt i:elu ’ ,elcsu mroxel f as But R ro fsa w B:elu rTSE Bllace R:srosnetx ero fs iyllaus uevre nlaidaR (.laida
.)silaidaroihcarb
Important relation: Behind it is the R.asso flatibu ceh tn ievre nlaida
Attachment: Attaches to Bottom of R.suida
Knowledge Level 4, System: Muscle
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Elbow: muscles that flex it [ID 94]
Three B's Bl eeh tdne Bow:
Bsilaihcar
Biceps
Bsilaidaroihcar
Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Elbow: which side has common flexor origin [ID 6]
FM (as in FM Radio):
F roxel M.edi slaide meh tn os inigir Oroxel Fnommo Co s,laide
Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Erector spinae muscles [ID 661]
" I L evo S:"xe
(cid:31) :laide mo tlareta lmorF
Isilatsocoil
Lsumissigno
Spinalis
(cid:31) Alternatively: " I L ro fgno Spinach"
(cid:31) ".sema n'selcsu meh trebmeme ruo yple h"hcanipS "dn a"gnoL "tu b,"rotcerE "f oknih tuo ysple h"xeS
Knowledge Level 7, System: Muscle
Michael A. Chaplin SUNY -HSCB Downstate College of Medicine

Eye rotation by oblique muscles [ID 1416]
" I L evo S& M:"
I :euqilb oroirefn Lateral eye rotation.
S :euqilb oroirepu M.noitato rey elaide
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
CS Eddleman Medical Student, Texas Tech SOM

Interossei muscles: actions of dorsal vs. palmar in hand [ID 293]
" PAd dn a DAb:"
The P ramla Adduct and the D lasro Abduct.
(cid:31) Use your hand to dab with a pad.
Knowledge Level 5, System: Muscle
Dr. Atif Farooq and Anonymous Contributor Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan and Not Specified

Intrinsic muscles of hand (palmar surface) [ID 646]
" A OF A OF A:"
(cid:31) :laide mo tlareta l,ranehT
Asugno lsicillo protcudb
Opponens pollicis
Fsiver bsicillo proxel
Adductor pollicis.
(cid:31) Hypothenar, lateral to medial:
Oimini mitigi dsnenopp
Fimini mitigi droxel
Aimini mitigi drotcudb
Knowledge Level 4, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Inversion vs. eversion muscles in leg [ID 102]
:noisreve/noisrevn iro felu rrette ldnoceS
(cid:31) E:selcsu mnoisrev
p Esugno lsuenir
p Esiver bsuenir
p Erineus terius
(cid:31) I:selcsu mnoisrevn
tIroiretn asilaib
tIbialis posterior
Knowledge Level 6, System: Muscle
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Lumbricals action [ID 5]
eh tdnetx edn atnio jlaegnalahpopracate meh txel fo ts itah t,ae p adlo ho ts inoitc alacirbmuL
ecni s,epah s"L "n aseka msih tee sna c,noitiso psih tn idna ht akoo lneh W.stnio jlaegnalahpretni L is for
L.lacirbmu
Knowledge Level 4, System: Muscle
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Muscles: potentially absent ones [ID 1291]
(cid:31) Muscles which may be absent but may be important:
5 P's:
P]bmi lreppu [sugno lsiramla
P]bmi lrewol [siratnal
P]bmi lrewol [suitre tsuenore
P]lla wlanimodb aroiretna [siladimary
P]lla wlanimodb aroiretsop [roni msaos
Knowledge Level 3, System: Muscle
Shebrain Cairo University

Oblique muscles: direction of externals vs. internals [ID 57]
"Hands in your pockets":
sdrawo tdn anwo d:srebi ff onoitceri drieh ttnio psregni fdn aseuqilb olanretx ef opo tn oei lwo nsregni f,stekco pruo yn isdna htu pnehW
.enildim
(cid:31) .elgn an at agnio ge btsu mtah tslle t"euqilbo ":etoN
(cid:31) .lanretx eo tselgn athgi rt aer aseuqilb olanretnI
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Plantarflexion vs. dorsiflexion [ID 202]
Plant ahsiuq suo yneh wsrucc onoixel fra Plant with your foot.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Popliteal fossa: muscles arrangement [ID 9]
.susonodnetime Sdn asusonarbmemime S,rehtego to gs'ime Sow tehT
The M s isusonarbme M.laide mosl as isusonodnetime S,rehtego to gsime sow teh tecni sdn alaide
.lareta le bo tsa hsirome Fspeci B,eroferehT
eh t:laicifrepu ss ien ohcih wrebmeme ro t,s'ime seh tfO Tendonosus is on Top.
Knowledge Level 3, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor

Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial [ID 70]
"Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of ' La 'r o'laret Me: "'laid
" La": your jaw is now open, so La laret opens mouth.
" Me": your jaw is still closed, so me laid closes.elbidna meh t
Knowledge Level 4, System: Muscle
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Rotator cuff muscles Hi Yield [ID 35]
"The SITS:"selcsu m
(cid:31) Clockwise from top:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
T sere minor
Subscapularis
(cid:31) A pro baseball pitcher has injured his rotator cuff muscles. As a result, he SITS out for the rest of the
eh to ttne sste gneh tdn a,emag minor.seugae l
Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle
Anne Conlin and Robert O'Connor University of Western Ontario Medical School, London, Canada and University College Dublin

Serratus anterior: innervation [ID 547]
SALT:
Serratus Anterior = L gno T.cicaroh
Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle
Erin B. Dominiak Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine

Serratus anterior: innervation and action Hi Yield [ID 25]
"C 5-6-7 raise your arms up to heaven:"
.roiretn asutarre Setavrenn i)765 (stoo revre ncicaroh tgnoL
(cid:31) Test C567 roots clinically by ability to raise arm past 90 degrees.
Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle
Anonymous Contributor
Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function [ID 101]
" Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas:"
uoY stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture.
o s,evisolpx es ienilosaG Gas ro fs isuimencort explosive.tnemevo m
Knowledge Level 3, System: Muscle
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Supination vs. pronation [ID 2346]
" SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if you are holding a bowl of soup.
" POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring out whatever is your bowl.
(cid:31) Alternatively, Pronation donation : Pronation agnika mf is a,drawnwo dgnica fmla ps i donation.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Muscle
LCK and Anonymous Contributor University of Ottawa and Not Specified

Bell's palsy: symptoms Hi Yield [ID 1943]
BELL'S Palsy:
Blamronb axelfe rknil
Eehcara
L]ssecx e,tneicifed [noitamirca
Loss of taste
Sudden onset
Palsyselcsu mevre nII Vf o
(cid:31) All symptoms are unilateral.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Nervous
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Brachial plexus branches Hi Yield [ID 135]
" My Aunt Raped My U:"elcn
(cid:31) :laide mo tlareta lmorF
Msuoenatucolucsu
Ayrallix
Rlaida
Mnaide
Uranl
Knowledge Level 1, System: Nervous
Anonymous Contributor

Brachial plexus subunits [ID 18]
" Randy T sivar Drinks C dlo B:"ree
Roots
Trunks
Dsnoisivi
Cords
Bsehcnar
(cid:31) Alternatively: " R dae T eh D nma C revada Book!"
(cid:31) Alternatively: " R lae T snaxe D knir Coors B."ree
Knowledge Level 1, System: Nervous
Karl and Anonymous Contributor Boston U. School of Medicine and Not Specified

Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cord [ID 465]
STAR:
Subscapular [upper and lower]
Tlasrodocaroh
Ayrallix
Rlaida
Knowledge Level 2, System: Nervous
Zaineb Vakil Gulf Medical College Ajman

Buttock quadrant safest for needle insertion Hi Yield [ID 14]
"Shut up dn a butt out:"
The Upper Outer quadrant of the Butt.evre ncitaic sgnitti hsdiov aylefa skco
Knowledge Level 2, System: Nervous
Anonymous Contributor
Carpal tunnel syndrome causes Hi Yield [ID 126]
MEDIAN TRAP:
Mamedeoxy
Edema premenstrually
Dsetebai
Idiopathic
Aylagemorg
Neoplasm
Tamuar
Rheumatoid arthritis
Amyloidosis
Pycnanger
(cid:31) .deppar ts ievre nnaide mecni syleci nsti fcinomenM
Knowledge Level 4, System: Nervous
Anonymous Contributor

Cervical plexus: arrangement of the important nerves [ID 268]
" GLAST:"
(cid:31) :kce nf oedi sthgi reh tn ohtro nmor fesiwkcol c:stnio pssapmo c4
Graluciru ataer
Llatipicc oresse
Accessory nerve pops out between L and S
Sralucivalcarpu
Tlacivre cesrevsnar
(cid:31) .margai deeS
Knowledge Level 3, System: Nervous
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Deep tendon reflexes: root supply Hi Yield [ID 550]
(cid:31) :emyh ryresru n ao tgnidrocc asexelfe rydo bdengise ddoG
One, two-- .eoh sy melkcub Three, four-- .roo deh tkcik Five, six-- pick up sticks. Seven, eight-- shut the gate.
S1,2kre jelkn a =
L3,4kre jeen k =
C5,6silaidaroihcar bdn aspeci b =
C7,8 = triceps
Knowledge Level 2, System: Nervous
Bryan Traynor Massachussetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA

Diaphragm innervation Hi Yield [ID 23]
" 3, 4, 5:"evil amgarhpai deh tspee k
stoo rlacivre cs inoitavrenn imgarhpaiD 3, 4 dn a, 5.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Nervous
Michael Nawfal

Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation Hi Yield [ID 572]
" LR6SO4 rest 3:"
L lareta Rectus is 6th
Superior O s ieuqilb 4th
rest ll aer a 3evre nlainar cdr
Knowledge Level 2, System: Nervous
Atul Singh Detroit Medical Center

Facial nerve: branches after Stylomastoid foramen [ID 863]
" T ne Z sulu B dereggu My Cat ( P:")yllufnia
(cid:31) From superior to inferior:
Thcnar blaropme
Zhcnar bcitamogy
Bhcnar blaccu
Mhcnar bralubidna
Chcnar blacivre
(P)evre nraluciru aroiretso
(cid:31) Alternatively: " PA gniss T hguorh Z rabizna By Motor C ("ra PA for Posterior A.)raluciru
Knowledge Level 1, System: Nervous
Stephan Sanders and Kris Downing Nottingham Medical School, UK and UCR/UCLA Biomedical Sciences Program, USA