A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson

606 Pages·2012·3.239 MB·English

by  Mitchell B. Lerner

A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson
BLACKWELL COMPANIONSTO AMERICAN HISTORY
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Published ACompaniontoThomasJefferson
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ACompaniontoRonaldReagan EditedbyKatherineA.S.Sibley
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A COMPANION TO
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
Edited by
Mitchell B. Lerner
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
ISBN9781444333893(hbk)
AcompaniontoLyndonB.Johnson/editedbyMitchellB.Lerner.
p.cm.– (Blackwellcompanionstoamericanhistory)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4443-3389-3(hardcover:alk.paper) 1. Johnson,LyndonB.(LyndonBaines),1908-1973.
2.Johnson,LyndonB.(LyndonBaines),1908-1973–Socialandpoliticalviews.3.UnitedStates–Politicsand
government–1963-1969.4. UnitedStates–Socialconditions–1960-1980.5. UnitedStates–Foreign
relations–1963-1969.6. VietnamWar,1961-1975.7. Presidents–UnitedStates–Biography. I.Lerner,
MitchellB.,1968-
E846.C592012
973.923092–dc23 2011023901
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDFs[ISBN9781444347463];WileyOnline
Library[ISBN9781444347494];ePub[ISBN9781444347470];Mobi[ISBN9781444347487]
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1 2012
Contents
Notes onContributors viii
Introduction 1
MitchellB. Lerner
Part I Pre-PresidentialYears 5
1 TheChanging South 7
Jeff Woods
2 LBJin the House and Senate 23
DonaldA. Ritchie
3 TheVice Presidency 38
MarcJ. Selverstone
Part II LyndonB.Johnson’s White House 57
4 Lady Bird Johnson 59
Lisa M. Burns
5 Management and Vision 76
Sean J.Savage
Part III Domestic Policy 91
6 TheWar on Poverty 93
Edward R. Schmitt
7 African-American Civil Rights 111
Kent B.Germany
8 Mexican Americans 132
Lorena Oropeza
vi CONTENTS
9 Women’s Issues 149
Susan M. Hartmann
10 Health Care 163
Larry DeWittand Edward D.Berkowitz
11 Environmental Policy 187
MartinV. Melosi
12 American Immigration Policy 210
Donna R. Gabaccia and Maddalena Marinari
13 LBJ and the Constitution 228
Robert David Johnson
14 The Urban Crisis 245
David Steigerwald
15 Education Reform 263
Lawrence J.McAndrews
16 DomesticInsurgencies 278
Doug Rossinow
17 LBJ and the Conservative Movement 295
Jeff Roche
Part IV: Vietnam 319
18 Decisionsfor War 321
Andrew Preston
19 Fighting the Vietnam War 336
Robert D. Schulzinger
20 The War at Home 350
Mary Ann Wynkoop
21 The War from the Other Side 367
Pierre Asselin
Part VBeyondVietnam 385
22 Latin America 387
Alan McPherson
23 Europe 406
ThomasAlan Schwartz
24 LBJ and the Cold War 420
John Dumbrell
25 The Middle East 439
Peter L. Hahn
CONTENTS vii
26 LBJand the New Global Challenges 450
MarkAtwood Lawrence
Part VI Final Reckonings 467
27 How Great was the Great Society? 469
Sidney M. Milkis
28 Lyndon B.Johnson and the World 487
NicholasEvan Sarantakes
29 The Legacy of Lyndon B.Johnson 504
Andrew L. Johns
Bibliography 521
Index 583
Notes on Contributors
Pierre Asselin is Associate Professor of lady media coverage in various journals
History at Hawaii Pacific University in and has been widely quoted in the local
Honolulu. He is the author of A Bitter andnationalmediaregardingcoverageof
Peace: Washington, Hanoi, and the Mak- women in politics.
ing of the Paris Agreement (2002);
LarryDeWittisapublichistorianatthe
“ChoosingPeace:HanoiandtheGeneva
U.S. Social Security Administration. A
Agreement on Vietnam, 1954–1955” in
recognizedauthorityonthehistoryofthe
Journal ofColdWarStudies(2007);and
SocialSecurityprogram,heistheauthor
“The Democratic Republic of Vietnam
of numerous articles and essays on the
andthe1954GenevaConference:ARe-
subjectandistheprincipaleditorofSocial
visionist Critique” in Cold War History
Security: ADocumentaryHistory.
(2011). His current book project exam-
inesHanoi’srevolutionarystrategyinthe John Dumbrell is Professor of Govern-
period 1954 to 1965. ment at Durham University, United
Kingdom.HeisagraduateofCambridge
Edward D. Berkowitz is Professor of andKeeleUniversities.Amonghisbooks
HistoryandPublicPolicyandPublicAd- are President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet
ministration at the George Washington Communism (2004: winner of the 2005
University.Hisbooksincludebiographies Richard E. Neustadt book prize for the
ofJohnson-erapolicy-makersRobertBall bestbookonanAmericanpoliticalsubject
and Wilbur Cohen and books on the by a UK-based author), A Special Rela-
welfarestate,disabilitypolicy,healthcare, tionship: Anglo-American Relations from
and the 1970s. His recent book is Mass the Cold War to Iraq (2006), and Clin-
Appeal:TheFormativeEraofMovies,Ra- ton’s Foreign Policy: Between the Bushes
dio, and Television (2011). (2009).Heiscurrentlyworkingonabook
for Palgrave/Macmillan to be entitled
Lisa M. Burns is Associate Professor of
Rethinking theVietnam War.
MediaStudiesatQuinnipiacUniversityin
Hamden, CT. She is the author of First Donna R. Gabaccia is the Rudolph J.
LadiesandtheFourthEstate:PressFram- Vecoli Chair in Immigration History
ingofPresidentialWives(2008).Shehas andDirectoroftheImmigrationHistory
also published scholarly articles on first Research Center at the University of
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix
Minnesota. She is author of many books Promise: A History of the United States
andarticlesonimmigrantlifeintheUnit- (4th edn., 2008).
ed States, on gender, class, and labor
AndrewL.JohnsisAssistantProfessorof
(recently, co-edited with Vicki Ruiz,
HistoryatBrighamYoungUniversityand
American Dreaming, Global Realities:
the David M. Kennedy Center for Inter-
Rethinking U.S. Immigration History,
national Studies. He is the author of
2006), and on Italian migration around
Vietnam’sSecondFront:DomesticPolitics,
the world (recently, co-edited with Lor-
the Republican Party, and the War
etta Baldassar, Intimacies across Borders:
(2010), co-editor, with Kathryn C. Sta-
The Italian Nation in a Mobile World,
tler, of The Eisenhower Administration,
2010).
the Third World, and the Globalization
Kent B. Germany isAssociate Professor of the Cold War (2006), and editor of
of History at the University of South A Companion to Ronald Reagan
Carolina.HeistheauthorofNewOrleans (forthcoming).
After the Promises: Poverty, Citizenship,
Robert David Johnson is Professor of
and the Search for the Great Society
History at Brooklyn College and the
(2007), editor of Lyndon B. Johnson and
CUNY Graduate Center. Two recent
CivilRights(2010),andco-editorofThe
books of his are All the Way with LBJ
KennedyAssassinationandtheTransferof
(2009) and Until Proven Innocent
Power (2005), Toward the Great Society
(2007, co-authored with Stuart Taylor).
(2007), and Mississippi Burning and the
Passageof the Civil Rights Act (2011). Mark Atwood Lawrence is Associate
Professor of History at the University of
PeterL.HahnisProfessorofHistoryand
TexasatAustin.HeisauthorofAssuming
DepartmentChairatOhioStateUniver-
the Burden: Europe and the American
sity.HeistheauthoroffivebooksonU.S.
Commitment to War in Vietnam (2005)
diplomacy in the Middle East, recently
and The Vietnam War: A Concise Inter-
MissionsAccomplished?:TheUnitedStates
nationalHistory(2008).Heisnowwork-
and Iraq since World War I (2011) and
ing on a study of U.S. policy-making
CrisisandCrossfire:TheUnitedStatesand
toward the developing world in the
the Middle East since 1945 (2005). Pro-
1960s.
fessorHahnisalsotheExecutiveDirector
oftheSocietyforHistoriansofAmerican MitchellLernerisAssociateProfessorof
ForeignRelations.HeearnedhisPh.D.at HistoryattheOhioStateUniversity.He
VanderbiltUniversityandhisB.A.summa is author of The Pueblo Incident: A Spy
cumlaude,atOhioWesleyanUniversity. ShipandtheFailureofAmericanForeign
Policy(2002),andeditorofLookingBack
SusanM.HartmannisArtsandHuman-
atLBJ(2005).HehasheldtheMaryBall
itiesDistinguishedProfessorofHistoryat
Washington Distinguished Fulbright
the Ohio State University. Her books
Chair at UC-Dublin, and been a fellow
include The Home Front and Beyond:
attheUniversityofVirginia’sMillerCen-
American Women in the 1940s (1982),
ter for Public Affairs.
From Margin to Mainstream: American
Women and Politics since 1960 (1989), Maddalena Marinari is an Assistant
and The Other Feminists: Activists in the ProfessorofU.S.historyatSt.Bonaven-
LiberalEstablishment(1998);andsheisa ture University and specializes in migra-
co-authorofthetextbook,TheAmerican tion and ethnic history. She is currently
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
revisingamanuscriptthatexplorestheim- tial Greatness (2000), co-authored with
pactofrestrictiveimmigrationpolicieson Marc Landy; The American Presidency:
Italian and Jewish communities in the Origins and Development, 1776–2011
United States from 1882 to 1965. She (6th edn., 2011), co-authored with Mi-
has presented her work at numerous na- chael Nelson; and TheodoreRoosevelt,the
tional conferences and received funding ProgressiveParty,andtheTransformation
from several national organizations for ofAmericanDemocracy(2009).Heisthe
herresearch. co-editor, with Jerome Mileur, of thee
volumes on twentieth-century political
Lawrence J. McAndrews is Professor
reform:ProgressivismandtheNewDemoc-
of History at St. Norbert College in
racy (1999); The New Deal and the Tri-
De Pere, WI. He is the author of Broken
umphofLiberalism(2002);andTheGreat
Ground: John F. Kennedy and the
Society and the High Tide of Liberalism
Politics of Education (1991) and The
(2005).
Era of Education: The Presidents and
the Schools, 1965–2001 (2006). LorenaOropezaisanAssociateProfessor
ofHistoryattheUniversityofCalifornia,
Alan McPherson is Associate Professor
Davis. She is the author of !Raza Sı´! !
of International and Area Studies and
GuerraNo!:ChicanoProtestandPatriot-
ConocoPhillips Chair in Latin American
ism duringthe Viet Nam War Era.
Studies at the University of Oklahoma.
He is the author of the prize-winning
Andrew Preston is Senior Lecturer in
Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-
History and a Fellow of Clare College at
LatinAmericanRelations(2003)andof
CambridgeUniversity.Inadditiontosev-
IntimateTies,BitterStruggles:TheUnited
eraljournalarticlesandbookchapters,he
States and Latin America since 1945 is the author of The War Council:
(2006).
McGeorgeBundy,theNSC,andVietnam
Martin V. Melosi received his Ph.D. (2006)andco-editor,withFredrikLoge-
from the University of Texas (1975). vall, of Nixon in the World: American
He is Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cul- Foreign Relations, 1969–1977 (2008).
len University Professor and Director of
Donald A. Ritchie is Historian of the
the Center for Public History at the
United States Senate. He has published
University of Houston. He has
numerous articles on American political
authored or edited 16 books and more
history and oral history, including “Oral
than 80 articles. He specializes in envi-
History in the Federal Government,”
ronmental, urban, and energy history.
which appeared in the Journal of Ameri-
Sidney M. Milkis is the White Burkett canHistory.HisrecentbooksareTheU.S.
Miller Professor of the Department of Congress: A Very Short Introduction
PoliticsandAssistantDirectorforStudies (2010), Electing FDR: The New Deal
in Democracy and Governance at the Campaign of 1932 (2007), and Doing
MillerCenterofPublicAffairsattheUni- Oral History: A Practical Guide (2nd
versityofVirginia.Hisbooksinclude:The edn., 2003). Other publications include
President and the Parties: The Transfor- TheSenate(1988)andPressGallery:Con-
mationoftheAmericanPartySystemsince gress and the Washington Correspondents
theNewDeal(1993);PoliticalPartiesand (1991). He also edits the Executive
Constitutional Government: Remaking Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations
American Democracy (1999); Presiden- Committee (Historical Series). A former