1095 - c. 1560

274 Pages·2009·13.12 MB·English

TIE IMPACT OF THE CRUSADING MOVEMENT IN SCOTLAND,
1095 1560
c.
-
THESIS
Presented for the Degree Doctor Philosophy
of of
in the University Edinburgh
of
by
ALAN DENIS MACQUIRRIE
1932
RQe
eo
ýý
190
i
A? -'TRACT OF THESIS A. D. ý-IACQUARRIE
--
The involvement Scots in the Crusades has never been
of
by historians Scotland the
in detail of or of
studied either
Crusades, but it is hoped that the present thesis will show
detailed study to be
such a worthwhile.
The is divided into three parts. Part One,
present study
"Scottish Participation in the Crusades", the
explores
took
individuals
participation of or groups of-Scots who part
in from the to fifteenth in
crusades eleventh centuries, and
the the It four
aftermath of crusades. consists of narrative
(numbered
1 to 4),
chapters each covering approximately a
the final into the
century, with chapter stretching sixteenth
down to the Reformation. Part Two, "Institutions
century and
Crusading Origins Connections", two
with or consists of
The first these (Chapter 5) is history the
chapters. of a of
development the Military Orders the Temple the
of of and
Hospital in Scotland, to the
with particular reference
the these orders
relationship of central organisations of with
their branches in Scotland. Chapter 6 discusses two
orders
had their in the the Canons
which origins crusading movement,
(who
Bethlehem had hospital St Germains in Tranent)
of a at
(who
the Trinitarians "for the Redemption Captives" had
and of
Scottish hospitals); the is the
a number of again, emphasis on
between the the Scottish branches.
relationship centre and
Part Three, "Attitudes to the Crusades in Scotland",
contains
This Scottish historical
a single chapter. explores writings,
describing the to if it is
examining passages crusades, see
to determine Scottish thought the
possible what writers about
crusading movement.
These by Introduction,
seven chapters are preceded an which
the lines in this
sets out main of argument pursued study,
discussion the
contains a of source material used, and explains
the limitations the They followed by
scope and of work. are
two Appendices. Appendix I contains edited texts of selected
documents, hitherto illustrative
mostly unpublished, of points
in the text. Appendix II is
raised a calendar of material
to Scotland in the Archives the Knights
relating preserved of
St. John, held in the National Library Malta.
of now of
ii
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis is
entirely my own work, and
that it has been in the form
no part of previously published
in it is here
which presented.
9ýý5/sz
1
iii
PREFACE
is
The
present work of research entirely original and my
No it has been in its
own work.. part of previously, published
form, but 1,2 have
present short sections of chapters and-4
been "The Crusades the Scottish
summarised-in my article and
Gaidhealtachd in Fact Legend" in The Middle Ages in the
and
(Inverness,
Highlands 1981),, the 3
and earlier part of chapter
formed the basis "The Ideal the Holy War in Scotland,
of of
(1982).
1296-1330",
-IR
Although the here is I
research presented my own, and am
for its deficiencies inaccuracies, it is
alone responsible.
and
duty to those had helped
a pleasant acknowledge who me with
information In I'must thank
and criticism. particular my,
Professors G. Donaldson G. W. S. Barrow,
supervisors, and who
have pointed me in many directions in I
which would not
have looked, have
otherwise and striven very hard to keep
inaccuracies to To them both
and omissions a minimum. -_ must
go much of the credit for whatever merit there is in the present
work.
Others have helped too to
who me are numerous mention all
by I be to few. At
name, so must content single out a
Edinburgh, I the Mr. E. J. Cowan
must acknowledge advice of
Dr. J. W. 14. Bannerman; to Glasgow,
and and since moving
Dr. John Durkan Dr. I. B. Cowan. Specific
and mention must
-
Sir Steven Runciman, Dr. A. T. Luttrell,
also-be made of
Dr. G. G. Simpson, the late Mgr. D. McRoberts, Mr. R. W. Munro
and Mr. Geoffrey Stell, have their
who all given generously of
time
and expertise on various points.
iv
The staffs of institutions and repos i tories have been
helpful. In Scotland, I have been by
assisted
unfailingly
the.. Edinburgh, Glasgow Aberdeen University
and
staffs of
Libraries, the National Library Scotland, the Scottish
of and
Record Office; in England, by the Cambridge University
staffs of
Library the British Library. Further I
and afield, must
the help the the Archives Nationales
acknowledge of staffs of
& Bibliotheeque Nationale in Paris; the Archives Departementales
de 1tAube in Troyes; the Bibliotheque, Municipale & Bibliotheque
des Facult6s Catholiques de l'Universite in Lille; the
Stadsarchief in Bruges; the National Library Malta in
and of
Valetta.
My have financial
parents provided generous support while
this has been in incalculable
work progress, and moral support of
The University Edinburgh kindly
value. of cushioned me against
the shock of gigantic fee increases in 1977 1978
and with a
generous waiver of the increase. The Röss Fund of Glasgow
University to to Malta in the
provided a grant enable me visit
1981. Mrs. Joan Sutton, has kindly
winter of my mother-in-law,
the burden typing this has done
relieved me of of work, and an
job forbearing
excellent while remaining cheerful and
throughout.
No one over the years has shown greater forbearance than,
Hazel. She has the typescript in its
my wife, read entirety
helpful improvements
and made many suggestions on of style and
it be
phraseology, without which would a poorer piece of work.
For that, but for her
more cheerfulness and patience, she
deserves
deepest thanks.
my
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
ii
Declaration
Preface
v
Table Conte
of nts
1
Introduction
Part I: Scottish Participation in the Crusades.
Chapter 1: The First Century the Crusades,
of
50
1095-1198
95
Chapter 2: Triumph Failure, 1198-1291
and
165
Chapter 3: The Last the Crusades, 1291-1410
of
Chapter 4: The Aftermath the Crusading Movement,
of
217
1410-c. 1560
Part II: Institutions Crusading Origins and
with
Connections in Scotland
Chapter 5: The Military Orders in Scotland,
270
1128-1564
6:
Chapter Other Institutions Crusading Origins
with
Connections in Scotland 334
and
Part III: Attitudes to the Crusades in Scotland
Chapter 7: Attitudes to the Crusades in Scottish
Historical Writings 372
Appendices
Appendix I: Selected Documents 409
Appendix II: Calendar Relating to Scotland 466
of-Material
in Malta
preserved
496
Bibliography
1
INTRODUCTION
I
1. The limitations of the present study.
scope and
The author's interest in the subject of the present
first
work was stimulated some years ago upon reading a short
by Professor A. A. M. Duncan in the Scottish Historical
note
Review, the description Scottish
commenting on of participants
1
in the first crusade by Guibert de Nogent. In it Professor
Duncan that to the by the Scots
commented assess role played
in that
the
venture would require a close analysis of sources.
If that for
for It
was so one crusade, why not all? might
first that the is
appear at sight subject an unpromising one
for due to the
research, relative sparseness of medieval
Scottish
the lack
source material and
of any previous
treatment of the subject. However, the fact that has
no-one
done it before,
or thought of doing it, does that
not mean
is tackling;
a subject not worth it is hoped that the
and
present study will be seen to have been
worthwhile.
Scottish historians in the have tended to
past regard
the level
Scottish
in the
of participation crusades as
negligible. A. 0. Anderson, for instance, found it impossible
to believe that Scots joined the first
crusade, and concluded
2
that the Scotti who did so must have been Irish. Flume
Broom in his History Scotland,
for
of which many years was
1. A. A. M. Duncan, "The Dress the Scots", SHR XXIX (1950)
of
210-12
2.
A. 0. Anderson, Early Sources Scottish
of History 500-1286
(Edinburgh,
1922), I, 98
2
the history
ignorant of
the text-book, was so of
standard
St. Bernard
that he of
the associated
crusading movement
3
have
His
Clairvaux the third crusade. writings now
with
the
text-book
The on
happily-been standard
superseded.
high Middle Ages in Scotland is now Professor Duncan's
but this devotes
Scotland: the Making the Kingdom; only
of
We
two to the Scottish crusaders. read
some pages subject of
there "marked lack for the recovery of
of a of enthusiasm
Jerusalem its fall in 1187"p that "the number-of
aftet and
known in the is large.... Their
participants crusades not
fewness isolation Scotsmen from the
suggests an of
junketings later thirteenth-century Europe"
cosmopolitan of
But Professor Duncan does take the subject sufficiently
to that the lack
seriously concede apparent of enthusiasm
"was the thirteenth the
modified as century progressed and
benefits the
spiritual of crusade were preached assiduously
5
by the
church".
It then, that is that Scottish
appears, received opinion
in the there have been
participation crusades was slight, and
few to this historians,
attempts contradict view.
-Some
based
with an anachronistic view on concepts of modern
(which
have little for kingdoms),
nationalism relevance medieval
have the "unpatriotic";
regarded crusades unfavourably as
Herkiess Hannay, in their Archbishops St. Andrews,
and of
(Cambridge,
3. P. Hume Brown, History Scotland 1911-29),
of
I, 74
4. A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: --The-Making-of the Kingdom
(Edinburgh,
1975), 446-7
5. ibid., 146
3
Patrick Graham that "though an obedient servant
comment about
Scot he
of the pope, he was an unpatriotic when agreed, as
6
Would these
Apostolic to levy. taxes for a crusade".
nuncio,
king for longing
Robert I
writers regard as an unpatriotic
for
to Sir James Douglas as unpatriotic
go on crusade, or
despite
biographer,
doing Even Douglas's modern
actually so?
his-apparently boundless for his hero, comments
admiration
that his "romantic, wasteful death would prove catastrophic
7
for Scotland". This ignores the value of Douglas's
attitude
in to Scotland, international
crusade,, restoring respectability,
for himself King Robert international
and winning and prestige
8
Modern historians tend to the in
and renown. view past
terms,
quantitative while medieval people were concerned, as
the their
often as not, with salvation of souls and with
they believed to be the God.
performing what will of.
Crusading in itself does benefits,
not convey any quantifiable
historians
such as wealth or national security; and-so some
(particularly
those the development
concerned with of
have found, it difficult to
nations) understand.
Some historians have for balanced
modern striven a more
based to the
view on a genuine, attempt understand medieval
Professor Ranald Nicholson, for instance,
mind. wrote some
that "nineteenth-century historians,
years ago and some of
6.
J. Herkiess R. B. Hannay, The Archbishops St. Andrews
and of
(Edinburgh, 66-7
1907), I,
7. I. M. Davis, The Black Douglas (London, 1974), 164
8. Cf. Chapter 3 below, 192-4
4
too to
the century as well, were all prone see
present
Robert Bruce.
in the Scotland
of
evidence of nationalism
they
Ignoring the thought in the medieval world,
climate of
paid little heed to such concepts as cosmopolitan chivalry,
in fourteenth-
which sometimes vied with nascent nationalism
9
Europe". Professor G. W. S. Barrow has expressed
century
in that "the Bruce
a similar view writing age of saw nothing
10
in in themselves".
especially sacred patriotism or nationalism
Such balanced Scottish
a view of medieval attitudes
take in European Few historians have
must a perspective.
done more to set jcotland within its European context than
the late Mgr. David McRoberts. His
pioneering essay,
in 1969, "Scottish Pilgrims to the holy Land"
published on
11
to historians hitherto
opened up new and unimagined vistas.
Mgr. McRoberts that "Life in Scotland
asserted medieval
be fully
cannot understood or appreciated without some
its foreign
Curiously,
assessment of contacts....
no-one
has to together the
attempted gather
records of pilgrim
traffic.... Our that Scotsmen
sources show clearly were as
to
much addicted pilgrimage as any other nation in
Christendom". Mgr. McRoberts
was concerned with pilgrimage
rather than crusade, and commented that "in treating of the
Holy Land it is to distinguish between
pilgrims, not easy "`'
9.
R. Nicholson, "Magna Carta the Declaration Arbroath".
and of
University Edinburgh Journal IXII (1965-6), 140-44 142
of at
10. G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce (2nd Edinburgh, 1976), 348-9
edn
11. D. McRoberts, "Scottish Pilgrims to the Holy Land", IR
(1969),
xx 80-106