Troy between Greece and Rome

323 Pages·2006·3.4 MB·English

by  Erskine, Andrew

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Troy between
Greece and Rome
Local Tradition and Imperial Power
ANDREW ERSKINE
1
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3
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© Andrew Erskine 2001
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Erskine, Andrew.
Troy between Greece and Rome: local tradition and imperial power / Andrew Erskine.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Troy (Extinct city) 2. Trojan War. 3. Rome—History—To 510 B.C.4.
Rome—Civilization—Greek influences. 5. Mythology, Roman.
6. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C. I. Title: Troy between Greece & Rome. II. Title.
DF221.T8 E77 2001
939'.21—dc21 2001021925
ISBN 0-19-924033-7
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King’s Lynn
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Preface
This book is an accident. I had intended to write a book on Greek
perceptions of the Romans, but somehow never got beyond the
first chapter. Many debts have been incurred along the way.
Much of it was written while I was a Humboldt Fellow at the
Institut für Alte Geschichte in Munich. I am particularly grateful
to my host, Hatto H. Schmitt, not only for his hospitality but also
for his willingness to read and discuss my work. I have been lucky
that so many have generously given up time to read all or part of
the manuscript in its various incarnations, Paul Cartledge, Tim
Cornell, Oliver Dany, Peter Derow, Martin Goodman, Dieter
Hertel, Michael Lloyd, Keith Sidwell, Theresa Urbainczyk, and
the still anonymous referees. Others too have helped with advice
and conversation, Kai Brodersen, Tom Harrison, Peter Heslin,
Llewelyn Morgan, and Manuel Schulte. My thanks are also due
to Manfred Korfmann for giving me a tour of the Troad, to Brian
Rose for taking me round Hellenistic Ilion, to Chris Hallett and
Bert Smith for showing me the Sebasteion reliefs at Aphrodisias
and to Christina Haywood, Ciarán Egan, and David Jennings for
providing the maps. In the early stages George Forrest was there
with his unerring ability to ask the necessary questions.
Underlying any formal list of acknowledgements are memories
and associations, walking to Andechs, espresso coffee, the desks
in the Institut für Klassiche Archäologie, West Stow, an invisible
billiard-table, numerous Dublin restaurants, Coldharbour Lane,
all relevant in some indefinable way.
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Contents
List of Maps xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
1. Myth and Local Tradition 2
2. Greeks, Trojans, and Barbarians 6
Part I: Rome
1. The Recovery of Trojan Rome 15
1. Troy and the Iulii 17
2. The Myth before the Iulii: Neutral Citations? 23
3. Republican Survivors: The Inside Story 30
4. The Myth in Context 37
Part II: Greece
2. Homer and the Archaic Age 47
1. The Importance of Homer 48
2. Barbarian Trojans in the Iliad? 51
3. Enemies of the Greeks? 54
4. Other Archaic Representations 57
3. The Persian Wars and the Denigration of the
Trojans 61
1. Aigina, the Aiakids, and Salamis 62
2. Athens and the Delian League 68
3. Drama and Characterization 73
4. Athenian Ambivalence 77
5. Herodotos and the ‘Persian’ Version 83
6. Change and Context 87
7. Consequences 90
ix
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Contents
4. Trojan Past and Present 93
1. Aineia 93
2. The Troad and Neighbouring Regions 98
3. The Mainland 112
4. Conclusion 126
Part III: Between Greece and Rome
5. Troy and the Western Greeks 131
1. The Wanderer 131
2. The Trojan Wanderer 135
3. The Wanderer and Local Tradition 139
4. The Trojan Myth in Latium 143
5. Scholars and Antiquarians 148
6. Pyrrhos, Troy, and Rome: An Interlude 157
7. Greek States and Roman Relatives 162
1. Kinship Diplomacy in the Hellenistic World 163
2. Kinship with Rome 168
3. Distant Relatives and Family Friends 185
4. The Limits of Kinship 195
8. Old Gods, New Homes 198
1. Venus Erycina 198
2. Magna Mater Comes to Town 205
3. Attalos, Troy, and the Magna Mater 219
4. Conclusion 224
9. Ilion between Greece and Rome 225
1. Ilion and the Great Powers 226
2. The Romans at Ilion 234
3. Troy Falls Again: Fimbria and Sulla 237
4. Ilion under the Caesars: Romana Pergama surgent 245
Epilogue 254
References 259
Index 285
x
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Maps
The Troad 99
Italy and Sicily 132
xi
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Ancient Authors: Abbreviations and Glossary
Dates, often only approximate, are taken from OCD3. For con-
venience Greek names appear here in their traditional latinized
form, although in the book itself I have chosen to transliterate
Greek names rather than latinize them.
Aelian Aelian ( 165/70–230/5).
NA De natura animalium (On the Nature of
Animals).
VH Varia Historia.
Aesch. Aeschylus (?525/4–456/5 ),
Athenian tragedian.
Ag. Agamemnon.
Pers. Persians.
Aeschin. Aeschines (c.397–c.322 ), Athenian
orator.
In Ctes. Against Ctesiphon.
In Tim. Against Timarchus.
[Aeschin.] Epist. Epistulae (Letters).
Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus (c.  330–95),
historian.
Ampelius Ampelius (3rd–4th cent. ), Liber
memorialis.
Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina (Palatine Anthology).
Apoll. Rhod. Apollonius Rhodius (3rd cent. ),
poet.
Arg. Argonautica.
Apollod. Apollodorus, mythographer.
Bibl. Bibliotheca.
Epit. Epitome.
App. Appian (2nd cent.), Greek historian.
BC Bella civilia (Civil Wars).
Hann. !nniba∫k& (Hannibalic War).
Mith. Miqrid3teioß (Mithridatic Wars).
Sam. Saunitik& (Samnite Wars), fragmentary.
Sic. Sikelik& (Sicilian Wars), fragmentary.
Syr. Suriak& (Syrian Wars).
xiii
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List of Abbreviations
Arist. Aristotle (384–322 ), Greek
philosopher.
Eth. Nic. Nicomachean Ethics.
Poet. Poetics.
Pol. Politics.
[Arist.] Ath. Pol. !qhna≤wn polite≤a (Constitution of the
Athenians).
Mir. ausc. De mirabilibus auscultationibus. (On
Marvellous Reports).
Pepl. Peplus, frag. 640 in V. Rose (ed.).
Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta.
Leipzig 1886.
Arnob. Arnobius (late 2nd–early 3rd cent. ),
Christian, Adversus nationes.
Arr. Arrian (c.  86–160), Greek historian.
Anab. Anabasis.
Tact. Tactica.
Athen. Athenaeus (c.  200), The
Deipnosophists, learned conversation at
dinner.
Athenagoras Athenagoras (2nd cent. ), Christian
apologist.
Leg. Legatio pro Christianis.
August. Augustine ( 354–430).
De civ. D. De civitate Dei (The City of God).
[Aur. Vict.] De vir. ill. [Aurelius Victor], De viri illustribus
(On Famous Men).
Caes. Caesar, C. Iulius Caesar (100–44
).
BC Bellum Civile (The Civil War).
[Caes.] Alex. Bellum Alexandrinum (The Alexandrian
War).
Cato Cato the Elder, M. Porcius Cato
(234–149 ).
Orig. Origins (ed. M. Chassignet, Paris 1986).
Catull. Catullus (c.84–c.54 ), Latin poet.
Cic. Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero (106–43 ).
Arch. Pro Archia.
Att. Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus).
Balb. Pro Balbo.
xiv
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List of Abbreviations
Brut. Brutus.
Cael. Pro Caelio.
Cat. In Catilinum.
De or. De oratore (On the Orator).
Div De divinatione (On Divination).
Fam. Epistulae ad familiares (Letters to Friends).
Fat. De fato (On Fate).
Fin. De finibus (On Ends).
Flac. Pro Flacco.
Har. resp. De haruspicum responso (On the Reply of the
Soothsayers).
Leg. De legibus (On Laws).
Mur. Pro Murena.
Nat. D. De natura deorum (On the Nature of the
Gods).
Off. De officiis (On Duties).
Phil. Philippics.
Rep. De republica (On the Republic).
Rosc. Am. Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino.
Sen. De senectute (On Old Age).
Tusc. Tusculan Disputations.
Vat. In Vatinium.
IIVerr. In Verrem (Verrines), Actio secunda.
[Cic.] Rhet. ad Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium.
Claudian Claudian (c.370–c.404), poet.
Laud. Ser. De laudibus Serenae reginae.
Dem. Demosthenes (384–322 ), Athenian
orator.
Dig. Digesta, legal text, 6th cent. .
Dio Cassius Dio (c.  164– after 229),
Greek, Roman History.
Dio Chrys. Dio Chrysostom (c.  40/50– after
110), Greek orator and philosopher.
Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. ), Sicilian
author of a world history.
Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius (probably early 3rd
cent. ), Lives of the Philosophers.
Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (later 1st
cent. ).
Ant. Rom. Roman Antiquities.
xv