the oriental institute of the university of chicago studies in ancient oriental civilization * no. 42

272 Pages·2009·12.15 MB·English

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THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO. 42
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THE ROAD TO KADESH
A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION
OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I
AT KARNAK
BY WILLIAM J. MURNANE
Internet publication of this work was made possible with the
generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber
THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO. 42
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO* CHICAGO * ILLINOIS
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-62072
ISBN: 0-918986-43-5
ISSN: 0081-7554
The Oriental Institute, Chicago
c. 1985 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved
Published 1985. Printed in the United States of America.
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for
K J R
to whose friendship and generosity
this book and its author
owe so much
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE. ix
. . . . .
ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . xiii
I. EGYPT'S RELATIONS WITH HATTI, FROM THE AMARNA
PERIOD DOWN TO THE OPENING OF SETY I's REIGN 1
THE SELF-SERVING VASSAL STATES OF SYRIA . . . 3
THE AFFAIR OF THE EGYPTIAN QUEEN . . 24
.
EARLY TREATIES BETWEEN EGYPT AND HATTI . . . 41
II. SETY I'S EARLY WARS IN WESTERN ASIA . . . . . . 53
55
THESHASU WARA...............
WAR(S) IN PALESTINE AND SYRIA . . . . . . . . 59
THE EARLIEST WARS IN THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. 65
III. THE LATER WARS OF SETY I . . . . . ........ 77
THE AMURRU-KADESH CAMPAIGN. . . . . . . . . . 80
THE HITTITE WAR * .............. 91
SUMMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
APPENDIX 1 TWO STELAE AND THE DATING OF SETY'S FIRST
CAMPAIGN ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 107
APPENDIX 2 MOVEMENTS OF ARMIES AND TIMINGS OF TRAVEL
IN EGYPT AND THE LEVANT. . . . . . . . . . 145
APPENDIX 3 THE LIBYAN AND NUBIAN CAMPAIGNS. . . . . . 151
APPENDIX 4 THE KING OF CARCHEMISH IN SETY I'S BATTLE
RELIEFS? 157
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 5 THE MYSTERIOUS MEkIY. . . . . . . . . . . . 163
APPENDIX 6 SYRIA IN THE AMARNA AGE: PROBLEMS AND
177
PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OUTLINE OF EVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Hittites in Syria through
Shuppiluliuma's Great Syrian Campaign . 178
The Rise of the State of Amurru. . . . . . 183
vii
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Aziru and the Other Princes of Syria
between Egypt and Hatti . . . . " . . 188
The Consolidation of the Hittite Empire in
Northern Syria . . . . . ....... 119926
THE CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK . ." . . " . .
The STATUS OF KADESH AND AMURRU. . . . . . 233
Index. . " " " " . . . " 4
250
Maip 1. Hatti, Mitanni and the Syrian Vassals. . . . .
M..p 2. Palestine and the Gaza Strip . , . " . . . . . 251
S3. Egypt and Nubia during the Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Dynasties. . . . . . " . . . . . . 252
vi ii
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PREFACE
A draft of this study was first written as a chapter of
historical commentary, to accompany the Epigraphic Survey's
publication of the battle reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak.
As I worked on this project, however, I came to realize that
the material demanded a more detailed treatment than that
which I had originally planned. The wars of Sety I, after
all, are but one episode in the long process of adjustment
between the Egyptian and Hittite empires which would
culminate, first in the Battle of Kadesh, then with the
treaty enacted during Ramesses II's twenty-first regnal
year. Proper understanding of this one stage of the
conflict involves a host of other issues, many of them
remote from the war monument at Karnak and even from Sety's
own reign. The chapter was rewritten several times, with
progressively more cumbersome footnotes, until finally, in
the summer of 1983, it was completely reconceived and
rewritten as a monograph. Many of the conclusions reached
here are based on the documentation published in Chicago,
Reliefs IV; and this book is still, to a great extent, a
companion volume to that publication. But my primary aim
has been to explore the significance of Sety I's wars, not
only in his own time, but as part of the pattern of
ix
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THE ROAD TO KADESH
Egyptian-Hittite relations which had been evolving since the
twilight years of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Many other
scholars have worked on these problems before me. They will
find their work reflected in my own, not always with full
agreement, but with constant and sincere gratitude.
I am happy to thank my colleagues, Egyptologists at the
Oriental Institute (Chicago) and at Chicago House
(Luxor)--in alphabetical order, Klaus Baer, Lanny Bell,
Janet H. Johnson, Charles C. Van Siclen III, Edward F.
Wente, and Frank J. Yurco--for reading the manuscript,
entire or in part, and for offering their criticism. I am
also grateful to Professor Alan R. Schulman (Queens College,
Flushing, New York) and Dr. Rolf Krauss (Agyptisches Museum,
Berlin), both of whom read parts of the text with useful
results. A special debt of thanks goes to all those
scholars at the Oriental Institute in Chicago who graciously
gave of their time and expertise with the Akkadian, Hittite
and Hurrian sources: once again in alphabetical order, I am
indebted to Richard Beal, Gary Beckman, Robert Biggs, Gene
Gragg, Hans G. GOterbock, Silvin Kodak, JoAnn Scurlock, and
Wilfrid Von Soldt for their advice. I am especially
grateful to Professor William L. Moran (Harvard University),
who took time away from his own translation of the Amarna
Letters to read my sixth appendix. The published text