The identity and distribution of efferia plena (Hine) and E. nemoralis (Hine) (Diptera: Asilidae)

2007·7.9 MB·

by  Jeffrey K Barnes

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(1), 2007. pp. 208-222
THE IDENTITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF EFFERIA PLENA (HINE) AND
E. NEMORALIS (HINE) (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)
Jeffrey K. Barnes
The Arthropod Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701-1201, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected])
—
Abstract. Efferiu plena (Hine) and E. nemoralis (Hine) from the eastern and
south-central United States are redescribed and illustrated. These members of the
Efferia staniinea species group are similar in appearance, and specimens of E. plena
often have been misidentified as E. nemoralis. Several characters for reliable
identification of males are offered. The distributions of the species are mapped. A
lectotype is designated from the syntype series of Erax nemoralis Hine.
Key Words: Diptera, robber fly, Asilidae, Efferia., Erax, Pogoniefferia, Pogonioef-
feria, Nearctic
Efferia, with about 110 species recog- species groups, based largely on wing
nized in the United States (Poole 1996) characteristics.
and more than 110 species in the more American species were assigned to
southern reaches of the Americas (Mar- Erax until Martin (1961) showed that
tin and Papavero 1970), is one of the Macquart should have erected a new
largest genera of Asilidae in the New genus for the American species. He
World. Coquillett (1893) erected the recognized that Efferia is the first generic
genus to receive a small group of North name available for the North and South
American species previously referred to American species. Hull (1962), apparent-
the old Palearctic genus Erax Scopoli, ly unaware of Martin's (1961) work,
while leaving other North American stated that the New World species only
species in that Old World genus. He superficially resemble the Old World
subsequently (Coquillett 1910) designat- Erax species and proposed the new genus
ed E. Candida Coquillett as type species Nerax to receive the majority of Amer-
of his new North American genus. ican species, while reserving Efferia for
Assignment of Western Hemisphere the species incl—uded in Hine's Erax
robber flies to Erax began with Mac- anomalus group the species in which
quart (1838) and continued for a long the recurrent branch of vein R4 joins
period. He assigned 29 species, most of R2+3 rather than ending blindly in cell
them American, to the genus. Williston r2+3. Martin (1965) soon synomymized
(1891) listed 74 species from South Nerax under Efferia. In his revision of
America. In his Erax revision, Hine the North American species, Wilcox
(1919) recognized 76 valid North Amer- (1966) followed Martin's (1961, 1965)
ican species of Erax sensu Macquart, interpretation of the genus Efferia and
and he placed them in eight informal nine's (1919) species group classifica-
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 209
tion. He described 30 new species and On closer examination, it was found that
recognized a total of 100 species in North males of the two species differ in the
America north of Mexico. color pattern of the third abdominal
Artigas and Papavero (1997) divided tergite and in the form ofthe gonocoxite
Efferia. They continued to recognize the and the apex of the epandrium.
genera Diplosynapsis Enderlein and Por- Hine (1911) described Erax nemoralis
asilus Curran, removed Nerax from from several specimens, both male and
synonymy, reserved Efferia for cmorn- female, collected at New Roads, Pointe
o/a-group species, and described the five Coupee Parish, Lousiana, on July 15,
new genera Albibarbefferia, Aridefferia, 1905. Bromley (1951) described Erax
Carinefferia, Pogoniefferia, and Tubercii- monki from a male holotype collected
lefferia to receive other species. (Artigas at Donna, Hidalgo County, Texas, on
and Papavero (1997) used the spelling October 1, 1933. He distinguished it
Pogoniefferia most frequently, but they from E. nemoralis by its smaller size,
apparently misspelled it as Pogonioef- more slender build, hyaline wings, white
feria in one instance; the former spelling mystax and beard, darker legs, and more
is here selected as correct.) These genera rounded male genitalia. Wilcox (1966)
are nearly identical to Hine's (1919) did not study specimens of E. monki
species groups, based on superficial before publishing his work on North
differences in setation and wing venation American Efferia. He merely quoted
that can vary among individuals of the Bromley's description, and did the best
same species. Although the latest catalog he could in constructing the keys. Brom-
of robber fly genera recognizes all of the ley (1951) indicated that the holotype
Artigas and Papavero genera (Geller- was in the American Museum ofNatural
Grimm 2003), it is perhaps better to treat History, but thorough searches of that
them as synonyms of Efferia until in museum, the National Museum of Nat-
depth phylogenetic analysis provides ural History, the California Academy of
A&M
additional data upon which to base Sciences, the Texas University
a conclusion. Insect Collection, and several other
New species of Efferia are still being museums and collections have failed to
recognized and described in western produce any type specimens ofE. monki.
North America (Bullington and Lavigne A syntype series of E. nemoralis and the
1984; Forbes 1987, 1988), but it is rare to holotype of E. plana were located in the
find new species in the East. While Charles A. Triplehorn Insect Collection,
surveying the robber flies of the south- Ohio State University. I now regard E.
central United States, it became evident monkias a species inquirenda, ofdoubtful
that trays of Efferia nemoralis (Hine) at identity and needing further investiga-
the University of Arkansas Arthropod tion. The holotype and some other
Museum and other collections actually specimens were collected in the Gulf
contained two species. Differences in Coastal region late in the season, sug-
coloration of the vestiture of the mystax gesting that it might bejunior a synonym
and legs initially suggested the presence of E. nemoralis.
oftwo species. A specimen with a mystax Study of the genitalia of the E. plena
that is interpreted as being "yellow or holotype and E. nemoralis lectotype,
yellowish" keys to E. nemoralis, and designated herein, has led me to the
a specimen with a mystax that is inter- conclusion that specimens of E. plena
preted as being white keys to E. monki have often been misidentified as E.
(Bromley) in Wilcox's (1966) seminal nemoralis and placed in trays with
monograph on North American Efferia. properly identified E. nemoralis. For this
)
210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
reason, E. plena was recorded from only veins R4 and R5 is located basad to the
Kansas and Oklahoma by Martin and level of the basal section of vein Mt
Wilcox (1965) in their catalog of North (apex of cell d), and the male abdomen
American robber flies, and its wide- has several silvery pollinose segments
spread occurrence in Arkansas was not with long, parted, white hairs. Within
recognized (Scarbrough 1972, Whitcomb the staminea group, they are segregated
and Bell 1964). Hine (1916) described from many other species by the black
Erax plenus from a male holotype femora and white or yellow mystax. Both
collected in Douglas County, Kansas. Efferiaplena and Efferia nemoralis occur
No date was given. That specimen and widely in Arkansas, where the former
several others studied by Hine have species is apparently most abundant in
a light colored abdominal tergite 7. One June, and the latter species is most
specimen from Onaga, Pottawatomie abundant in July and August. Efferia
County, Kansas has a dark colored plena has a wide distribution from Mary-
tergite 7, but Hine (1916) dismissed this land and North Carolina in the East to
condition as intraspecific variation. Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas in the
However, Wilcox (1966) admitted to no Midwest. Efferia nemoralis is strictly
variation, and he identified only speci- a south-central species, occurring also
mens with a "silvery pollinose" segment in Mississippi, Louisiana, northeastern
7 as Efferia plena. Most specimens of E. Texas, and southeastern Oklahoma. The
plena that I have seen have a dark- ranges of the two species overlap in
colored tergite 7, and they are identified Arkansas and Mississippi. Several char-
as E. nemoralis when using Wilcox's acters for reliable identification ofmales
(1966) key. are described. No reliable characters
In his revision ofthe genus Erax, Hine have been found separating the females
(1919) separated male E. plena from male of the two species.
E. nemoralis by the color pattern of
abdominal tergites 1-3. The holotype of Materials and Methods
E. plena has the first three abdominal
segments dark, mostly with black hair Terminology largely follows that found
above (Fig. 1). That species is thus in the ManualofNearctic Diptera (McAl-
distinguished from E. nemoralis, which pine 1981, Wood 1981). Antennomere to
Hine describes as having male abdominal scape ratios were formulated by dividing
segments 1-2 and a basal triangle of the length of each antennomere by the
segment 3 dark and largely clothed with length ofthe first antennomere (the scape)
black hair, but the apex of3 is white and and then listing the numbers in order.
covered with long white hair parted in Specimens from the following collec-
the middle and directed outward tions were studied: Colorado State Uni-
(Fig. 4A). Unfortunately, there is a great versity, Department of Bioagricultural
deal of variation in the color pattern of Sciences and Pest Management, C. P.
abdominal tergite 3 of E. plena speci- Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversi-
mens, with many showing a well de- ty, Ft. Collins (CSUC); Mississippi State
veloped white posterior band and long, University, Mississippi Entomological
white parted hairs (Fig. 2). Even the Museum, Mississippi State (MEMU);
holotype has some posterolateral white National Museum of Natural History,
areas and some long, white hairs (Fig. 1 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.
Efferiaplena and Efferia nemoralis are C. (USNM); Charles A. Triplehorn In-
members of Hine's (1919) staminea sect Collection, Ohio State University,
group of species. The junction of wing Columbus (OSUC); Oklahoma State
—
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 211
Fig. 1. Efferiaplena, holotype abdomen, dorsal view showing abdominal tergites 3 and 7.
University, K. C. Emerson Museum, - Abdominal tergite 3 shining dark brown to
Stillwater (OSEC); Kansas State Univer- black dorsally on anterior half, almost
hsiatty,taDne(pKarStUmCe)n;tToefxaEsntAom&oloMgy,UniMvaenr-- ds(iFelivvgoe.iryd4Apo)of;lblilenaopcskaensdbetraaineu,dmwVi-twnhiotbthrcohaeddde,eapptosmtiaedprliiiocnrae,l
sity Insect Collection, College Station notch,asin Fig. 4B; gonocoxitewithposter-
(TAMU); University of Arkansas Ar- oventral lobe narrow, more or less parallel-
thropod Museum, Fayetteville (UAAM); sided; apex surpassing that of anterodorsal
University of Kansas Natural History lobe;gonostyluslong, surpassinggonocoxite
by distance approximating length of apical
Museum, Snow Entomological Collec-
gonocoxitelobes(Fig. 4C);aedeagussharply
tions, Lawrence (SEMC); University of hooked and somewhat sigmoid basally
Michigan Museum of Zoology, Insect (Fig. 4D) Efferia nernoralis (Hine)
Division, Ann Arbor (UMMZ); Univer-
sity of Missouri, Department of Ento- Efferia plena (Hine)
mology, Wilbur R. Enns Entomology (Figs. 1-3)
Museum, Columbia (UMEE). Erax plenus Hine 1916: 21; Hine 1919:
148.
Systematics
Efferiaplena: Wilcox 1966: 214.
Pogoniefferia plena: Artigas and Papa-
Keyto adult males
vero 1997: 73.
Both E. plena and E. nernoralis key to mm
Male. Body length: 19.4-28.6
coofuptlheet 9stianmWiinlecaox'grso(u1p9.66)Thkeeyy tcoamnalebse (mean ± S.D.: 23.0 ± 1.8; N = 63).
Head: Width 1.5 times eye height.
separated as follows:
Face golden tomentose, with large gib-
1. Abdominal tergite 3 mostly shining black bosity about as deep as length of scape
or dark brown dorsally and bearing many extending nearly two-thirds of distance
black setae (Fig. 2A); epandrium with from oral margin to antennal bases.
shallow apical notch, as in Fig. 2B; gono-
coxite with posteroventral lobe broad Mystax consisting of long pale yellow
basally, tapered to rounded apex; apex to deep golden yellow bristles covering
not surpassing that of anterodorsal lobe; entire facial gibbosity, sometimes with 1-
gonostylus short, not surpassing gonocox- 4 black bristles in ventolateral corners.
ite by distance approximating length of Gena brown, thinly golden pollinose.
apicalgonocoxitelobes(Fig. 2C); aedeagus
Frons brown, subshining medially, gold-
smoothly rounded basally (Fig. 2-
D) Efferiaplena (Hine) en pollinose laterally, with 3-5 long
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
2i;
black bristles and patch of many black, each divided by narrow line of pollen
shorter, hairlike setae laterally. Vertex, along transverse suture, and pair of
including ocellar tubercle, golden polli- thinly pollinose, central, brown vittae
nose. Ocellar tubercle bearing 2-4 long, extending from pronotum to region just
strong, black bristles and several weaker posterior to transverse suture, pair sep-
ones. Postcranium white tomentose. arated by narrow line of golden pollen
Dorsal postocular setae black; lateral along niid-dorsal line ofscutum. Postalar
postocular setae pale yellow. Lower callus densely golden pollinose, covered
occiput, postgena, and base of labium with short black setae and 3 6 long,
with dense vestiture of long, slender, strong black bristles. Scutellum convex,
golden plumose hairs. Proboscis black; brown, golden pollinose, with 6-12
palpus black, usually with black setae strong, long, erect, black marginal bristles
dorsally and apically, golden setae ven- and many short black setae on disc.
trally near base. Antenna, including Mediotergite brown, thinly golden polli-
mm
style, 2.0-2.5 long, brown; scape nose; anatergite gray pollinose; katater-
setose dorsally, laterally, and ventrally, gite gray pollinose, with dense fan oflong
with setae usually black dorsally, often black and golden bristles. All mesopleural
golden yellow laterally and ventrally; sclerites brown, golden pollinose. Anepis-
pedicel setose apically; first fiagellomere ternum with long, fine, golden to dark
attenuate; antennomere to scape ratios brown, apically-crinkled hairs along an-
1.0-0.5-1.0-1.5. terior, dorsal and posterior margins;
Thorax: Cervical sclerites brown, anterior and dorsal hairs erect; posterior
sparsely golden pollinose, covered with hairs reclinate. Anterior basalare brown,
long, pale, plumose hairs. Pronotum thinly pollinose, with long, fine, black,
sparsely golden pollinose, covered with apically-crinkled hairs along anterior
sparse pile of long, slender pale and margin; posterior brown, thickly golden
black hairs; antepronotum with trans- pollinose. Katepisternum with long, fine,
verse row of about 6-11 black bristles; black, apically-crinkled hairs posterodor-
postpronotal lobe brown, densely golden sally. Anepimeron with few long, fine,
pollinose, covered with short, black, black or pale, apically-crinkled hairs
erect to reclinate setae. Propleuron posteriodaorsally. Katepimeron and
brown, golden pollinose, with vestiture meron lacking setae or hairs. Basal
of long, declinate, plumose white hairs swelling of pleural wing process golden
on anterior portion of proepisternum; pollinose. Subalar sclerite brown. Mete-
declinate golden hairs on posterior por- pisternum golden pollinose, covered with
tion of proepisternum; and reclinate several long, fine, black or pale, apically-
golden to brown hairs on proepimeron. crinkled hairs and dense crescentic patch
Scutum brown in ground color, covered of short brown hairs posteroventrally.
throughout with vestiture of short or Metepimeron gray pollinose, with very
long, black, erect or slightly reclinate fine, apically-crinkled, erect golden hairs.
setae; postsutural hairs and setae longer Legs: Coxae brown in ground color,
than presutural hairs and setae; lateral golden pollinose; forecoxa densely cov-
margin of scutum, in addition to several ered with long, golden, declinate bristles
weaker black setae, with 3-4 strong, anteriorly; midcoxa with long, golden,
black presutural setae and 1-3 strong, declinate bristles anteroventrally and
black postsutural, supra-alar setae; scu- some stronger golden bristles laterally;
tum mostly covered with dense golden hind coxa with fine, long, apically-
pollen except for pair of broad, postero- crinkled, pale hairs anterolaterally and
lateral, thinly pollinose or bare patches. posteriorly, and about 3 long black to
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 213
Fig. 2. Efferiaplena, male. A, Tergites 3-5, left to right (Arkansas: Craighead Co., near Jonesboro).
B-D, Male genitalia (Arkansas: Benton Co., Siloam Springs, Chesney Prairie Natural Area). B,
Epandrium, rightlateralview. C, Gonocoxiteandgonostylus, right lateralview. D,Aedeagus, rightlateral
view. Abbreviations: adl, anterodorsal lobe of gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; pvl, posteroventral lobe
ofgonocoxite.
pale bristles posterolaterally. Femora 4-5 stout, black bristles and 2-3 stout,
dark brown to black, subshining. Fore- black bristles on basal half of anterior
femur lacking stout bristles, with many face. Hind femur with many short golden
long, black hairlike setae dorsally, ante- setae anterodorsally on basal three-
riorly, and ventroapically, and with fourths; many long, dark, apically-crin-
many long, golden, hairlike setae poster- kled, hairlike setae posteroventrally; ven-
iorly and ventrally near base, these tral row of 7-9 stout black bristles; and
ventral setae much longer than others. anterior row of 2-3 stout black bristles.
Midfemur similar to forefemur, but with Tibiae reddish brown, darkened at api-
anteroventral and posteroventral rows of ces. Foretibia with many long, golden,
214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
apically-crinkled, hairlike setae poster- hairlike setae; posterior band narrow,
oventrally; dense brush of short, fine, with setae parted at midline, falling over
golden hairs anteroventrally; rows of sides of tergite. Tergite 4 (Fig. 2A)
stout, black bristles anterodorsally and almost entirely silvery pollinose; devoid
posterodorsally; and circle of several ofblack; covered with many long, white,
stout, black bristles at apex. Midtibia apically-crinkled, hairlike setae parted at
with many long, golden, apically-crin- midline and falling over sides of tergite.
kled, hairlike setae ventrally; row of4-6 Tergites 5 (Fig. 2A) and 6 almost entirely
stout black bristles posterodorsally; and silvery pollinose; devoid of black setae
circle of several stout, black bristles at and covered with many short, fine, white
apex. Hind tibia with many long, golden, setae parted at midline and falling over
apically-crinkled, hairlike setae ventrally; sides of tergite. Tergite 7 (Fig. 1) some-
dense elongate patch of short golden times silvery pollinose, but usually large-
setae posterodorsally; and stout black ly shining brown except for silvery to
bristles as follows: 1 anterodorsally and 1 grayish brown pollinose anterior V-
posterodorsally near base, 1-2 antero- shaped area and narrow lateral band;
dorsally at about midlength, 1 anteriorly covered with many short, fine, recum-
at about apical fourth, 2 anteroventrally bent, posteriorly directed, black setae.
along apical third, and 5 circling apex Sternites 1-3 grayish brown pollinose,
except posterodorsally. Tarsi uniformly except for narrow, silvery pollinose
brown; length of first tarsomere about posterior marginal band on sternite 3.
1.0-1.3 times length of second and third Sternites 4-7 silvery pollinose. Sternites
combined. All claws black with brown 1-4 covered with many long, white,
base. All pulvilli pale yellow. apically-crinkled, hairlike setae; sternites
mm
Wing: 11.6-18.0 long (mean ± 5-7 with shorter, white, hairlike setae.
S.D.: 14.5 ± 1.4; N = 63). Very lightly Sternite 8 shining brown, with narrow
infuscated, nearly hyaline; sometimes posterior band of long, slender, black
more heavily infuscated in subcostal cell. bristles directed posteriorly.
Halter with stem yellow, knob often Epandrium with shallow apical notch,
darker. as in Fig. 2B. Gonocoxite with poster-
Abdomen: Tergites dark brown to oventral lobe broad basally, tapered to
black in ground color. Tergite 1 brown rounded apex; apex not surpassing that
in ground color; covered with grayish of anterodorsal lobe. Gonostylus short,
brown pollen and fine black setae not surpassing gonocoxite by distance
throughout; with 5-8 stout black bristles approximating length ofapical gonocox-
and several long, pale, apically-crinkled ite lobes (Fig. 2C). Aedeagus smoothly
hairlike setae posterolaterally. Tergite 2 rounded basally (Fig. 2D).
—
mostly shining dark brown to black, with Type Material. The holotype male is
broad lateral and narrow posterior gray- in the Charles A. Triplehorn Insect
ish brown pollinose band; covered dor- Collection at Ohio State University. It is
sally with many long, black, hairlike labeled "Douglas Co., Kan. 900 ft., F. H.
setae; with narrow lateral band of long, Snow./TYPE [red label]/Erax plenus Hine
pale, hairlike setae. Tergite 3 (Fig. 2A) [handwritten, with black border]." The
mm
mostly shining dark brown to black, specimen is 27.4 long, and its wings
mm
usually with broad lateral grayish brown are 15.5 long. Tergite and sternite 7
pollinose band and narrow posterior are silvery pollinose. A paratype male in
silvery pollinose band; covered mostly the same collection is labeled "Osborne
with black setae; with posterior and Co, Kan. 1557 ft., F. X. Williams, Aug. 3,
lateral bands of white, apically-crinkled. 1912 [date handwrittenj/PARATYPE
,
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 215
Fig. 3. Distribution ofEJferiaplena by county.
[red label]. It also has a silvery pollinose grass and forbs, 15 July 2004, N. Lavers
tergite and sternite 7. — (\ S, UAAM); Jonesboro, 5 June 1964,
Other specimens examined. AR- A. G. Scarbrough (1 S, UAAM), 28
KANSAS. Benton Co.: Chesney Prairie June 1964, A. G. Scarbrough (1 c?,
Natural Area, near Siloam Springs, 7-12 UAAM), 31 May 2004, N. Lavers (l S
June 2004, J. K. Barnes (1 S, UAAM); UAAM); near Jonesboro, 16 June 1971,
12-18 June 2004, J. K. Barnes (3 S, A. G. Scarbrough (2 S, UAAM). Drew
UAAM). Boone Co.: Baker Prairie Co.: Seven Devils Wildlife Management
Natural Area, 2 July 2003, M. D. Area, understory trail, above swamp, 23
Warriner (1 S, UAAM). Craighead August 2004, H. Raney (1 S, UAAM).
Co.: Bono Bog, 22 May 2003, N. Lavers Faulkner Co.: Bell Slough Wildlife
(1 <$ UAAM); Hatchie Coon, on mud in Management Area, 26 May 2003, H.
,
overflow area, 1 August 2004, N. Lavers Raney (1 S, UAAM); Camp Robinson
(IS, UAAM); Hatchie Coon, 1 August Wildlife Management Area, 1 June 2003,
2004, N. Lavers (2 S UAAM); Hatchie H. Raney (1 S, UAAM). Franklin Co.:
,
Coon Wildlife Management Area, tall Cherokee Prairie Natural Area, 19 May
,, ,,
216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
2003, M. D. Warriner (1 $, UAAM). NORTH CAROLINA. Mecklenburg
Lafayette Co.: Lafayette Wildlife Man- Co.: Charlotte, 5 June 1927 (5 $,
ageinent Area, roadcut along fields, 15 USNM).
August 2004, H. Raney (1 c?, UAAM). OKLAHOMA. Comanche Co.: Fort
Poinsett Co.: Lake Hogue, 27 June 2004, Sill, East Range, Parks Hill, 12 June
N. Lavers (1 S, UAAM). Sharp Co.: 2003, J. Owens, J. Schmidt (1 (?, CSUC);
Strawberry River Preserve, in open field Fort Sill, East Range, nr Hoyle Bridge,
near river, 22 May 2004, H. Raney {\ S pinned with presumed prey: Colias phi-
UAAM).
lodice Godart, clouded sulphur butterfly,
INDIANA. Clark Co.: State Forest, 12 June 2003, J. Owens, J. Schmidt {\ S
13 June 1933, Montgomery (1 S, CSUC). Craig Co.: Bluejacket, 17 June
UMMZ). 1931 (1 S, OSEC); Centralia, 26 June
KANSAS. Clay Co. (1 (?, OSUC). 1931 (1 S, OSEC). Jefferson Co.:
Douglas Co.: 5 mi. NE of Lawrence, 18 Waurika Lake, 13 July 1983, H. C. Reed
June 1971, V. P. Gapud {\ S, SEMC). & J. Nelson (2 ^, OSEC). McCurtain
Osage Co.: 12 June 1923, H. Darby (1 S, Co.: Idabel, 9 June 1931, (1 S, OSEC)
UAAM), 14 June 1923, H. Darby (1 c?, Nowata Co.: Nowata, 28 June 1935, C
UAAM), 16 June 1923, R. H. Beamer A. Sooter (1 c?, OSEC). Okmulgee Co.
(1 $ , UAAM). Riley Co.: 5 June 1955, Bryant, 11 June 1934, C. A. Sooter (1 S
W. W. Gibson (1 $. KSUC). Pottawa- USNM), 13Junel934, C. A. Sooter(2 S
tomie Co.: Onaga, 20 August 1901 (1 (? USNM); Henryetta, 7 June 1934, C. A
OSUC). Sooter {\ S, USNM), 15 June 1934, C
MARYLAND. Prince George's Co.: A. Sooter (1 S, USNM). Osage Co.
College Park, 9 June 1935, C. T. Greene Pawhuska, 3 June 1934, A. E. Pritchard
(1 S, USNM). {\ S, USNM). Pushmataha Co.: Tuska-
MISSISSIPPI. Oktibbeha Co.: 3 June homa, 23 May 1928, R. H. Beamer (1 $
MEMU); UAAM).
W1989, T. L. Schiefer (3 ^, 3 mi.
of Adaton, 20 June 1996, T. L. TENNESSEE. Coffee Co.: Manche-
Schiefer (1 ^, MEMU), 12 June 1998, ster, 20 June 1941, W. S. Craig (1 $,
T. L. Schiefer (1 ^, MEMU); 6 mi. SW UMEE).
of Starkville, 6-7 July 1984, R. L. & B. TEXAS: Calhoun Co.: Port Lavaca,
B. Brown (1 S. MEMU); Agricultural 12 August 1925 (1 $, O—SUC).
College, 16 May 1921, W. F. Turman (1 Distribution (Fig. 3). Nearctic: Unit-
$ MEMU); John Starr Memorial For- ed States (Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas,
,
est, 14 June 1995, D. M. Pollock (1 <?, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North
MEMU); Longview, 8 June 1919, F. Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas).
Oswalt (1 (?, MEMU); State College, 1 Existing collection records seem to in-
May 1940, C. M. Wehs (1 ^, MEMU). dicate that E. plena is relatively rare east
MISSOURI. Audrain Co.: Mexico, 1 of the Mississippi, but abundant in
August 1993, T. Woods (1 c?, UMEE). Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Mis-
Callaway Co.: Tucker Prairie, 19-20 souri. It is tempting to speculate that this
June 1968 (2 S, UMEE), 2-6 July 1968 is a prairie species that spread eastward
(5 $, UMEE), 8 July 1968 (2 $, with def—orestation.
UMEE), 12 July 1968 (3 c? , UMEE), Note. The mystax and the long
14 July 1968(1 c?, UMEE), 18 July 1968 ventral hairs of the femora and tibiae
(1 $, UMEE). Lawrence Co.: Mt. usually are golden yellow, although in
Vernon, 16 June 1954, W. R. Enns (2 some specimens they appear to be paler.
S UMEE). Pike Co.: New Hartford, 24 They are usually distinctly more richly
,
June 1938, W. S. Craig {\ S, USNM). colored than those of E. nemoralis.
—
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 217
Fig. 4. Efferianemomlis, male. A, Tergites 3-5, left to right, lectotype (Louisiana: Point Coupee Parish,
NewRoads).B-D,Malegenitalia(Arkansas:HempsteadCo.RickEvansGrandviewPrairie).B,Epandrium,
right lateral view. C, Gonocoxite and gonostylus, right lateral view. D, Aedeagus, right lateral view.
A specimen from Fort Sill, Comanche Male. Body length: 20.5-27.9 mm
Co., Oklahoma is pinned with its pre- (mean ± S.D.: 24.2 ± 1.9; N = 49).
sumed prey, an adult clouded sulphur Head: Width 1.5 times eye height. Face
butterfly, Colicis philodice Godart. white tomentose, with large gibbosity
about asdeepaslengthofscapeextending
Efferia nemoralis (Hine) nearly two-thirds of distance from oral
(Figs. 4^5) margin to antennal bases. Mystax con-
Erax nemoralis Hine 1911: 311; Hine sisting of long white or slightly yellowed
1919: 147. bristles covering entire facial gibbosity,
Efferia nemoralis: Wilcox 1966: 208. sometimes with 1 ora fewblack bristlesin
Pogoniefferia nemoralis: Artigas and ventolateral corners. Gena brown, thinly
Papavero 1997: 73. pale pollinose. Frons brown, subshining