Stellar Spectral Classification

611 Pages·2009·43.07 MB·English

by  Richard O. Gray

Stellar Spectral Classification
PRINCETONSERIES 1N AWMYSICS
Emnm u DAVID N. SHIIGIEI.
ThwtyofRunning Stan.Palm—land; Talmud
Incory ofSlclllrPulsminn.1!!erthP. am
Gflu‘lic Dymmlcs. Scmnd Edition. byJamesJimandSam1"an
Dynamical Evolution ofGlobularClunas.byLymanSpurnJr.
SupcmomandNucleusynmesls: An InvcsllgminnofIII.-HislmyofMunch
fromtheBl; BungInlhcPrescm.byDmidAmm
UnsolvedPmblemsIn“Win.
cdilcd1.!meN. Bantu"andJtrauiahP. Omit"
Gal-micAstronomy.byJamesDinnerandMichaelMemfield
ActiveGalacticNuclei: FromIll:(Zena-ll BlmkHnlcloIll:
GllnclicEnvirmmem.byJulianH. Kmlfl:
PlumPhysicsforAstrophysics. byRussel!M. Kain-M
ElccnumgnnicPmbyRobertJ. Gould
Convermlumon Electric IndMagneticFieldsintheCm.
byEugeneN. Path-r
High-Enemy Asuuphyslcs.byFul‘m’nMalia
StellarSpecialClimiflcmion.bymam:O. Gar)-andGrimmerJ. Cwbnfly
Stellar Spectral Classification

Richard 0. Gray
Christopher J. Corbally
with
Adam J. Burgaser
Margaret M_ Hanson
J. Davy Kirkpatrick
Nolan R. Walborn
PRlNCEION UH‘lVEHSH‘I’ PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD
Copyright ©2009byPrinceton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press,4| WilliamStreet. Princeton.NewJersey08540
In the UnitedKingdom: Princeton UniversityPress,6Oxford Street,Woodstock,
Oxlbrdshire0X20 ITW
All RightsReserved
ISBN:978-0—69|-|25l0-7
ISBN (pbk.): 97B-0-69l-l25l l-4
LibraryofCongressControl Number: 20089406”
British LibraryCataloging-in-Puhlicalion Dataisavailable
Thisbook hasbeencomposed inTimes
Printedonacid-freepaper so
pressprincctonedu
Typesetby SRNovaPvt Ltd, Bangalore. India
Printed intheUnitedStatesofAmerica
|098765432l

Contents
Probes
Important Note on Taminology and Unit:
Gupta! 1. The History and Philosophy oTStlllar Spectral
Classification
1.! Euly History
1.2 LaterDevdlbpments In
1.3 The MK Process 17
Chapter 2. An Omvlaw ol‘ the Normal Stan 32
2.1 Immanion
.
2.2 The Spectral Sequence E
2.3 Multicolor Photometryand Stellar Cl‘assificarlon B
E
2.4 Physical Principles Underlying the MK Sequence B
Gunter 3. The OB Stars—Nolan R. Walbom 66
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Optical
3.3 The Ultraviolet 75
3.4 The Infrared—Margaret M. Hanson 3I
3.5 Feculiar Categories 89
3.6 XvRay Lire Spectra I02
3.7 Calibration and Astrophysical Modeling
IDS
Chapter 4. The B-typa‘ Stan 115
4.1 lntroduction IIS
4.2 Opljcal Classification IIS
4.3 The Ultraviolet l20
4.4 Chemicdly Peculiar B—type Stars I23
4.5 Be Slars and TB Shell Stars I35
4.6 Other B-type Emission-line Stars I43
4.7 B-type Stars in Advanced Evolutionary States l4?
viii
Gupta 5. The A-typo Sun 160
5.1 Introduction [60
5.2 Optical Spectral-type Criteria I60
5.3 Ultraviolet and Infrared Classification Schemes I69
5.4 Chemically Peculiar Stars I76
5.5 Herbig Ael’Be Stars 200
5.6 A-typc Stars in Advanced Evolutionary Stags: 207
5.7 A-type Shell Stars 2I3
Chapter5. The F-type Stars 221
6.1 Introduction 22l
6.2 Optical Classification 22I
6.3 Classification in the Ultravioletand Infrared 227
6.4 Population II F—type Stars 236
6.5 Chemically Peculiar F-type Stars 244
6.6 F-typc Stirs in Advanced Evolutionary Stages 249
m7. moG-Indlt-typosnu 259
7.11 Introduction 259
7.2 Optical Classification 259
7.3 The Infrared
7.4 The Search for a Sub;Twin: Chromosphoric Activity 270
7.5 TTauri Stars 275
7.6 Chemically Facullar G and K—giants 278
7.7 Population II and Ill Stars 23I
7.8 The High Luminosity. Yellow Variables 283
Choptu 8. The M—typo. S—typo, and Carbon Stars 293
8.1 Introduction 293
8.2 The M-type Stars 293
8.3 The Carbon Stars
8.4 The S-type Stars 32I
3.5 Symblotic and Algal Stars 33‘l
Ullptlr9. M Dirndl and l. Dumb—J. Davy Kirkpatrick 339
9.1 Introduction 339
9.2 The Discovery of M Dwarfs and LWarts 339'
9.3 SpectroscopicClassification 34I
9.4 Physical Interpretation of Typls 362
9.4 Placuliar Objects 372
Gupta! 10. The T-typo Duds—Mam .I. Bursa-or
10.1 Introduction 388
10.2 Recognitionofthe T Dwarf Class and Early Discmeries 389
CONTENTS
ii:
10.3 T Dwarf Spectral Characteristics 39|
10.4 Near—Infrared Classification 39b
10.5 Optical Classification 4I7
10.6 Mid-Infrared Classification 425
10.? Additional Considerations for T-DwarfClassification 421i
10.8 Beyond the T Dwarfs 434
Chapter '11.. Noll-Rey“Stars and the Luminous Blue Variables 441
i1.1 The Wall—Rayet Stars 4-1I
1 1.2 Luminous Blue Variables 465
11.3 Evolutionary Connections 463‘
Chapter 12. Endpoints of Stellar Evolution 472
12.1 Prom-Planetary Nebulae and Planetary Nebula Nucleus Stars 472.
12.2 White Dwarf Stairs 472
12.3 Nova: 482
12.4 Supernovae 497
Chapter 13. Further Techniques 507
13.1 introduction 507
13.2 Composite Spectra 507
13.3 Classification Systems in the Thermal Inlrared 515
13.4 OtherClassification Systems 522
13.5 Automated Methods of Spectral Classification 525
13.15 Low DispersionTechniques and Natural Groups 529
Glossary 541
Appendix A: MK Standard Stare 555
Appendix B: Calibration ofthe MK System 565
Appendix C: The Book Website 571
General Index 573
Object linden