s Infectious Diseases

1313 Pages·2010·37.58 MB·English

HARRISON’S
Infectious Diseases
Derived from Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition
Editors
ANTHONY S. FAUCI, EUGENE BRAUNWALD,
MD MD
Chief,Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine,
Director,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School;Chairman,TIMI Study Group,
National Institutes of Health,Bethesda Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston
DENNIS L. KASPER, STEPHEN L. HAUSER,
MD MD
William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine,Professor of Robert A.Fishman Distinguished Professor and Chairman,
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,Harvard Medical School; Department of Neurology,University of California,San Francisco
Director,Channing Laboratory,Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston
J. LARRY JAMESON, ,
MD PhD
Professor of Medicine;
DAN L. LONGO,
MD Vice President for Medical Affairs and
Scientific Director,National Institute on Aging, Lewis Landsberg Dean,Northwestern University
National Institutes of Health,Bethesda and Baltimore Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago
JOSEPH LOSCALZO, ,
MD PhD
Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine,
Harvard Medical School;Chairman,Department of Medicine;
Physician-in-Chief,Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston
HARRISON’S
Infectious Diseases
Editors
Dennis L. Kasper, MD
William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine,Professor of Microbiology and
Molecular Genetics,Harvard Medical School;Director,Channing Laboratory,
Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Boston
Anthony S. Fauci, MD
Chief,Laboratory of Immunoregulation;Director,National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda
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CONTENTS
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 14 Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile
Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Tamar F.Barlam,Dennis L.Kasper
15 Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . 162
SECTION I
Robert S.Munford
INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
SECTION III
1 Introduction to Infectious Diseases: INFECTIONS IN ORGAN SYSTEMS
Host-Pathogen Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
16 Pharyngitis,Sinusitis,Otitis,and Other
Lawrence C.Madoff,Dennis L.Kasper
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections . . . . . . . . 174
2 Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Michael A.Rubin,Ralph Gonzales,
Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Merle A.Sande
Gerald B.Pier
17 Pneumonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3 Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use . . . . 20 Lionel A.Mandell,Richard Wunderink
Gerald T.Keusch,Kenneth J.Bart,Mark Miller
18 Bronchiectasis and Lung Abscess . . . . . . . . . . 202
4 Health Advice for International Travel. . . . . . . 43 Gregory Tino,Steven E.Weinberger
Jay S.Keystone,Phyllis E.Kozarsky
19 Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases . . . 54 Adolf W.Karchmer
Alexander J.McAdam,Andrew B.Onderdonk
20 Pericardial Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6 Microbial Bioterrorism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Eugene Braunwald
H.Clifford Lane,Anthony S.Fauci
21 Infections of the Skin,Muscle,and
Soft Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Dennis L.Stevens
SECTION II
FEVER AND APPROACH TO THE 22 Osteomyelitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
FEBRILE PATIENT Jeffrey Parsonnet
7 Fever and Hyperthermia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 23 Infectious Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Charles A.Dinarello,Reuven Porat Lawrence C.Madoff
8 Fever and Rash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 24 Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses. . . . . 252
Elaine T.Kaye,Kenneth M.Kaye Miriam J.Baron,Dennis L.Kasper
9 Fever of Unknown Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 25 Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and
Jeffrey A.Gelfand,Michael V.Callahan Bacterial Food Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Joan R.Butterton,Stephen B.Calderwood
10 Atlas of Rashes Associated with Fever . . . . . . 108
Kenneth M.Kaye,Elaine T.Kaye 26 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis. . . . . . . . . 268
Susan L.Gearhart,William Silen
11 Infections in Patients with Cancer. . . . . . . . . 118
27 Urinary Tract Infections,Pyelonephritis,
Robert Finberg
and Prostatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
12 Infections in Transplant Recipients. . . . . . . . . 130 Walter E.Stamm
Robert Finberg,Joyce Fingeroth
28 Sexually Transmitted Infections:Overview and
13 Health Care–Associated Infections. . . . . . . . . 144 Clinical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Robert A.Weinstein King K.Holmes
v
vi Contents
29 Meningitis,Encephalitis,Brain Abscess,and Part 3 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Empyema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
44 Meningococcal Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Karen L.Roos,Kenneth L.Tyler
Lee M.Wetzler
30 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis . . . . . . . . 333
45 Gonococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Walter J.Koroshetz,Morton N.Swartz
Sanjay Ram,Peter A.Rice
31 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
46 Moraxella Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Stephen E.Straus
Daniel M.Musher
32 Infectious Complications of Burns and Bites . . . 343
47 Haemophilus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Lawrence C.Madoff,Florencia Pereyra
Timothy F.Murphy
48 Infections Due to the HACEK Group and
Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria . . . . . 477
SECTION IV
Tamar F.Barlam,Dennis L.Kasper
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
49 Legionella Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Part 1 Approach to Therapy for Bacterial Diseases
Miguel Sabria,Victor L.Yu
33 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial 50 Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections. . . . . 487
Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Scott A.Halperin
Gordon L.Archer,Ronald E.Polk
51 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative
Part 2 Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria Enteric Bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Thomas A.Russo,James R.Johnson
34 Pneumococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Daniel M.Musher 52 Helicobacter Pylori Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
John C.Atherton,Martin J.Blaser
35 Staphylococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Franklin D.Lowy 53 Infections Due to Pseudomonas Species
and Related Organisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
36 Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections . . . 399
Reuben Ramphal
Michael R.Wessels
54 Salmonellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
37 Acute Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 David A.Pegues,Samuel I.Miller
Jonathan R.Carapetis
55 Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
38 Diphtheria and Other Infections Caused by Philippe Sansonetti,Jean Bergounioux
Corynebacteria and Related Species . . . . . . . 418
56 Infections Due to Campylobacter and
William R.Bishai,John R.Murphy
Related Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
39 Infections Caused by Listeria Monocytogenes. . . 426 Martin J.Blaser
Elizabeth L.Hohmann,Daniel A.Portnoy
57 Cholera and Other Vibrioses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
40 Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Matthew K.Waldor,Gerald T.Keusch
Elias Abrutyn
58 Brucellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Michael J.Corbel,Nicholas J.Beeching
41 Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Elias Abrutyn 59 Tularemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Richard F.Jacobs,Gordon E.Schutze
42 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial
Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 60 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections . . . . . . . 558
Dennis L.Kasper,Lawrence C.Madoff David T.Dennis,Grant L.Campbell
43 Clostridium Difficile–Associated Disease, 61 Bartonella Infections,Including
Including Pseudomembranous Colitis . . . . . . 445 Cat-Scratch Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Dale N.Gerding,Stuart Johnson David H.Spach,Emily Darby
Contents vii
62 Donovanosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 SECTION V
Gavin Hart VIRAL INFECTIONS
Part 4 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections Part 1 Viral Diseases:General Considerations
63 Nocardiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 78 Medical Virology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Gregory A.Filice Fred Wang,Elliott Kieff
64 Actinomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 79 Antiviral Chemotherapy,Excluding
Thomas A.Russo Antiretroviral Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Lindsey R.Baden,Raphael Dolin
65 Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic
Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 Part 2 Infections Due to DNA Viruses
Dennis L.Kasper,Ronit Cohen-Poradosu
80 Herpes Simplex Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Lawrence Corey
Part 5 Mycobacterial Diseases
81 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . . 740
66 Tuberculosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Richard J.Whitley
Mario C.Raviglione,Richard J.O’Brien
82 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections,Including
67 Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Infectious Mononucleosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Robert H.Gelber
Jeffrey I.Cohen
68 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . 627
83 Cytomegalovirus and Human
C.Fordham von Reyn
Herpesvirus Types 6,7,and 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
69 Antimycobacterial Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Martin S.Hirsch
Richard J.Wallace,Jr.,David E.Griffith
84 Molluscum Contagiosum,Monkeypox,
Part 6 Spirochetal Diseases and Other Poxviruses,Excluding
Smallpox Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
70 Syphilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Fred Wang
Sheila A.Lukehart
85 Parvovirus Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
71 Endemic Treponematoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Kevin E.Brown
Sheila A.Lukehart
86 Human Papillomavirus Infections . . . . . . . . . 762
72 Leptospirosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Richard C.Reichman
Peter Speelman,Rudy Hartskeerl
Part 3 Infections Due to DNA and RNA Respiratory
73 Relapsing Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Viruses
David T.Dennis
87 Common Viral Respiratory Infections and Severe
74 Lyme Borreliosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . . . . . . 766
Allen C.Steere
Raphael Dolin
Part 7 Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae,Mycoplasmas, 88 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
and Chlamydiae Raphael Dolin
75 Rickettsial Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 Part 4 Infections Due to Human Immunodeficiency
David H.Walker,J.Stephen Dumler, Virus and Other Human Retroviruses
Thomas Marrie
89 The Human Retroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
76 Infections Due to Mycoplasmas. . . . . . . . . . . 688 Dan L.Longo,Anthony S.Fauci
William M.McCormack
90 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease:
77 Chlamydial Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 AIDS and Related Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Walter E.Stamm Anthony S.Fauci,H.Clifford Lane
viii Contents
Part 5 Infections Due to RNA Viruses 107 Candidiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
John E.Edwards,Jr.
91 Viral Gastroenteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Umesh D.Parashar,Roger I.Glass 108 Aspergillosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
David W.Denning
92 Acute Viral Hepatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Jules L.Dienstag 109 Mucormycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Alan M.Sugar
93 Chronic Hepatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Jules L.Dienstag 110 Miscellaneous Mycoses and Algal Infections . . . 1031
Stanley W.Chapman,Donna C.Sullivan
94 Enteroviruses and Reoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Jeffrey I.Cohen 111 Pneumocystis Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
A.George Smulian,Peter D.Walzer
95 Measles (Rubeola) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Anne Gershon
96 Rubella (German Measles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
SECTION VIII
Anne Gershon
PROTOZOAL AND
97 Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS
Anne Gershon
Part 1 Parasitic Infections:General Considerations
98 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections . . . 959
112 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic
Alan C.Jackson,Eric C.Johannsen
Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
99 Infections Caused by Arthropod- and Sharon L.Reed,Charles E.Davis
Rodent-Borne Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
113 Agents Used to Treat Parasitic
Clarence J.Peters
Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050
100 Ebola and Marburg Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 Thomas A.Moore
Clarence J.Peters
114 Pharmacology of Agents Used
SECTION VI to Treat Parasitic Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
PRION DISEASES Thomas A.Moore
Part 2 Protozoal Infections
101 Prion Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
Stanley B.Prusiner,Bruce L.Miller
115 Amebiasis and Infection With
Free-Living Amebas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
SECTION VII
Sharon L.Reed
FUNGAL AND ALGAL INFECTIONS
116 Malaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
102 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal
Nicholas J.White,Joel G.Breman
Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
John E.Edwards,Jr. 117 Babesiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Jeffrey A.Gelfand,Edouard Vannier
103 Histoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Chadi A.Hage,L.Joseph Wheat 118 Atlas of Blood Smears of Malaria
and Babesiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
104 Coccidioidomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Nicholas J.White,Joel G.Breman
Neil M.Ampel
119 Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104
105 Blastomycosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Barbara L.Herwaldt
Stanley W.Chapman,Donna C.Sullivan
106 Cryptococcosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 120 Trypanosomiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Arturo Casadevall Louis V.Kirchhoff
Contents ix
121 Toxoplasma Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118 126 Schistosomiasis and Other
Lloyd H.Kasper Trematode Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
Adel A.F.Mahmoud
122 Protozoal Intestinal Infections
and Trichomoniasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127 127 Cestodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Peter F.Weller A.Clinton White,Jr.,Peter F.Weller
Part 3 Helminthic Infections Appendix
Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance . . . . 1173
123 Trichinella and Other Tissue Nematodes . . . . 1133
Alexander Kratz,Michael A.Pesce,Daniel J.Fink
Peter F.Weller
Review and Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
124 Intestinal Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Charles Wiener,Gerald Bloomfield,
Peter F.Weller,Thomas B.Nutman
Cynthia D.Brown,Joshua Schiffer,Adam Spivak
125 Filarial and Related Infections. . . . . . . . . . . 1145 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
Thomas B.Nutman,Peter F.Weller