Reproduction in Domestic Animals

434 Pages·2008·40.96 MB·English

Reproduction
Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supplement 2 · July 2008 · 1-422
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Vol. 43 • Supplement 2
R
C.GALLI,G.LAZZARI E
The Manipulation of Gametes and Embryos in Farm Animals 1-7 PR July 2008 • 1-422
O
D.BLACHE,G.B.MARTIN,S.K.MALONEY D
Towards Ethically Improved Animal Experimentation in the Study of Animal Reproduction 8-14 U in Domestic Animals
C
T
S.M.RHIND IO
Endocrine Disruptors and Other Food-contaminating Environmental Pollutants as Risk Factors in N
Animal Reproduction 15-22 IN
J.E.P.SANTOS,T.R.BILBY,W.W.THATCHER,C.R.STAPLES,F.T.SILVESTRE D
O
Long Chain Fatty Acids of Diet as Factors Influencing Reproduction in Cattle 23-30 M
E
M.C.LUCY S
Functional Differences in the Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Cattle and Pigs: TIC
Implications for Post-partum Nutrition and Reproduction 31-39 A Editor-in-Chief: Heriberto Rodriguez-Mártinez
N
P.CHEMINEAU,D.GUILLAUME,M.MIGAUD,J.C.THIÉRY,M.T.PELLICER-RUBIO,B.MALPAUX IM Guest Editor: Professor Gyula Huszenicza
Seasonality of Reproduction in Mammals: Intimate Regulatory Mechanisms and Practical Implications 40-47 A
L
M.MIHM,A.C.O.EVANS S
Mechanisms for Dominant Follicle Selection in Monovulatory Species: A Comparison of Morphological, Guest Editoriial Board: Dr. Judit Barna, Prof. Andras Dinnyes,
Endocrine and Intraovarian Events in Cows, Mares and Women 48-56
Dr. Ferenc Flink, Prof. Gyorgy Gabor, Prof. Miklos Mezes,
D.J.SKARZYNSKI,G.FERREIRA-DIAS,K.OKUDA 4
Regulation of Luteal Function and Corpus Luteum Regression in Cows: Hormonal Control, Immune 3 S Prof. Jozsef Ratky, Prof. Laszlo Solti, Prof. Laszlo Wekerle
Mechanisms and Intercellular Communication 57-65 u
p
p
H.J.BERTSCHINGER,D.G.A.MELTZER,A.VAN DYK le
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in South Africa – 30 Years of Data from the de Wildt m
Cheetah and Wildlife Centre 66-73 en
t
M.DEHNHARD,S.NAIDENKO,A.FRANK,B.BRAUN,F.GÖRITZ,K.JEWGENOW 2
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones: A Tool to Improve Reproduction in Captive Breeding of the
Eurasian Lynx: Hormone Monitoring in Breeding Programmes of Mammals 74-82
J.A.LONG
Reproductive Biotechnology and Gene Mapping: Tools for Conserving Rare Breeds of Livestock 83-88
B.BERGLUND
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Reproductive Performance 89-95
J.L.M.R.LEROY,T.VANHOLDER,A.T.M.VAN KNEGSEL,I.GARCIA-ISPIERTO,P.E.J.BOLS
Nutrient Prioritization in Dairy Cows Early Postpartum: Mismatch Between Metabolism and Fertility? 96-103
R.S.ROBINSON,A.J.HAMMOND,D.C.WATHES,M.G.HUNTER,G.E.MANN Proceedings of the
Corpus Luteum-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions in the Dairy Cow: Underlying Mechanisms and
Clinical Relevance 104-112
16th International Congress on
N.C.FRIGGENS,M.BJERRING,C.RIDDER,S.HØJSGAARD,T.LARSEN
Improved Detection of Reproductive Status in Dairy Cows Using Milk Progesterone Measurements 113-121
Animal Reproduction
D.R.NOTTER
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in Sheep 122-128
13–17 July 2008 – Budapest, Hungary
R.J.SCARAMUZZI,G.B.MARTIN
The Importance of Interactions Among Nutritions, Seasonality and Socio-sexual Factors in the
Development of Hormone-free Methods for Controlling Fertility 129-136
K.M.MORTON
Developmental Capabilities of Embryos Produced In Vitrofrom Prepubertal Lamb Oocytes 137-143
E.AXNÉR
Updates on Reproductive Physiology, Genital Diseases and Artificial Insemination in the Domestic Cat 144-149
H.LINDEBERG
Reproduction of the Female Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) 150-156
J.DE GIER,N.J.BEIJERINK,H.S.KOOISTRA,A.C.OKKENS
Physiology of the Canine Anoestrus and Methods for Manipulation of Its Length 157-164
G.C.W.ENGLAND,K.M.MILLAR
The Ethics and Role of AI with Fresh and Frozen Semen in Dogs 165-171
A.CARATY,I.FRANCESCHINI
Basic Aspects of the Control of GnRH and LH Secretions by Kisspeptin: Potential Applications for
Better Control of Fertility in Females 172-178
R.FAYRER-HOSKEN
Controlling Animal Populations Using Anti-Fertility Vaccines 179-185
T.E.ADAMS,I.BOIME
The Expanding Role of Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assisted Reproduction 186-192
T.A.L.BREVINI,S.ANTONINI,G.PENNAROSSA,F.GANDOLFI Official Organ of
Recent Progress in Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Its Application in Domestic Species 193-199
European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction
Continued inside
ISSN 0936-6768 (Print) European Veterinary Society off Small Animal Reproduction
ISSN 1439-0531 (Online) Spanish Society of Animal Reproduction
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Reproduction in Domestic Animals
The Organising Committee wishes to acknowledge and express
Official Organ of European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction, European Veterinary
its gratitude to the main sponsors of ICAR 2008 Congress:
Society off Small Animal Reproduction and Spanish Society of Animal Reproduction
Editor-in-Chief Associate Editors Prof Dr. José Luiz Rigo Rodrigues
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Prof. Dr. H. Rodriguez-Mártinez Prof. Dr. W.A. King
Faculdade de Veterinária
Division of Reproduction University of Guelph
Caixa Postal 15004
Department of Clinical Sciences Dept. of Biomedical Sciences
91501-970 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
Ullsvägen 14C, Clinical Centre. P.O. Box 7054, Prof. Dr. E. Martinez-Garcia Prof. Dr. E. Sato Principle sponsor
Laboratory of Animal Production
Ultuna SE-750 07 Uppsala, Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Graduate School of Agricultural Science
Sweden Dept. of Vet. Pathology, University of Murcia
Tohoku University
Telephone: [phone] Campus de Espinardo, 30500 Murcia, Spain
Aoba-Ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. M. McGowan
School of Veterinary Science
University of Queensland
St. Lucia QLD 4072l, Australia
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Reproduction
in Domestic Animals
Vol. 43 • Supplement 2 • July 2008
Proceedings of the
16th International Congress on Animal
Reproduction
13–17 July 2008 – Budapest, Hungary
Guest Editor:
Prof. Gyula Huszenicza
Guest Editorial Board:
Dr. Judit Barna
Prof.Andras Dinnyes
Dr. Ferenc Flink
Prof. Gyorgy Gabor
Prof. Miklos Mezes
Prof. Jozsef Ratky
Prof. Laszlo Solti
Prof. Laszlo Wekerle

Reproduction
in Domestic Animals
Table of Contents Volume 43 · Supplement 2 · July 2008 · 1-422
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
C.GALLI,G.LAZZARI
The Manipulation of Gametes and Embryos in Farm Animals 1-7
D.BLACHE,G.B.MARTIN,S.K.MALONEY
Towards Ethically Improved Animal Experimentation in the Study of Animal Reproduction 8-14
S.M.RHIND
Endocrine Disruptors and Other Food-contaminating Environmental Pollutants as Risk Factors in
Animal Reproduction 15-22
J.E.P.SANTOS,T.R.BILBY,W.W.THATCHER,C.R.STAPLES,F.T.SILVESTRE
Long Chain Fatty Acids of Diet as Factors Influencing Reproduction in Cattle 23-30
M.C.LUCY
Functional Differences in the Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Cattle and Pigs:
Implications for Post-partum Nutrition and Reproduction 31-39
P.CHEMINEAU,D.GUILLAUME,M.MIGAUD,J.C.THIÉRY,M.T.PELLICER-RUBIO,B.MALPAUX
Seasonality of Reproduction in Mammals: Intimate Regulatory Mechanisms and Practical Implications 40-47
M.MIHM,A.C.O.EVANS
Mechanisms for Dominant Follicle Selection in Monovulatory Species: A Comparison of Morphological,
Endocrine and Intraovarian Events in Cows, Mares and Women 48-56
D.J.SKARZYNSKI,G.FERREIRA-DIAS,K.OKUDA
Regulation of Luteal Function and Corpus Luteum Regression in Cows: Hormonal Control, Immune
Mechanisms and Intercellular Communication 57-65
H.J.BERTSCHINGER,D.G.A.MELTZER,A.VAN DYK
Captive Breeding of Cheetahs in South Africa – 30 Years of Data from the de Wildt
Cheetah and Wildlife Centre 66-73
M.DEHNHARD,S.NAIDENKO,A.FRANK,B.BRAUN,F.GÖRITZ,K.JEWGENOW
Non-invasive Monitoring of Hormones: A Tool to Improve Reproduction in Captive Breeding of the
Eurasian Lynx: Hormone Monitoring in Breeding Programmes of Mammals 74-82
J.A.LONG
Reproductive Biotechnology and Gene Mapping: Tools for Conserving Rare Breeds of Livestock 83-88
B.BERGLUND
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cow Reproductive Performance 89-95
J.L.M.R.LEROY,T.VANHOLDER,A.T.M.VAN KNEGSEL,I.GARCIA-ISPIERTO,P.E.J.BOLS
Nutrient Prioritization in Dairy Cows Early Postpartum: Mismatch Between Metabolism and Fertility? 96-103
R.S.ROBINSON,A.J.HAMMOND,D.C.WATHES,M.G.HUNTER,G.E.MANN
Corpus Luteum-Endometrium-Embryo Interactions in the Dairy Cow: Underlying Mechanisms and
Clinical Relevance 104-112
N.C.FRIGGENS,M.BJERRING,C.RIDDER,S.HØJSGAARD,T.LARSEN
Improved Detection of Reproductive Status in Dairy Cows Using Milk Progesterone Measurements 113-121
D.R.NOTTER
Genetic Aspects of Reproduction in Sheep 122-128
R.J.SCARAMUZZI,G.B.MARTIN
The Importance of Interactions Among Nutritions, Seasonality and Socio-sexual Factors in the
Development of Hormone-free Methods for Controlling Fertility 129-136
K.M.MORTON
Developmental Capabilities of Embryos Produced In Vitrofrom Prepubertal Lamb Oocytes 137-143
E.AXNÉR
Updates on Reproductive Physiology, Genital Diseases and Artificial Insemination in the Domestic Cat 144-149
H.LINDEBERG
Reproduction of the Female Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) 150-156
J.DE GIER,N.J.BEIJERINK,H.S.KOOISTRA,A.C.OKKENS
Physiology of the Canine Anoestrus and Methods for Manipulation of Its Length 157-164
G.C.W.ENGLAND,K.M.MILLAR
The Ethics and Role of AI with Fresh and Frozen Semen in Dogs 165-171
A.CARATY,I.FRANCESCHINI
Basic Aspects of the Control of GnRH and LH Secretions by Kisspeptin: Potential Applications for
Better Control of Fertility in Females 172-178
R.FAYRER-HOSKEN
Controlling Animal Populations Using Anti-Fertility Vaccines 179-185
T.E.ADAMS,I.BOIME
The Expanding Role of Recombinant Gonadotropins in Assisted Reproduction 186-192
T.A.L.BREVINI,S.ANTONINI,G.PENNAROSSA,F.GANDOLFI
Recent Progress in Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Its Application in Domestic Species 193-199
B.M.A.O.PERERA
Reproduction in Domestic Buffalo 200-206
P.S.BRAR,A.S.NANDA
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in South Asian Zebu Cattle 207-212
M.J.R.PARANHOS DA COSTA,A.SCHMIDEK,L.M.TOLEDO
Mother-Offspring Interactions in Zebu Cattle 213-216
B.S.PRAKASH,M.SARKAR,M.MONDAL
An Update on Reproduction in Yak and Mithun 217-223
F.X.DONADEU,H.G.PEDERSEN
Follicle Development in Mares 224-231
M.A.HAYES,B.A.QUINN,N.D.KEIRSTEAD,P.KATAVOLOS,R.O.WAELCHLI,K.J.BETTERIDGE
Proteins Associated With the Early Intrauterine Equine Conceptus 232-237
Z.ROTH
Heat Stress, the Follicle, and Its Enclosed Oocyte: Mechanisms and Potential Strategies to Improve
Fertility in Dairy Cows 238-244
K.- P.BRÜSSOW,J.RÁTKY,H.RODRIGUEZ-MARTINEZ
Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development in the Porcine Fallopian Tube 245-251
S.PYÖRÄLÄ
Mastitis in Post-Partum Dairy Cows 252-259
M.G.DISKIN,D.G.MORRIS
Embryonic and Early Foetal Losses in Cattle and Other Ruminants 260-267
N.MANABE,F.MATSUDA-MINEHATA,Y.GOTO,A.MAEDA,Y.CHENG,S.NAKAGAWA,N.INOUE,K.WONGPANIT,H.JIN,H.GONDA,J.LI
Role of Cell Death Ligand and Receptor System on Regulation of Follicular Atresia in Pig Ovaries 268-272
F.F.BARTOL,A.A.WILEY,C.A.BAGNELL
Epigenetic Programming of Porcine Endometrial Function and the Lactocrine Hypothesis 273-279
K.C.CAIRES,J.A.SCHMIDT,A.P.OLIVER,J.DE AVILA,D.J.MCLEAN
Endocrine Regulation of the Establishment of Spermatogenesis in Pigs 280-287
I.DOBRINSKI
Male Germ Cell Transplantation 288-294
N.RAWLINGS,A.C.O.EVANS,R.K.CHANDOLIA,E.T.BAGU
Sexual Maturation in the Bull 295-301
A.DINNYES,X.C.TIAN,X.YANG
Epigenetic Regulation of Foetal Development in Nuclear Transfer Animal Models 302-309
R.C.BOTT,D.T.CLOPTON,A.S.CUPP
A Proposed Role for VEGF Isoforms in Sex-Specific Vasculature Development in the Gonad 310-316
B.K.WHITLOCK,J.A.DANIEL,R.R.WILBORN,T.H.ELSASSER,J.A.CARROLL,J.L.SARTIN
Comparative Aspects of the Endotoxin- and Cytokine-Induced Endocrine Cascade Influencing
Neuroendocrine Control of Growth and Reproduction in Farm Animals 317-323
C.R.BARB,G.J.HAUSMAN,C.A.LENTS
Energy Metabolism and Leptin: Effects on Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction in the Gilt and Sao 324-330
C.GALLI,I.LAGUTINA,R.DUCHI,S.COLLEONI,G.LAZZARI
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Horses 331-337
D.RATH,L.A.JOHNSON
Application and Commercialization of Flow Cytometrically Sex-Sorted Semen 338-346
J.M.VAZQUEZ,J.ROCA,M.A.GIL,C.CUELLO,I.PARRILLA,I.CABALLERO,J.L.VAZQUEZ,E.A.MARTÍNEZ
Low-Dose Insemination in Pigs: Problems and Possibilities 347-354
C.B.A.WHITELAW,S.G.LILLICO,T.KING
Production of Transgenic Farm Animals by Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer 355-358
A.C.O.EVANS,N.FORDE,G.M.O'GORMAN,A.E.ZIELAK,P.LONERGAN,T.FAIR
Use of Microarray Technology to Profile Gene Expression Patterns Important for Reproduction in Cattle 359-367
J.P.KASTELIC,J.C.THUNDATHIL
Breeding Soundness Evaluation and Semen Analysis for Predicting Bull Fertility 368-373
G.C.ALTHOUSE
Sanitary Procedures for the Production of Extended Semen 374-378
B.LEBOEUF,J.A.DELGADILLO,E.MANFREDI,A.PIACÈRE,V.CLÉMENT,P.MARTIN,M.PELLICER,
P.BOUÉ,R.DE CREMOUX
Management of Goat Reproduction and Insemination for Genetic Improvement in France 379-385
N.KOSTEREVA,M.-C.HOFMANN
Regulation of the Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche 386-392
P.MERMILLOD,R.DALBIÈS-TRAN,S.UZBEKOVA,A.THÉLIE,J.-M.TRAVERSO,C.PERREAU,
P.PAPILLIER,P.MONGET
Factors Affecting Oocyte Quality: Who is Driving the Follicle? 393-400
K.KIKUCHI,N.KASHIWAZAKI,T.NAGAI,M.NAKAI,T.SOMFAI,J.NOGUCHI,H.KANEKO
Selected Aspects of Advanced Porcine Reproductive Technology 401-406
B.OBACK
Climbing Mount Efficiency – Small Steps, Not Giant Leaps Towards Higher Cloning Success in Farm Animals 407-416
P.LOI,K.MATZUKAWA,G.PTAK,Y.NATAN,J.FULKA JR,A.ARAV
Nuclear Transfer of Freeze-Dried Somatic Cells into Enucleated Sheep Oocytes 417-422
Minitüb:
Products
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Embryo Transfer
White
Partners in Reproduction
Research and Practice
ReprodDomAnim43(Suppl.2),1–7(2008);doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01136.x
ISSN0936-6768
The Manipulation of Gametes and Embryos in Farm Animals
C Galli1,2 andGLazzari1
1LaboratoriodiTecnologiedellaRiproduzione,IstitutoSperimentaleItalianoLazzaroSpallanzani,CIZsrl,Cremona,Italy;2Dip.Clinico
Veterinario,Universita`diBologna,Bologna,Italy
Contents In this paper, we will discuss thein vitro reproductive
This paper summarizes the major advances in farm animal technologies that have had the greatest impact on
assisted reproduction in the last 20years with particular animalbreedingandhighlightourcontributionstotheir
attentiontothecontributionsoftheauthors.Amainemphasis development. For this reason, it was not the aim of the
is on the biology of the oocyte, including a description of paper to make an extensive review of the published
methodsforisolationofdevelopingfolliclesandcultureofthe literature but rather to mention the work and publica-
corresponding oocytes. Milestones that have led to optimiza- tionsthathavedirectlyinspiredourwork.Weapologize
tion of procedures for maturation of fully grown oocytes,
in advance for those citations that are not included.
fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo
At the beginning of our career in science, in the mid-
culture in sheep, cattle, pigs and horses are described. The
1980s, the only embryo technology that was applied in
currentstatusofnucleartransfer,cloningandembryonicstem
practicewassuperovulationandembryotransfer[multi-
cell generation and culture is also summarized for all major
farm animal species. It is concluded that the manipulation of ple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET)]. At that time,
earlydevelopmentinfarmanimalsisofcrucialimportancefor soon became apparent that the MOET technique had
agriculturalpurposesandthatreproductivebiotechnologiesin many limits and other ways could be developed for
farmanimalsareexpectedtoplayanincreasingroleinthenext producing embryos required by the cattle industry. A
decades due to the growing demand for agricultural products seminalpaperpublishedbyStaigmillerandMoor(1984)
from the emerging economies worldwide. In the biomedical drew our attention, as it demonstrated that immature
field large animals represent increasingly important research
oocytes, after in vitro maturation (IVM), could be
models especially in the stem cell field for creating genetically
convertedintoviableembryosandoffspringatalevelof
modified animals for specific purposes. Finally, the successful
efficiency that was remarkably high. Our interest was
translation of large animal research in the applied context
requires solid science, long-term resource commitment from particularly attracted to the female germ line. On the
involvedinstitutions,andvision,dedicationandentrepreneur- one hand, we dreamed about the possibility of exploi-
ial skillsfrom the scientists involved. tingthelargepoolofgrowingoocytesintheovariesand,
on the other hand, we aimed at rescuing those fully
grown oocytes present in medium to large size follicles
Introduction
thatexistthroughoutthereproductivelifetimeoffemale
Despite the many scientific advances that have charac- cattle. The aim was to overcome the physiological
terized reproduction research, the science of reproduc- limitation of conventional breeding, especially in the
tionretainsanauraofwonder.Thisfeelingiscapturedin monotocycous Bos taurus, and make a better use of
Harvey’s phrase: ‘ex ovo omnia’ and this fundamental female gametes that were otherwise destined to wastage
truth explains the central role that reproduction has in by atresia. In this way, the genetic impact of females of
biology of all life including our own. In livestock superior genotype and performance on a given popula-
breeding, as well as for companion animals and wildlife tion could be greatly amplified. Indeed the oocyte isthe
conservation, reproduction and selection allow mainte- most interesting cell in biology and may play the most
nance and propagation of species and breeds. Most crucialrole insuccessfulbreeding.Asignificantpropor-
importantly, farm animal reproduction is a central tion of successful embryo development can be related
phenomenon required for genetic selection to improve backtotheoocyte(StaigmillerandMoor1984)andthe
productive⁄reproductive traits in the next generation. production of large number of good quality oocytes
Genomics, proteomics and marker-assisted selection using in vitro techniques opened a new era in embryo
wouldallbelimitedtechnologiesifnotexploitedthrough technologies for farm animals.
reproduction.Thedevelopmentofassistedreproduction In this paper, we will review our work of the last
techniques, as advanced tools for animal breeding, has 20 years. Efforts started with a specific interest in the
beinginstrumentalfortheacquisitionofin-depthknow- oocyte and evolved into building novel approaches to
ledge of the molecular mechanisms of the reproduction embryo-relatedbiotechnologiesranging from controlof
processes, for studying gametes and embryos and for meiosis, in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo culture,
allowingthemanipulationofearlydevelopmentinfarm nuclear transfer, stem cells and genetic modification of
animals. The strong driving force behind the advance- large domestic animals. We always worked in an
mentofreproductivetechnologieshasbeentheneedfor ultrashort feedback loop between fundamental research
agriculturaland,morerecently,biomedicalapplications. and technology application, in close contact with the
In many instances, the technical achievements have end users of the technologies that we were working on.
surpassed the full understanding of the underlying Such contacts have served as a strong reminder that
biologicalmechanismsforthoseachievements. any new technology has to have application. In our
(cid:2)2008The Authors. Journalcompilation (cid:2)2008Blackwell Verlag
2 C GalliandG Lazzari
circumstances, the final result was the birth of live ment of IVM in sheep, the work was expanded by
offspring at an acceptable rate, with several different investigating the effects of gonadotropins on oocyte
technologies and across a number of different species maturation (Galli and Moor 1991b). In addition, the
that included cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and buffalo. model was transferred to the cow at Animal Biotech-
nology Cambridge Ltd in UK, at Ovamass in Dublin
(Lu and Polge 1992; Carolan et al. 1994) and elsewhere
From the Very Beginning: The Growing Oocyte
(Xuet al.1987;Gotoet al.1988).Similardevelopments
Inmammals,onlyatinyfractionofthelargenumberof occurred in the pig (Moor et al. 1990), horse (Zhang
primordialfolliclesgenerates progeny;thevastmajority et al. 1989) and other species as well. When IVF was
are lost during throughatresia. For many years, several perfected, allowing a deeper understanding of oocyte
investigators isolated and investigated the biology of developmental competence, other factors, such as folli-
intact primordial follicles in rodents (Roy and Green- clesize,wereidentifiedasimportantindicatorsofoocyte
wald 1985) and eventually grew them successfully in competence in the cow (Galli and Moor 1991a) and
culture (Eppig and O’Brien 1996). This task proved horse(Galliet al.2007).Studiesontheproteinsynthesis
muchmoredifficultinlargeanimalsbecauseofthelarge activity within the oocyte and on the interactions
size and extensive connective tissue of the ovary. between follicular cells and oocytes (Staigmiller and
Nonetheless, we developed (Lazzari et al. 1992) a Moor 1984; Downs et al. 1988; Buccione et al. 1990)
protocol for isolation of large numbers of primordial contributed to the identification of active compounds
oocytes from the ovary of newborn piglets based on secreted by somatic cells (epidermal growth factor,
enzymatic digestion and separation by centrifugal elu- insulin growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, etc.)
triation. Later, oocytes were obtained from secondary that promote competent maturation.
follicles of cattle and successful development with the The development of procedures for oocyte retrieval
birth of live calves was achieved, albeit at a low rate from live bovine donors (Pieterse et al. 1991; Hasler
(Miyano and Manabe 2007). Culture requirements for et al. 1995; Galli et al. 2001), referred to as ovum pick
growing a complex tri-dimensional structure such as an up, opened an important area for the application of
ovarianfollicleareverycomplex.Theonlyprogressthat oocyte maturation and embryo production in vitro for
has been made involves culture in vivo of thin slices of breedingpurposesincattleaswellasotherlargespecies
theovaryfollowingtransplantationinhumans(Meirow as buffalo (Galli et al. 1998) and horses (Galli et al.
et al. 2007). This technology has potential applications 2002).
for patients undergoing certain therapies that cause Despite the high rate of nuclear maturation obtained
oocyte damage. in vitro, the developmental competence of matured
Thehypothesisthattheovarianreservoirofgermcells oocytes is variable. One likely source for much of this
is replenished by haematopoietic stem cells moving into variationistheintrinsicqualityoftheoocytesrecovered
the ovaries (Johnson et al. 2005) is an intriguing one from the ovaries. To overcome the problem caused by
that suggests new approaches for developing large harvesting of suboptimal oocytes, it was tested whether
numbers of oocytes. However, no progeny has been a period of prematuration in vitro to maintain oocytes
obtained from such migrating cells, and thus the long- arrested in prophase I could increase their developmen-
established view that the number of oocytes is fixed at tal competence following maturation. Butyrolactone
birth is true (Eggan et al. 2006). A more realistic and roscovitine, two specific protein kinases inhibitors,
approach for the production of new female gametes is were used for keeping oocytes arrested in Germinal
through differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells Vesicle (GV) for a 24-h culture period (Ponderato et al.
and, indeed, development of oocyte-like cells from ES 2001). This meiosis block was fully reversible as dem-
cells has been reported (Hubner et al. 2003; Ko and onstrated by resumption of meiosis and normal embry-
Scholer 2006). In spite of these astonishing results, the onicdevelopmentfollowingtransferofembryosderived
complexity of epigenetic regulation of germ cell devel- from prematured oocytes (Ponderato et al. 2002). Yet,
opment in mammals (Sasaki and Matsui 2008) sets this this strategy did not improve oocyte competence and
ambitious target very far off. found very limited application.
Oocyte Maturation InVitroacross Species and Manipulating the Mature Egg for Embryo
Time Production
Fromthelate1970s,itbecameclearthatitwaspossible Following the seminal work in laboratory animals
to exploit the oocyte reservoir present in secondary (Yanagimachi and Chang 1964), IVF was later devel-
follicles of farm animals. Early on, successful develop- oped in farm animal species. The birth of the first IVF
ment was obtained by maturing the oocyte inside the calf derived from in vivo matured oocytes (Brackett
follicle (Moor and Trounson 1977). The subsequent et al.1982)wasfollowedbysignificantadvancesinIVF
understanding of the crucial role of the surrounding when heparin was used as capacitating agent for bull
follicular⁄cumulus cells during the initial phases of sperm(Parrishet al.1986).Ataboutthesametime,IVF
maturation(Mooret al.1981)leads tothedevelopment became a reality in other large species except the horse
ofaco-culturesystemforIVMofextrafollicularoocytes where success has been only exceptional. Indeed, only
that resulted in a high proportion of such oocytes two foals have been reported as the result of IVF
developing into live lambs after in vivo transfer (Sta- (Palmer et al. 1991). Assisted reproduction of the
igmiller and Moor 1984). After the successful achieve- horse eventually benefited from the development of
(cid:2)2008TheAuthors. Journal compilation(cid:2)2008Blackwell Verlag