Prunus armeniaca L.

28 Pages·2012·1.98 MB·English

by  Arzani, Kazem

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HORTICUTLURAALN DP HYSIOLOGICAALS EPCTSOF V IGOUR
CONTROILN A PROITC L.U)N DEORR CHARADN D
(Pruanrumse niaca
CONTRLOLEDE NVIRONMENTC ONDITNIOS
A thseipsr eesnetdi np artifaullf ilment
oft hree uqrieemntfsot rh dee rgeoef
DOCTOORF P HIOLSOPHY (hP.D.)
in
Pomolgoya nfdur itter ep hyosoligy
atM asseyU niversity
New Zealand
KAZEAMR ZANI
Octboe1r 994
ii
ABSTRACT
Int haeb senofcd ew fanirgr ootsftrooa cpikrocst t,e cihqenusw hicrhde uce
veegtiaevtg orwtaher i mpotranittnh oecr hdam rangaemesnyttsme .S tiused
weerc ondtueicdnt hoecr hdaa rnidn c ontreonvliolrnmeedn (tC Er)om osi n
odretro pelexo trhe tihucolartlua rndp hiylosoiagclr seponseosfa piroct
(Prunuasrm eniacLa. t)os omvegi oucro nttreocilhuq nes.
Int hoer acdrhi nt hheu imdci lmatoefP alsmtenorN otrhN,ew Zealafnvide,­
ye-aorvlidgo ou'rsS uonpda'rpi roctte reosn ' oGldQeunee np'e ascehe ldings
tariendo nT atruate rilsal t1 000o r2 00t0er eh ·a1w ereu seTdhe.o bjcetives
weer:a )t.oe vluaatteht er e're sesponse0.sa5 n t1do5 . g .t r·1es eoaiplip eld
Pacltorbauz(oPZlB), d omrantr oto-pinrgua nndrg eulatdefedii citr rgiation
(RDbI.))t ;oi dieyfno tsmtcoia dujstmienfnu rtti sa nlde avienrs se pontsoe
itnerwnaatle r Tswtore-eays-rso'.lT dr eavpairotctti 'an n a eorpoincsys teimn
CEr oomwsee r uesdw itht hoebj ceitevsa:) t.oe xaimnteh eeff cetosfr oot
ctyoiiknna nedn odgenAoBuAs o ns hogoortw tahn d wholpeh iylpsoolagnyt;
b.)t os tutdhyme e chiamns ofa dapitnota othg ihw atseterrs s.
-�
Int hoer cdh aalrle attemnrtrse duvceeedgt iaevt gorwthP.B Zw asm oer
effcetviet hatnh oeht etrr temaetnsa,n td hleo wreart( e.0 5g .te re-1)w hen
apipdela nnugaalvlmeyo e ru nfiromg orwtrhde ucitno.T hero -optriunangn d
RDhIad l sese fefc,pt atricluiylnt ah rsee cosneda soofsn t uTdhyde.e espio l,
togetwhitehlr wo tempauteerr ande varpaionto,h gihr iafnlaaln dh umid
conitdidouinrsnw gin tearn de alrys pirgnw eer lmitiignf catofrosRr D IT.h e
inihotiyrbe fefcotfr oortu-npwiansmg o erp esirtseonntw idesrp acteerde sI.n
clopslea nttreedre osol tet nhdg einyts( RLdDe)ic nldew ithic neraisndge tph,
butr oowtesro eb sertvo1e6 .dm expleodsr iodle tp.hR ooptr-iugnni necarsed
RLDb,utn ote ratmeenfetfcwsta so bsveerodn r owote igdhetiny ts( WRD)i n
theex peldos irovlou lme.
PBZ icnraeseddyr mattpearrtt oiiinngi tnoc ro1pnb otshe asoonncs ol se
Abtsrcat iii
spacteredes a,n fdri gutor wtahn fdi nfarislutzi ew eeri necarsweidot uhatn y
detrtiamelef fnoencf tri qutu alIint syte.hc eoy nedaP rBZ a dvanfcleordwi eng
by2 -d4a y,as nidcn reafsresudei ftti, lnf artnu uimebrc,or pd entsyai nd yield
efcfeiincIyng. e naelRr DhIa ndo n egaitveef feocnft lso nwgef,rrti uiinygi,e ld
anfdi fnrasulii ztI etn.h s ee coynedai grte naeylre lnhacnefdl oiwnefgrr,su eitt
andf riutn umbeRrot.o- upnrign dindo atf feoctthf elro rwienagn dy ield
paramest,be urrtde ucedf riutsz iei nt hfesi trs eans.To hee rwas some
evideeo nfac davncferdiu mta truiatnyid c nerasetodt saoll usbollebi yda sl l
apipeltdr temaetnsG.e naeylr flruicthiaanctrge trciisws erei mopvrde,a nd
veegtatgiorvwetr heu dce,md oerb yP BZt habnyr o-oputrnianngd RDI.
PBZte ratteerde s thhaseda mwea tesrt atauscs o notlrTsh.e nietrC 02
assitmiirolanat ea n(sdAt )o macotnadlut can(c5gew) e riepm orvde,a nfdor m
latsetraI ga en ddu irnsgt ag1ae1dns I olfflu r igtor wtfhri cutar bhoyadtrewsee r
inecaresd.R DaIn rdo -oputrninign ecarsendetC 02a sismliatriaot(neA a )n d
stmoataclon dutcan(cg)eo5 ns omoec acsioRnoos-t.p rutnereedds e veloped
ani necarseidne nrtawlat edre fiincti hltee avaensfd r ueistpcsei aalttl hye
timoefh iegshwta tdeerm adnudir nfgri ustt aIgleT lh.eew rase vidceeno n
occasiinRo DnIs raon-odput rninogfo smtoiacdj sutmetin nl evaeasn fd( iuts
maintaingio(nr\f'g tur
).
P
Ana eorponsiycs tweimti thne rtmetimn titsignavge g oocdo ntorfpo lla ntte rw a
streWshse.nw atrse trewsassd evoeplegdar duya plllanwteesr a ble to
maitnatihne tiugrroa rth gihi tnenrawlat edre f(i-c2ia.tn2 -d 3 .M0Pa o f
\f'xy lem
an\f/d1 r eesctpviel.Oy s)mtoiacd sjtumeonctcr urde biont pha rtlyila anfdu lly
expdaenlda eveosfa ltelra temntBsA,Pc ombidnw eitwhat setrr seshwsoe d
biggeors moatdjiucts menWta.t esrte rssrd eucevde getagotrwitvhae,n d
inecasred :rsoohoorttai to.o ttS ihApoBA i necarsaesdw atesrt riecnsrsse ead.
BAPr deuctedhg eor wtihni htbiiaonndr iisnes hootA BA ofw atseterrs sed
palntmsa,i ntanietCn 0e2ad s sitmiiorlanat (eAa )n sdt omactoanuldtc nace
(g5a)ni,dn ecasrerdo :ohstootr aito.
ALLAH
Int hNea meo f thMeo sMte rciftuhlMe o sBte neficent
Id ecdatiet htihse ts:oi s
My parentHsa jM ohammadH assana nd HajF atemehA rzanfio trh eir
patienacned moraslu ppo;rm ty wifFea temeAhrz anif orh erp atience,
suppoartnd encoruagmeenta,n d my childrAelniM ,o hsena ndM inaA rzani.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Int hen ame ofA llha them ostg raciouasn d mostm ercifFuilr.so tfa lplr aise
toA llha forg ivinmge thea bilittoyl erna. Thisst udwyo uldn oth aveb een
possbilew ithotuhteh epl ofA llash.w .t.
Iw oulledi t koe xperss myd eepestg arttiued and sienrcet hnaksto m y
sueprviss oDr.rD avWiodo da ndDr .S etphenL waes fro tehrig uidaen,c
e ncouargementa ncdir iticsmIa. m g aretufl aidnnedbt edt ote hirp aetniec,
entuhssiitaecnc ouargementa ncdom mentasn cdl eos sueprvinst irhouoghout
teh corues oft hsiutsd yT.he yn everg ott rieda nsewrign myq eustioannsId
wasp roveiddw itfehrn diyla nwsesra ta ntymi et hta nIee eddt ehihrel pI.
woludle i akslot oe xperss myt ahnktsoD .rH ugoV aeral-iAaverzm ye ­o
spuevris(oCro meprCue ntetr,Ma sesyU nievrsiftroyh )id ssi cusispnilo angn nin
tehe xpeiremntsd,at aa nyasliasnrd ev eiwign teh manuscript.
Iw ishe xpteross m yt hnaskt oP orfD.a vCihda elsrmf roh icsom mentsa nd
dsicusisodnui grnt eh frsitye aro foc rhdas rutd(ya ase -oseurvpirsa)on adl so
hicso memntso nte hc ornoetldel nvrinomente xpeiremntI.w oudll eit kot hank
DrH.os esniB ehboduiafnoh ri csom mentso nt eh waetrr elatisotnuasdn yd
reveiwignc haeprst a2n 6do ft htiehssi sIw. i sthot haDn.rkD aviWdoo elylf or
hicso memntast t eh tiem ofp erparnigt eh porposfarol te h cornloteld
e nvionremnts tu,dh yissgu gseitonosnA BAa nalyasnidhs ir,sev eiwa nd
comments cohnate pr aer akcnowelgded.Iw isahl sot htaoDn r.kK eith
7
Hugehsfr oh is taasens icirnsoo tc oer sampgl iinten h ocrhdas rutdya nhdi s
comemntso np eresntnigt eh resultosfr oosuttd ayn rdev eiwnigc hpaetr4 .
Thanska ere xtendedt oM r.B urec Mackafyoa rns weirgn myq eustioannsd
hisg gsseiutonrgesa rdign sttaistainycasialsl.
Ig eratlaypr pecieat eth helfpor m et shtaoffef P talhnGtor whtU ni,et speciya ll
Mr.R ayJ ohtnoesn and Mr.C hraelsF obers.T he assies taoMnfr.c D ean
Pelgre thorguhoutteh ocrhda,rg alssohues andc onoetlrdle nvrinoment
expeiremntsi gsra etufllyr ecgoniesd.T hasn tkoM rG.ei lsR ueslslf ohri s
Ackwnlogemdesn t vi
excellneth elpi nm onorinitgt eh aeroponaincdh yrdpooniscy esmtsu esd. I
woudla los lei ketxope rss mtyha knst ote h staofftfe h FurtiC orpUs niftro
tehrim angaemento fte he xperiemntlta eresa nde itra hssstia�n/icnsu memr
purngi anndhr aevstgi.nIt hka tneh mangaementa nd staofffe tCrhown
ReseacrhI ntsiet (uHtr+otReserahc)f ro ogranigs tiehn claietm ormosi,n
patricru Mlrsa.L zi Halglani,M rs.L indRaonb iosna ndM r. Len Ruyb,
oeprtaiotnecsh nicIg iraaeltnay.p r pecaiett ehA gReserahc( CR)Ip rvoiigdn me
witchl itmogalcioadla toafte he xperiemntaslei .t
Ia mv ergy aretuftlot e h staafnfpd o gsratdutea uedsnttosf e PtlhaSncetni ec
Deprtament tfeohirhr e lap npdro vdiign fair nedleyn vrionemnttr huoghoutth is
sutdyIw. ou dlm entiportanci urlylta ehf irnedshoifPp a uAluts iann Gdu leilmro
Cur-zCastialnlgdoar et,uf yl alckneodgew lteh tcehcnails itasnasec ofC onl i
To,dC hrsiR awlgiotnnJ,o nthaaDnxi ona nHdug hN eislonw henIw awso rkngi
inte h larbtaoroy.Ig raetlyr ecaitepadpt eh a�ssitaen ocfM iek Curirei n
synetsihsgi AnBA-BcSonAjg uaet.
The peresnceo fa ltelh o tehrIa rnnip aostagdrauet steundtasn de itfr halmeiis
inPa elrmtson tNhmo adrem yf ayma inlIdf eela th oem.li tsm yp elasruet o
thaannkd wteihmsah h appayn pdro sepruosf urte.u
Ig aretufyla lckneogdwetl eh Unievrstiyo fT ariba-tModrarsea nde Mtihsntyir
ofC utleu arnHdgi herE dcutaioofnIa r nf,ro a wraidgn met eh scohlsahritpo
unedrtaek thsitsu dy.
And lsa,tb uctert aniyl noltae s,tm ys ienrcet hkasna er deu tom yw ie f
FaetmehA rzanfroih erp aetneic,sup proat nednc oruagementt hrgohouumty
styua dndhe re xcellneetf fottr oe ductaeo ruc hlriden.T eh pateinec,o fm y
sonAsla in Mdo hesna nmdy d uaghetrM inaan tdeh ier ncouargementa nd
unedrstnadgi hnaeve ncoraugedm et oc oep witdhfi iflcetus.i
TABLEO F CONTENTS
ABSTRAC.T . . . . . . . . . . . . i.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNWOLEDGMETSN . . . . . . . . . . .v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABEL OCFO NTNETS. . . . . . . . . . v.i i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LSITO FT ABLE.S . . . . . . . . . . .x v.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LITSO FF IGRUES xvii
. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LSITO F APTLES. . . . . . . . . . . .x x.i i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GLOSSAROYFA BBRETVIIOAN.S . . . . . . .x xv.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTRE ONEG:E NEARLI TNRODCUTIOANN DO BJECTIV.E S. 1 .
.
CHAPTETRW O:R EVWI EOLFT IEARTURE. . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2.G1E NEARLO VERVEIWO FA PROITC . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
21.1.C alssific.a t.i o.n . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
21.2.H itsoaryno dir gin. . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2..13G eographCilcai tmircqe ueimerntsa nd odpurction
I
regoins. . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2..14R otosotckGsor,wi nHga ibatn Tdar insiynesgmts . . .6 . . .
.
2..15S oem rencets teusdoi na pirco.t . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2.M2A NAGINTGH EG ROWTHO FF RIUTT REES. . . 10
. . . . . . . . . . .
22..R1O OTR-UPNNIG . . . . . . . . . 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2..2.11Eef fctso fr oto-upnringgor wotnoh ff rtueriest . 1.3 .
2.121... 1Re spones ofr oottos u pnrin.g . . 1.3 . . . .
.
2..2.1.12Re spoen osfs hoottsor o-oputrnin.g .1 5. .
.
2..2.1.13 Roto:sohto raitoa ndf utniconal
equirliiubm. . . . . . . 1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2..2.1.14T ehe ffceto nt runoks ssecc irtonaaerla
(TCSA.) . . . . . . . 1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
22.1.. 2E effctso f -rpourongti non phsyiological
porecsses . . . . . . . . .1 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.122...A1cc umutlioaofnm ienarln uterntis . . 1.9 . .
.
2.12..22W .aetrr elatio.n s. . . . .1 9. . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Tabolfe Contents viii
2.12..2.P3h otoshyesnitsa nda smsiiatle
patritio.n i.n g. . . . . .2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.12..2F.l4wo eirn aiittoainn d dfervlueoiptm .e n.t2 1.
2.123..P arcitcalo fru osoet -ipntrgeu cnihqnsu e. . 2. 1 . . . . .
2..2.131T. imaen tdy poefr ooutn-ip.rn g. . 2.2 . . . . .
2.12. .3T.h2ee f foefrc ot otn-igpno rnfu uriqtu tayl i
ancdor ppin.g . . . . . . 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2P.A2C LUOTBRAZ.O L . . . . . . . .2 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.21.E 2f.feocfPt BZso ng orwtohff rituter es. . . 2.5 . . . . .
2.21.1.2R e.spoonfs er tooPo BtZs . . . 2.5 . . . . . . .
2.22...12R espoonfss hoeo ttso ZP B. . . 2.6 . . . . . .
2.22...13 Tehffeoe nct utrn ckor sssec otinaaler a
(TCS.A). . . . .. .. .. ...........2..8. .
.
2.2.2.2o fE ZfPo fBnep chstyiso lopgoricceasls.e s. 2.8 . . .
22..22..A1c cumuloaft imaoilnnn ut eirretns. . 2.8 . . .
22..2.W2a.t2re ret liao.n s. . . . . 2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.P2h.o3tyo nstshiesa nda ssitmei la
patrtiion.i n.g . . . . . .2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2..22.F2lw.oe4ir tn aiitiaonnfd r iudte vleopm.e n.t3 0.
2.2.P2ar.ci3tc alo fPu BZs e. . . . . . .3 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.23.1.T2 y.paen tdi mfeP BZa ppcatliio.n . 3.4 . .
b
2.23..2T2.h ee ffoefcP tBZ onf ruqiutta yla ind
corppi.n g. . . . . . . 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2W.AT3E RS TRESS. . . . . . . . . 3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.3..E1f foefwc att rse troensgs or wtohff rituter es. .4 1. .
2.2...1T31h eef foefwc att esrt roesnrs o o.t s . 4.1 . .
2.21.2.3 T.hee ffeocfwt at esrt reosnss hoot
gorwth. . . . . . . . 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.21.3.T3 h.ee ffoefwc atet rs trestusr ncokorn s s
setcioaneraa(l T CS.A ) . . . . 4.5 . . . . . . . . . .
2..23.E2f fecotfws a ters treosns p hylsoiagoli c
TabolfCe o ntse nt IX
porecsses. . . . . . . . . 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.32..12A .ccumluatoifmo inen arln uetnrti.s . 4.6 . . .
2.32..2W.ate2 rrel ati.o n.s . . . . 4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
22..3.2P.ht3oo syensitsha nda smsilitae
patritiinog.n . . . . . . .5 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22..23..F4l eowrit nitiaiaonnfd r dueivetol pemnt. .5 6.
22..3.T2eh. 5e ffecto fw atesrret ss on
endoegnouAsB A. . . . . . 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22..3P.ar3ct icueas olf ewrsa rettss . . . . . 5.8 . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1T3 i.em3 a.ntdy ep ofi pmoesdw aetrse trss .5 9.
22..3.T3ehe. ff2ec t woafts eetrsrs o nf rquuiiatt ly
anydei dl . . . . . . . .6 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTRE THRE:O ERCHAREDXP ERIMTESN
GENERAL MARTAIELS AMNEDT HOD.S . 6.3 . . .
3.I1TN RODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.P2LA NTM ATREAILC,U TLURALA NDT RAINISNYGS TMES 63
3.E3XP ERIMTEALNS IT.E . . . . . . . . .6 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.E4N VRIONMEN.T . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34..C1l aietm . ..... .'.. ... .. . . . . . 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34...11R afianalnlPd a n Ervtaaipo.on . . . . 66. . . . . . . . . .
34...12Te mpearuter . . . . . . . .6 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.143..S usnhei n. . . . . . . . .6 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14. .4Re ltaei hvuimidt.y . .. .. .. .. .. .6 6. . . . . . . . . . .
34..S2o i.l . . . . . . . . . . . 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.D5u artiaonnld ya otuo fte he xpeiremnts. . . . . . .6 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35..C1l eo sspaecde xpermient . . . . . . .6 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35...11E x peiremntalla yo.u t. . . . . . 67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35...12R oo-tprutneriatnemgn t. . . . . . 6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.153.. Pacloabzuoteltrat remnts. . . . .. .. 6 .8. .. .. . . . .
3.153..1.T yep ofa ppaltii.co n. . . . .6 8. . . . . . . . . . .