Table Of ContentW. W. Norton & Company, Inc. • www.NortonEbooks.com
PHYSICS
Hans C. Ohanian, John T. Markert
THIRD EDITION
FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
Volume Two
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Physics for
Engineers and
Scientists
Third Edition
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY B
NEW YORK • LONDON
Volume 2 (Chapters 22–36)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
WAVES AND OPTICS
THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
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Physics for
Engineers and
Scientists Third Edition
H A N S C . O H A N I A N ,
U N I V E R S I T Y O F V E R M O N T
J O H N T. M A R K E R T,
U N I V E R S I T Y O F T E X A S A T A U S T I N
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY B
NEW YORK • LONDON
Volume 2 (Chapters 22–36)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
WAVES AND OPTICS
THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
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To Susan Ohanian, writer, who gently tried to teach me some of her craft.—H.C.O.
To Frank D. Markert, a printer by trade; to Christiana Park, for her thirst for new knowledge; and to
Erin, Ryan, Sean, and Gwen, for their wonder and clarity.—J.T.M.
Copyright © 2007 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Third Edition
Composition: Techbooks
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Cover Illustration: John Belcher, inter alia.
Cover Design: Joan Greenfield
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
ISBN 978-0-393-11102-6 (ebook)
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Brief Contents
PREFACE xiii
OWNER’S MANUAL xxv
PRELUDE: THE WORLD OF PHYSICS xxxv
PART I MOTION, FORCE, AND ENERGY 1
1. SPACE, TIME, AND MASS 2
2. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 28
3. VECTORS 69
4. MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 94
5. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 130
6. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 173
7. WORK AND ENERGY 204
8. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 235
9. GRAVITATION 271
10. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 305
11. COLLISIONS 338
12. ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY 365
13. DYNAMICS OF A RIGID BODY 394
14. STATICS AND ELASTICITY 429
PART II OSCILLATIONS, WAVES, AND FLUIDS 466
15. OSCILLATIONS 468
16. WAVES 507
17. SOUND 536
18. FLUID MECHANICS 565
PART III TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND
THERMODYNAMICS 600
19. THE IDEAL GAS 602
20. HEAT 628
21. THERMODYNAMICS 661
v
PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 692
22. ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE 694
23. THE ELECTRIC FIELD 721
24. GAUSS’ LAW 756
25. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND ENERGY 789
26. CAPACITORS AND DIELECTRICS 828
27. CURRENTS AND OHM’S LAW 858
28. DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS 887
29. MAGNETIC FORCE AND FIELD 926
30. CHARGES AND CURRENTS IN MAGNETIC
FIELDS 964
31. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 993
32. ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS 1030
PART V WAVES AND OPTICS 1068
33. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1070
34. REFLECTION, REFRACTION, AND OPTICS 1111
35. INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 1168
PART VI RELATIVITY, QUANTA,
AND PARTICLES 1214
36. THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY 1216
37. QUANTA OF LIGHT 1254
38. SPECTRAL LINES, BOHR’S THEORY, AND QUANTUM
MECHANICS 1286
39. QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF ATOMS, MOLECULES,
AND SOLIDS 1320
40. NUCLEI 1354
41. ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGY 1396
APPENDICES A-1
Chapters 1–21 appear in Volume 1; Chapters 22–36 appear in
Volume 2; Chapters 36–41 appear in Volume 3.
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Table of Contents
PREFACE xiii
OWNER’S MANUAL xxv
PRELUDE: THE WORLD OF PHYSICS xxxv
PART I MOTION, FORCE, AND ENERGY 1
1. SPACE, TIME, AND MASS 2
1.1 Coordinates and Reference Frames 3
1.2 The Unit of Length 5
1.3 The Unit of Time 9
1.4 The Unit of Mass 11
1.5 Derived Units 13
1.6 Significant Figures; Consistency of Units and
Conversion of Units 14
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 20
2. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 28
2.1 Average Speed 29
2.2 Average Velocity for Motion along a
Straight Line 32
2.3 Instantaneous Velocity 35
2.4 Acceleration 39
2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration 42
2.6 The Acceleration of Free Fall 49
2.7* Integration of the Equations of Motion 54
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 57
3. VECTORS 69
3.1 The Displacement Vector and Other Vectors 70
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 72
3.3 The Position Vector; Components of a
Vector 76
3.4 Vector Multiplication 81
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 87
4. MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 94
4.1 Components of Velocity and Acceleration 95
4.2 The Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 98
4.3 Motion with Constant Acceleration 102
4.4 The Motion of Projectiles 104
4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 112
4.6 The Relativity of Motion and the Addition
of Velocities 115
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 118
5. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 130
5.1 Newton’s First Law 131
5.2 Newton’s Second Law 133
5.3 The Combination of Forces 138
5.4 Weight; Contact Force and Normal Force 141
5.5 Newton’s Third Law 144
5.6 Motion with a Constant Force 151
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 159
6. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 173
6.1 Friction 174
6.2 Restoring Force of a Spring; Hooke’s Law 182
6.3 Force for Uniform Circular Motion 184
6.4* The Four Fundamental Forces 191
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 192
vii
Chapters 1–21 appear in Volume 1; Chapters 22–36 appear in
Volume 2; and Chapters 36–41 appear in Volume 3.
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7. WORK AND ENERGY 204
7.1 Work 205
7.2 Work for a Variable Force 211
7.3 Kinetic Energy 214
7.4 Gravitational Potential Energy 218
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 224
8. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 235
8.1 Potential Energy of a Conservative Force 236
8.2 The Curve of Potential Energy 244
8.3 Other Forms of Energy 248
8.4* Mass and Energy 251
8.5 Power 253
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 259
9. GRAVITATION 271
9.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 272
9.2 The Measurement of G 277
9.3 Circular Orbits 278
9.4 Elliptical Orbits; Kepler’s Laws 282
9.5 Energy in Orbital Motion 288
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 293
10. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 305
10.1 Momentum 306
10.2 Center of Mass 313
10.3 The Motion of the Center of Mass 323
10.4 Energy of a System of Particles 327
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 328
11. COLLISIONS 338
11.1 Impulsive Forces 339
11.2 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 344
11.3 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 348
11.4* Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions 351
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 354
12. ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY 365
12.1 Motion of a Rigid Body 366
12.2 Rotation about a Fixed Axis 367
12.3 Motion with Constant Angular
Acceleration 374
12.4* Motion with Time-Dependent Angular
Acceleration 376
12.5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation; Moment of
Inertia 378
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 384
13. DYNAMICS OF A RIGID BODY 394
13.1 Work, Energy, and Power in Rotational Motion;
Torque 395
13.2 The Equation of Rotational Motion 399
13.3 Angular Momentum and its Conservation 406
13.4* Torque and Angular Momentum as
Vectors 410
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 417
14. STATICS AND ELASTICITY 429
14.1 Statics of Rigid Bodies 430
14.2 Examples of Static Equilibrium 433
14.3 Levers and Pulleys 441
14.4 Elasticity of Materials 445
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 450
PART II OSCILLATIONS, WAVES,
AND FLUIDS 466
15. OSCILLATIONS 468
15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 469
15.2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 476
15.3 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 480
15.4 The Simple Pendulum 484
15.5* Damped Oscillations and Forced
Oscillations 488
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 494
16. WAVES 507
16.1 Transverse and Longitudinal Wave Motion 508
16.2 Periodic Waves 509
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16.3 The Superposition of Waves 516
16.4 Standing Waves 520
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 524
17. SOUND 536
17.1 Sound Waves in Air 538
17.2 Intensity of Sound 540
17.3 The Speed of Sound; Standing Waves 543
17.4 The Doppler Effect 574
17.5* Diffraction 553
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 555
18. FLUID MECHANICS 565
18.1 Density and Flow Velocity 567
18.2 Incompressible Steady Flow; Streamlines 569
18.3 Pressure 573
18.4 Pressure in a Static Fluid 575
18.5 Archimedes’ Principle 580
18.6 Fluid Dynamics; Bernoulli’s Equation 582
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 587
PART III TEMPERATURE, HEAT,
AND THERMODYNAMICS 600
19. THE IDEAL GAS 602
19.1 The Ideal-Gas Law 603
19.2 The Temperature Scale 609
19.3 Kinetic Pressure 613
19.4 The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 616
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 619
20. HEAT 628
20.1 Heat as a Form of Energy Transfer 629
20.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 633
20.3 Thermal Conduction 638
20.4 Changes of State 642
20.5 The Specific Heat of a Gas 644
20.6* Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas 647
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 650
21. THERMODYNAMICS 661
21.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 663
21.2 Heat Engines; The Carnot Engine 665
21.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 675
21.4 Entropy 677
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 681
PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 692
22. ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE 694
22.1 The Electrostatic Force 695
22.2 Coulomb’s Law 698
22.3 The Superposition of Electrical Forces 703
22.4 Charge Quantization and Charge
Conservation 706
22.5 Conductors and Insulators; Charging by
Friction or by Induction 708
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 712
23. THE ELECTRIC FIELD 721
23.1 The Electric Field of Point Charges 722
23.2 The Electric Field of Continuous Charge
Distributions 729
23.3 Lines of Electric Field 736
23.4 Motion in a Uniform Electric Field 740
23.5 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field 742
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 745
24. GAUSS’ LAW 756
24.1 Electric Flux 757
24.2 Gauss’ Law 762
24.3 Applications of Gauss’ Law 763
24.4 Superposition of Electric Fields 772
24.5 Conductors and Electric Fields 774
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 778
25. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND ENERGY 789
25.1 The Electrostatic Potential 790
25.2 Calculation of the Potential from the Field 798
CONTENTS
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30. CHARGES AND CURRENTS IN MAGNETIC
FIELDS 964
30.1 Circular Motion in a Uniform Magnetic
Field 965
30.2 Force on a Wire 969
30.3 Torque on a Loop 972
30.4 Magnetism in Materials 976
30.5* The Hall Effect 980
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 984
31. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 993
31.1 Motional EMF 994
31.2 Faraday’s Law 997
31.3 Some Examples; Lenz’ Law 1001
31.4 Inductance 1008
31.5 Magnetic Energy 1013
31.6* The RL Circuit 1015
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1018
32. ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS* 1030
32.1 Resistor Circuit 1013
32.2 Capacitor Circuit 1035
32.3 Inductor Circuit 1038
32.4* Freely Oscillating LC and RLC Circuits 1041
32.5* Series Circuits with Alternating EMF 1046
32.6 The Transformer 1053
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1057
PART V WAVES AND OPTICS 1068
33. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1070
33.1 Induction of Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s
Equations 1071
33.2* The Electromagnetic Wave Pulse 1075
33.3 Plane Waves; Polarization 1079
33.4 The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves 1088
33.5 Energy of a Wave 1092
33.6* The Wave Equation 1096
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1099
x
CONTENTS
25.3 Potential in Conductors 803
25.4 Calculation of the Field from the
Potential 806
25.5 Energy of Systems of Charges 811
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 816
26. CAPACITORS AND DIELECTRICS 828
26.1 Capacitance 829
26.2 Capacitors in Combination 834
26.3 Dielectrics 838
26.4 Energy in Capacitors 844
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 847
27. CURRENTS AND OHM’S LAW 858
27.1 Electric Current 859
27.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 863
27.3 Resistivity of Materials 868
27.4 Resistances in Combination 872
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 878
28. DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS 887
28.1 Electromotive Force 888
28.2 Sources of Electromotive Force 890
28.3 Single-Loop Circuits 893
28.4 Multi-Loop Circuits 897
28.5 Energy in Circuits; Joule Heat 901
28.6* Electrical Measurements 903
28.7* The RC Circuit 907
28.8* The Hazards of Electric
Currents 913
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 914
29. MAGNETIC FORCE AND FIELD 926
29.1 The Magnetic Force 928
29.2 The Magnetic Field 931
29.3 Ampére’s Law 938
29.4 Solenoids and Magnets 943
29.5 The Biot-Savart Law 948
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 951
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34. REFLECTION, REFRACTION, AND OPTICS 1111
34.1 Huygens’ Construction 1113
34.2 Reflection 1114
34.3 Refraction 1117
34.4 Spherical Mirrors 1128
34.5 Thin Lenses 1135
34.6* Optical Instruments 1144
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1152
35. INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 1168
35.1 Thin Films 1169
35.2* The Michelson Interferometer 1174
35.3 Interference from Two Slits 1177
35.4 Interference from Multiple Slits 1183
35.5 Diffraction by a Single Slit 1190
35.6 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture; Rayleigh’s
Criterion 1196
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1199
PART VI RELATIVITY, QUANTA,
AND PARTICLES 1214
36. THE THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY 1216
36.1 The Speed of Light; the Ether 1218
36.2 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 1220
36.3 Time Dilation 1224
36.4 Length Contraction 1230
36.5 The Lorentz Transformations and the
Combination of Velocities 1232
36.6 Relativistic Momentum and Energy 1239
36.7* Mass and Energy 1242
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1244
37. QUANTA OF LIGHT 1254
37.1 Blackbody Radiation 1255
37.2 Energy Quanta 1258
37.3 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect 1264
37.4 The Compton Effect 1269
37.5 X Rays 1273
37.6 Wave vs. Particle 1276
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1279
CONTENTS
xi
38. SPECTRAL LINES, BOHR’S THEORY, AND QUANTUM
MECHANICS 1286
38.1 Spectral Lines 1287
38.2 Spectral Series of Hydrogen 1291
38.3 The Nuclear Atom 1293
38.4 Bohr’s Theory 1295
38.5 Quantum Mechanics; The Schrödinger
Equation 1302
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1312
39. QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF ATOMS, MOLECULES,
AND SOLIDS 1320
39.1 Principal, Orbital, and Magnetic Quantum
Numbers; Spin 1321
39.2 The Exclusion Principle and the Structure of
Atoms 1328
39.3* Energy Levels in Molecules 1333
39.4 Energy Bands in Solids 1336
39.5 Semiconductor Devices 1340
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1345
40. NUCLEI 1354
40.1 Isotopes 1355
40.2 The Strong Force and the Nuclear Binding
Energy 1359
40.3 Radioactivity 1365
40.4 The Law of Radioactive Decay 1372
40.5 Fission 1377
40.6* Nuclear Bombs and Nuclear Reactors 1379
40.7 Fusion 1384
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1386
41. ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND COSMOLOGY 1396
41.1 The Tools of High-Energy Physics 1397
41.2 The Multitude of Particles 1403
41.3 Interactions and Conservation Laws 1405
41.4 Fields and Quanta 1409
41.5 Quarks 1412
41.6 Cosmology 1416
SUMMARY / QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS / REVIEW
PROBLEMS / ANSWERS TO CHECKUPS 1424
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APPENDIX 6: THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
(SI) A-21
A6.1 Base Units A-21
A6.2 Derived Units A-23
A6.3 Prefixes A-23
APPENDIX 7: BEST VALUES OF FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTANTS A-23
APPENDIX 8: CONVERSION FACTORS A-26
APPENDIX 9: THE PERIODIC TABLE AND CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS A-31
APPENDIX 10: FORMULA SHEETS A-33
Chapters 1–21 A-33
Chapters 22–41 A-34
APPENDIX 11: ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED
PROBLEMS AND REVIEW PROBLEMS A-35
PHOTO CREDITS A-49
INDEX A-53
xii
CONTENTS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: GREEK ALPHABET A-1
APPENDIX 2: MATHEMATICS REVIEW A-1
A2.1 Symbols A-1
A2.2 Powers and Roots A-1
A2.3 Arithmetic in Scientific Notation A-2
A2.4 Algebra A-3
A2.5 Equations with Two Unknowns A-5
A2.6 The Quadratic Formula A-5
A2.7 Logarithms and the Exponential Function A-5
APPENDIX 3: GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
REVIEW A-7
A3.1 Perimeters, Areas, and Volumes A-7
A3.2 Angles A-7
A3.3 The Trigonometric Functions A-8
A3.4 The Trigonometric Identities A-9
A3.5 The Laws of Cosines and Sines A-10
APPENDIX 4: CALCULUS REVIEW A-10
A4.1 Derivatives A-10
A4.2 Important Rules for Differentiation A-11
A4.3 Integrals A-12
A4.4 Important Rules for Integration A-15
A4.5 The Taylor Series A-18
A4.6 Some Approximations A-18
APPENDIX 5: PROPAGATING UNCERTAINTIES A-19
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Preface
Our aim in Physics for Engineers and Scientists, Third Edition, is to present a modern
view of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, including some optics and quantum
physics.We also want to offer students a glimpse of the practical applications of physics
in science, engineering, and everyday life.
The book and its learning package emerged from a collaborative effort that began
more than six years ago. We adapted the core of Ohanian’s earlier Physics (Second
Edition, 1989) and combined it with relevant findings from recent physics education
research on how students learn most effectively. The result is a text that presents a
clear, uncluttered explication of the core concepts in physics, well suited to the needs
of undergraduate engineering and science students.
Organization of Topics
The 41 chapters of the book cover the essential topics of introductory physics: mechan-
ics of particles, rigid bodies, and fluids; oscillations, wave motion, heat and thermo-
dynamics; electricity and magnetism; optics; special relativity; and atomic and subatomic
physics.
Our arrangement and treatment of topics are fairly traditional with a few delib-
erate distinctions. We introduce the principle of superposition of forces early in
Chapter 5 on Newton’s laws of motion, and we give the students considerable expo-
sure to the vector superposition of gravitational forces in Chapter 9. This leaves the
students well prepared for the later application of vector superposition of electric and
magnetic forces generated by charge or current distributions. We place gravitation in
Chapter 9 immediately after the chapters on work and energy, because we regard
gravitation as a direct application of these concepts (instructors who prefer to post-
pone gravitation can, of course, do so). We introduce forces on stationary electric
charges in a detailed, complete exposition in Chapter 22, before proceeding to the
less obvious concept of the electric field in Chapter 23. We start the study of magnetism
in Chapter 29 with the force on a moving charged particle near a current, instead of
the more common practice of starting with a postulate about the magnetic field in
the abstract. With our approach, the observed magnetic forces on moving charges
lead naturally to the magnetic field, and this progression from magnetic force to
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