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April20
©2015
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All RIGHTS RESERVED
This professional project completed by
SANG YUNG LEE
has been presented to 뻐d aceφted by the
faculty of Claremont School of Theology in
P하ti외 fulfillment of the requirements of the
DOCTOR OF MINISTRY
Fae비. Committee
K. Samuel Lee, Chairperson
Namsoon Kang
Dean of the Faculty
Sheryl A. Kujawa-Holbrook
May2이5
ABSTRACT
LISTENING TO KOREAN AMERICAN LAYPERSONS:
PASTORAL CALL‘ LEADERSHIP, AND CARE
By Sang Yung l윷
This proj야t attempts to investigate the diπerent aspects of the pastoral image
among Korean American immig대nt laypersons in Southern California. This is also a
theological reflection on the qualities of an ideal pastQr as expected by the laypersons of
the Korean American United Methodist Chuπh. After spending time with the people
who have panicipated in this research, I realized that parishioners have more
understanding of what a pastor should be than pastors have. The parishioners possess an
image of a pastor who serves the church with a pastoral hean. Unfc。nunately,this has
not been the case for many pastors, and both the people of the faith communities as well
as the people of the secular world have taken notice of these shoncomings. Instead of
neglecting this epistemological blindspot, it is imperative that pastors give this criticism
serious consideration. Pastors need to look into the Scriptures, theoretical resources
provided by their predecessors, and the voices of laypeπons to correctly understand the
image of a pastor. Therefore, this study is invaluable as practical theological and
qualitative research.
The quest for understanding of the image of a pastor began from Scripture. The
image of an ideal pastor as ponrayed in Scripture is pastoral, nunuring, and a shepherd,
who is also a priest who reconciles and leads worship, a prophet and messenger who
proclaims the Gospel. Literary resources indicate that the tangible quality of an ideal
pastor is demonstrated by eff농ctive preaching skills, positive leadership, and being a
Christ-centered role model. As for the inner qualities, self care plays a vital role in
avoiding burnout by strengthening personal ethics and spirituality. The qualitative
interview was a valuable research tool for understanding the pastoral image.
Conducting eight independent interviews has allowed me to reflect on my personal
ministry” fr om the qualitative perspective. The interviews indicate that the participants
general had clear recollections of both the positive and the negative images ofa pastor.
During the interviews, I was able to resonate with the participants. This research has
allowed me to constantly reflect on my personal ministry.
KEYWORDS: Pastoral Images, Church Conflict, Pastoral Care, Korean American
Chuκh, Qualitative Research
SUMMARY
This paper attempts to understand the ideal image of a pastor. This research
focuses on Korean American laypersons who live in Southern California. The approach
that I took involved using a qualitative research method, a postmodernistic trend,
whereby one gathers data by the means of interviews and dialogues. Instead of using the
responses of the people as structured data, as done by the quantitative approach, this
approach takes the conversation and internalizes it in a holistic and meaningful way. As
I spent much time with those who generously offered their time for my research, I was
able to see the kind of pastoral image expected by the people. There were pa떠cipants
wh。selives were greatly impacted by the positive image of a pastor. However, there
were those who were pained by the negative image of a pastor. As a qualitative
researcher, this study has led me to understand how important it is to do a qualitative
ministry. In the following, I have summarized how the paper is organized.
This paper contains five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one contains a
summary of my paper. I have introduced the basic qualities of the positive image ofa
pastor. In order to build a healthy church, pastors need to have the right understanding of
the pastoral image. The thesis of this project explains why laypersons are seeking for the
right image of a pastor as well as some of the collective efforts to achieve this. Some of
the theological terminology I have used include ”pastoral image,” ”calling,” ”pastoral
care,” and "epistemological blindspot. ” I have defined the audience who can
potentially benefit from this research as well as the limitations and contributions of this
study.
Chapter Two contains the theories found in the literature that I used to formulate
the thesis of this paper. This chapter will look at the theoretical backgrounds for these
theories as well as previously conducted research. This chapter is divided into two
sections. First, it will look into the scriptural source which defines the image of a
pastor. Second, it will look into some previous relevant research. From the scriptural
source, 1 looked into the various traditions of a pastor's calling and ordination. 1 then
tried to define the image of a pastor from the pastoral, priestly and messenger
aspects. The calling as described in Scripture was the basis of calling all the people of
God. The calling was confirmed by the faith community and empowered by the
ordination. The most pop비ar metaphor used to describe the role of a pastor was a
shephe떠 A shepherd is a leader, nurturer, and a role model to the flock. An image of a
past。ras a p꺼est is of one who serves to reconcile people’s broken relationship with
God. This puts much emphasis on worship. A pastor, as a messenger, serves as a
prophetic voice to the world as well as a preacher who proclaims the gospel of Jesus
Christ.
The second part of this chapter contains the various independent studies that
address the image of a pastor. ηtis is divided into two sections. The first section deals
‘
with the effectiveness of a ministry and these ond section deals with the pastor’s self
care. There is a wide array of approaches and interpretations that define eff농ctive
ministry as well as a pastoral self care. First, the most obvious measure of an ideal pastor
is how effective the minster does the ministry. This is often measured by the preaching
skill, judging whether or not the pastor is a good preacher. The ideal pastor is often
expected to be a good preacher. The ideal pastor is also expected to demonstrate
effective leadership, which can tum crisis into opportunity. Pastoral care is another
obvious measure of an ideal pastor. Another measure of an ideal pastor, which is not so
obvious, is pastoral self care. Studies show that the consequence has been 뻐r more
devastating to the pastors who were faced with a personal crisis than those who failed to
do an effective ministry. Pastoral ethics is an important factor which should be
incorporated into self care. Pastors have ministerial blind spots, which is like chronic
”
i ness. Issues pastors fail to see included sexism, pastoral abuse of power, poor pastoral
time and resource management, which are often the results of po。rpersonal self
care. One of the key aspects of pastoral self care is inner healing and spiritual
restoration.
Chapter Three discusses the research meth。dology. This Chapter explains the
nature of qualitative research and the methodology used. This Chapter also explains the
preparation and the process of the interview. Due to the nature of this research,
confidentiality, reliability and ethical practice must be emphasized. 까1e researcher must
handle these data with sensitivity and great consideration. I present the details of the
interviews in Chapter Four.
Chapter Four presents the outcome of the interviews and the result analysis. I
”
have conducted eight independent interviews in this research. A of the participants
have been given fictitious names for the sake of confidentiality. I also omitted
information which may disclose personal information of the participants. I explained the
nature of this research as well as the procedures to the participants. This chapter also
contains the procedure and the analysis of the interviews as well as the coding of the
interview. The coding and the analysis have three parts. The first paπ contains people's
iii
positive image of a pastor. The second part contains people’s negative image of a
pastor. The thi벼 part contains people’s expected image ofa pastor. As I was coding the
interview transcript, I found myself resonating with the responses of the
participants. The positive and the negative perception of the pastor in the eyes of these
participants were like my reflection in the mirror. The expected image of a pastor still
remains to be associated with positive leadership and pastoral care which could provide
spiritual guidance for the parishioners. People demonstrated sympathetic feelings
towards the pastors who demonstrated ineffective leadership, unconvincing sermons, as
well as ethical shortcomings. The participants sincerely suggested effective ministerial
skills, leadership as well as effective self care in order to demonstrate what the image of a
pastor should be. They also suggested that the pastors do a ministry with an undivided
heart, with the highest principles and for the next generation of the faith community.
Chapter Five is the conclusion of my paper. The final chapter includes my
reflection 。nthe qualitative approach to this research. It also includes my suggestion on
how we could restore the right image of a pastor. I suggest that pastors should strive to
build a positive image of a pastor by the means of studying Scripture and the literary
resources. This chapter also includes my personal interpretative image of a pastor
within my own ministry. It includes what this study means to me as a pastor. I also
mentioned the limitation of this research. This chapter suggests a personal retreat
program which allows pastors to consider the image of a pastor.
iv
목차
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. 서론
Introduction .. . . . . .. . . ...... ---……………-•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••••• I
A. 연구의 의미와목적
Meaning and Purpose of Study ..... .
B. 문제의 제기와논의
c. Problems and Issues of Study.. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . ......... ……--------------------------…………… 2
논지와토론
Thesis and Discussion ........................................... …--… …---------….4
D. 용어청의
Definitions of Terms ............................................................. 5
E. 청중대상
Audiences Benefiting from the Study . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . I 3
F. 연구의 제한성과 공헌
Limitation and Contribution of the Study ............................. .......... 14
II. 논지에 관한 문헌자료의 명론적 검토
Literature Review .. …… --…· …--……………-------……----……-------------……………………· …• ••••••••• 17
A. 목회자상에 대한 성서적 배정
Biblical Background .... …-••••••••••••••••… …… ……… ……. ” .................... ) 7
L 목회자의 소명과안수
Pastoral Calling and Ordination ...... …------------… ------------------ ---- …-- … ••• 17
2. 목자로서의 목회자상
Pastoral Image as a Shepherd ................................................. 20
3. 제사장적 목회자상
Pastoral Image as a Priest …----------------…------…-------------------------------------•••••••••• ••• 24
4. 메신저, 말씀의 선포자로서의 목회자상
Pastoral Image, as a Messenger and a Proclaimer of the Word........................... . . . . .... 25
B. 목회자상에 관한 이론연구
Theoretical Background of Pastoral Image …-----------------------------•••••••••••••••••• 28
I. 효과적인목회
Effective Ministry . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .... …· …-------------------------------…· …• •••••••••••• 28
a. 설교
b. P목re회ac리hin더g 십… …-------------------------------------------…------ ------…----------------------------……. 28
Pastoral Leadership .......... …----------------------------••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• 33
