Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews

401 Pages·2012·2.17 MB·English

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Edited by:
Dr. Gowher Ahmad Naik
FICTION

Edited By

Dr. Gowher Ahmad Naik
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SYLLABUS

Fiction

Objectives:

• To trace the evolution of prose fiction.
• To discuss the major elements of prose fiction.
• To explain the major thematic thrusts of the selected texts.
• To develop the ability of the learners to think and write critically about fiction.
Sr. No. Topics
1. Henry Fielding –Joseph Andrews (non-detailed): Introduction to the Author
and to the text, Joseph Andrews: Detailed study of text
2. Joseph Andrews: Picaresque Novel and its application on the prescribed text,
Characterization and Plot Construction, Comic epic in prose
Jane Austen – EMMA: Introduction to the Author and to the text, Detailed
3.
study of text
Jane Austen ----EMMA: Plot Construction in detail, : Characterization, All
4.
major and Minor themes
5. Charles Dickens- Great Expectations(non-detailed): Introduction to the
Author and to the text, : Detailed study of text, Plot Construction in detail,
Characterization and Ending of the play, Style and themes
Aldous Huxley-Brave New World: Introduction to the Author and to the
6.
text, Detailed study of text, Themes and Characterization
7. D.H. Lawrence—Sons And Lovers: Introduction to the Author and to the
text, Detailed study of text, Themes and Characterization, Style and Plot
8. William Golding—Lord Of The Flies: Introduction to the Author and to t he
text, Detailed study of text, Themes and Characterization,
9. Virginia Woolf—Mrs. Dalloway: Introduction to the Author and to the text,
Detailed study of text, Themes and Characterization, Style
10. Joseph Conrad-Heart Of Darkness: Introduction to the Author and to t he
text, Detailed study of the text, Themes
CONTENT
Unit 1: Henry Fielding –Joseph Andrews 1
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Unit 2: Joseph Andrews-I: Detailed Study of the Text 8
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Unit 3: Joseph Andrews-II: Detailed Study of the Text 24
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Unit 4: Joseph Andrews-III: Detailed Study of the Text 40
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Unit 5: Joseph Andrews-IV: Detailed Study of the Text 53
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Unit 6: Joseph Andrews: Picaresque Novel, Its Application and Characterization 65
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Unit 7: Joseph Andrews: Character Analysis, Comic Epic in Prose and Plot Construction 74
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Unit 8: Jane Austen – Emma 83
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Unit 9: Emma Plot Construction 115
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Unit 10: Emma Characterization and all Major and Minor Themes 121
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Unit 11: Charles Dickens – Great Expectations 132
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Unit 12: Great Expectations: Detailed Study of Text-I 137
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Unit 13: Great Expectations: Detailed Study of Text-II 150
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Unit 14: Great Expectations: Detailed Study of Text-III 163
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Unit 15: Great Expectations: Plot Construction 177
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Unit 16: Great Expectations: Characterization and Ending of the Play 185
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Unit 17: Aldous Huxley – Brave New World 195
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Unit 18: Aldous Huxley – Brave New World: Detailed Study of Text-I 199
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Unit 19: Aldous Huxley – Brave New World: Detailed Study of Text-II 213
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Unit 20: Aldous Huxley – Brave New World: Themes and Characterization 226
Jayatee Bhattacharya, Lovely Professional University
Unit 21: D. H. Lawrence – Sons and Lovers 235
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Unit 22: D. H. Lawrence – Sons and Lovers: Detailed Study of Text 243
Jayatee Bhattacharya, Lovely Professional University
Unit 23: D. H. Lawrence – Sons and Lovers: Themes and Characterization 264
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Unit 24: William Golding – Lord of the Flies 276
Jayatee Bhattacharya, Lovely Professional University
Unit 25: William Golding – Lord of the Flies: Detailed Study of Text-I 282
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Unit 26: William Golding – Lord of the Flies: Detailed Study of Text-II 302
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Unit 27: William Golding – Lord of the Flies: Themes and Characterization 322
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Unit 28: Virginia Woolf – Mrs. Dalloway 333
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Unit 29: Virginia Woolf – Mrs. Dalloway: Detailed Study of Text 338
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Unit 30: Virginia Woolf – Mrs. Dalloway: Themes and Characterization 366
Jayatee Bhattacharya, Lovely Professional University
Unit 31: Joseph Conrad – Heart of Darkness 378
Digvijay Pandya, Lovely Professional University
Unit 1: Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews
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Notes
Unit 1: Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews
CONTENTS
Objectives
Introduction
1.1 Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews (Non–detailed): Introduction to the Author
1.1.1 Biography of Henry Fielding
1.2 Introduction to the Text—Joseph Andrews
1.3 Summary
1.4 Keywords
1.5 Review Questions
1.6 Further Readings
Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
•
Discuss the biography of Henry Fielding
•
Explain Joseph Andrews-Introduction to the text.
Introduction
Joseph Andrews, or The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend
Mr. Abraham Adams, was the first published full-length novel of the English author and
magistrate Henry Fielding, and indeed among the first novels in the English language. Published
in 1742 and defined by Fielding as a ‘comic romance’, it is the story of a good-natured footman’s
adventures on the road home from London with his friend and mentor, the absent-minded
parson Abraham Adams. The novel represents the coming together of the two competing
aesthetics of eighteenth-century literature: the mock-heroic and neoclassical (and, by extension,
aristocratic) approach of Augustans such as Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift; and the
popular, domestic prose fiction of novelists such as Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson.
The novel draws on a variety of inspirations. Written “in imitation of the manner of Cervantes,
the author of Don Quixote”, the work owes much of its humour to the techniques developed
by Cervantes, and its subject-matter to the seemingly loose arrangement of events, digressions
and lower-class characters to the genre of writing known as picaresque. In deference to the
literary tastes and recurring tropes of the period, it relies on bawdy humour, an impending
marriage and a mystery surrounding unknown parentage, but conversely is rich in philosophical
digressions, classical erudition and social purpose.
1.1 Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews (Non–detailed): Introduction to
the Author
Introduction to the Author
Henry Fielding (Sharpham, 22 April 1707 – near Lisbon, 8 October 1754) was an English
novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the
author of the novel Tom Jones.
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Fiction
Notes Aside from his literary achievements, he has a significant place in the history of law-enforcement,
having founded (with his half-brother John) what some have called London’s first police force,
the Bow Street Runners, using his authority as a magistrate. His younger sister, Sarah, also
became a successful writer.
1.1.1 Biography of Henry Fielding
Fielding was educated at Eton College, where he established a lifelong friendship with William
Pitt the Elder. After a romantic episode with a young woman that ended in his getting into
trouble with the law, he went to London where his literary career began. In 1728, he travelled
to Leiden to study classics and law at the University. However, due to lack of money he was
obliged to return to London and he began writing for the theatre, some of his work being
savagely critical of the contemporary government under Sir Robert Walpole.
The Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 is alleged to be a direct response to his activities. The
particular play that triggered the Licensing Act was The Golden Rump, but Fielding’s satires
had set the tone. Once the Licensing Act passed, political satire on the stage was virtually
impossible, and playwrights whose works were staged were viewed as suspect. Fielding therefore
retired from the theatre and resumed his career in law and, in order to support his wife
Charlotte Cradock and two children, he became a barrister.
NotesHis lack of money sense meant that he and his family often endured periods of
poverty, but he was helped by Ralph Allen, a wealthy benefactor who later formed
the basis of Squire Allworthy in Tom Jones. After Fielding’s death, Allen provided
for the education and support of his children.
Fielding never stopped writing political satire and satires of current arts and letters. His
Tragedy of Tragedies of Tom Thumb (for which Hogarth designed the frontispiece) was, for
example, quite successful as a printed play. He also contributed a number of works to journals
of the day. He wrote for Tory periodicals, usually under the name of “Captain Hercules
Vinegar”. During the late 1730s and early 1740s Fielding continued to air his liberal and anti-
Jacobite views in satirical articles and newspapers. Almost by accident, in anger at the success
of Richardson’s Pamela, Fielding took to writing novels in 1741 and his first major success was
Shamela, an anonymous parody of Samuel Richardson’s melodramatic novel. It is a satire that
follows the model of the famous Tory satirists of the previous generation (Jonathan Swift and
John Gay, in particular).
He followed this up with Joseph Andrews (1742), an original work supposedly dealing with
Pamela’s brother, Joseph. Although also begun as a parody, this work developed into an
accomplished novel in its own right and is considered to mark Fielding’s debut as a serious
novelist. In 1743, he published a novel in the Miscellanies volume III (which was the first
volume of the Miscellanies). This was The History of the Life of the Late Mr Jonathan Wild
the Great. This novel is sometimes thought of as his first because he almost certainly began
composing it before he wrote Shamela and Joseph Andrews. It is a satire of Walpole that
draws a parallel between Walpole and Jonathan Wild, the infamous gang leader and highwayman.
He implicitly compares the Whig party in Parliament with a gang of thieves being run by
Walpole, whose constant desire to be a “Great Man” (a common epithet for Walpole) should
culminate only in the antithesis of greatness: being hanged.
His anonymously-published The Female Husband of 1746 is a fictionalized account of a notorious
case in which a female transvestite was tried for duping another woman into marriage. Though
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Unit 1: Henry Fielding—Joseph Andrews
a minor item in Fielding’s total oeuvre, the subject is consistent with his ongoing preoccupation Notes
with fraud, sham, and masks. His greatest work was Tom Jones (1749), a meticulously constructed
picaresque novel telling the convoluted and hilarious tale of how a foundling came into a
fortune. Charlotte, on whom he later modelled the heroines of both Tom Jones and Amelia,
died in 1744. Three years later Fielding – disregarding public opinion – married Charlotte’s
former maid, Mary, who was pregnant.
Task Explain Biography of Henry Fielding.
Despite this, his consistent anti-Jacobitism and support for the Church of England led to him
being rewarded a year later with the position of London’s Chief Magistrate, and his literary
career went from strength to strength. Joined by his younger half-brother John, he helped
found what some have called London’s first police force, the Bow Street Runners in 1749.
NotesAccording to the historian G. M. Trevelyan, they were two of the best magistrates
in eighteenth-century London, and did a great deal to enhance the cause of judicial
reform and improve prison conditions.
His influential pamphlets and enquiries included a proposal for the abolition of public hangings.
This did not, however, imply opposition to capital punishment as such—as evident, for example,
in his presiding in 1751 over the trial of the notorious criminal James Field, finding him guilty
in a robbery and sentencing him to hang. Despite being now blind, John Fielding succeeded
his older brother as Chief Magistrate and became known as the ‘Blind Beak’ of Bow Street for
his ability to recognise criminals by their voice alone.
In January 1752, Fielding started a biweekly periodical titled The Covent-Garden Journal,
which he would publish under the pseudonym of “Sir Alexander Drawcansir, Knt. Censor of
Great Britain” until November of the same year. In this periodical, Fielding directly challenged
the “armies of Grub Street” and the contemporary periodical writers of the day in a conflict
that would eventually become the Paper War of 1752–1753.
Fielding’s ardent commitment to the cause of justice as a great humanitarian in the 1750s (for
instance, his support of Elizabeth Canning) coincided with a rapid deterioration in his health.
This continues to such an extent that he went abroad to Portugal in 1754 in search of a cure.
Gout, asthma and other afflictions meant that he had to use crutches.
Did u know? Henry Fielding were died in Lisbon in the year 1754. His tomb is located
inside the city’s English Cemetery.
Partial list of works
• The Masquerade – a poem (Fielding’s first publication)
• Love in Several Masques – play, 1728
• Rape upon Rape – play, 1730. Adapted by Bernard Miles as Lock Up Your Daughters!
in 1959, filmed in 1974
• The Temple Beau – play, 1730
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Notes • The Author’s Farce – play, 1730
• The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, The Life and Death of Tom Thumb – play, 1731
• Grub-Street Opera – play, 1731
• The Modern Husband – play, 1732
• The Covent Garden Tragedy – play, 1732
• Pasquin – play, 1736
• The Historical Register for the Year 1736 – play, 1737
• An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews – novel, 1741
• The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Abrams
– novel, 1742
• The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great – novel, 1743, ironic treatment of Jonathan
Wild, and the most notorious underworld figure of the time. Published as Volume 3 of
Miscellanies.
• Miscellanies – collection of works, 1743, contained the poem Part of Juvenal’s Sixth
Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse
• The Female Husband or the Surprising History of Mrs Mary alias Mr George Hamilton,
who was convicted of having married a young woman of Wells and lived with her as
her husband, taken from her own mouth since her confinement – pamphlet, fictionalized
report, 1746
• The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling – novel, 1749
• A Journey from this World to the Next – 1749
• Amelia – novel, 1751
• The Covent Garden Journal – periodical, 1752
• Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon – travel narrative, 1755
Self Assessment
Fill in the blanks:
1. The history of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend .................... , was the
first published full-length novel of the English author.
2. .................... was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humour
and satirical prowess.
3. In .................... Fielding started a biweekly periodical titled the Covent-garden journal.
1.2 Introduction to the Text—Joseph Andrews
Henry Fielding published his first full novel in 1742, at a time when he was nearly penniless
and expecting the deaths of his young daughter and beloved wife. Joseph Andrews was, then,
a response to personal and financial exigencies, but it was equally a response to that great
literary event of 1740, the publication of Samuel Richardson’s much-debated and oft-lampooned
Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. Detesting it for both its moral content and its literary method,
Fielding himself had already parodied Richardson’s novel in the anonymously published Shamela,
his classically savage novella of 1741. Joseph Andrews in some ways continues the satirical
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