Table Of ContentPlateA
Plate B
Plates A and Ba re computer -generated images 01 two woodcut prints selected out 01 aseries 01 landscapes, Thirty-Six Views 01 Mt. Fuji,
made by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849). He is one 01 Japan's most lamous ukiyo-e artist 01 the Tokugawa Shogun era (1615-1868), and
is best known lor this series.
Ukiyo-e literally means "pictures 01 the Iloating world", and depicts everyday lile 01 ordinary people in woodcut prints. The word "floating"
also meant "modern" and ukiyo-e artists created very fashionable style 01 pictures including those shown here.
Creation of ukiyo-e images in computer graphics required a lot of skills such as simulating woodcut printing-and paint brush-effects.
These images were generated under the direction 01 Prof. Dr. Tosiyasu L. Kunii by the lollowing members 01 the Kunii Laboratory of Computer
Science at the University of Tokyo, Mr. Naohiro Oshima, Mr. Tsukasa Noma, Mr. Kazunori Yamaguchi, Mr. Naota Inamoto and Miss Yukari Shirota.
The equipment used was provided by the Software Research Center of Ricoh Co., Ud., and consists of Seillac-3 graphic systems, VAX 11/780
and 11/750 computers running UNIX (UCB 4.2 bsd version) and a Summagraphics digitizing tablet. All programs are written in C language.
Plate A is Kanagawa-Oki Nami-Ura, or "Stormy Sea off Kanagawa", and leatures boats being tossed on raging waves with Mr. Fuji in the
background. Plate B isAka Fuji, literally "The Red Mt. Fuji", olten known as "Mt. Fuji on a Fine Day with Breeze."
Frontiers in
Computer Graphics
Proceedings of
Computer Graphics Tokyo '84
Edited by Tosiyasu L. Kunii
With 266 Figures
82 of them in Color
Springer-Verlag
Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York
1985
Dr. Tosiyasu L. Kunii
Professor & Director
Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science
Department of Information Science
Faculty of Science
The University of Tokyo
ISBN-13 :978-4-431-68027-7 e-ISBN-13 :978-4-431-68025-3
DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-68025-3
Ubrary of Congress Card No.: 84-23637
All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Tokyo 1985
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1985
Preface
Computer graphics as a whole is an area making very fast progress and it is not easy for
anyone, including experts, to keep abreast of the frontiers of its various basic and application
fields. By issuing over 100 thousand calls for papers through various journals and magazines
as weil as by inviting reputed specialists, and by selecting high quality papers which present
the state of the art in computer graphics out of many papers thus received, this book
"Frontiers in Computer Graphics" has been compiled to present the substance of progress
in this field. This volume serves also as the final version of the Proceedings of Computer
Graphics Tokyo '84, Tokyo, Japan, April 24-27, 1984 which, as a whole, attracted 16
thousand participants from all over the world; about two thousand to the conference and
the remaining 14 thousand to the exhibition.
This book covers the following eight major frontiers of computer graphics in 29 papers:
1. geometry modelling, 2. graphie languages, 3. visualization techniques, 4. human factors,
5. interactive graphics design, 6. CAD/CAM, 7. graphie displays and peripherals, and
8. graphics standardization.
Geometry modelling is most essential in displaying any objects in computer graphics. It
determines the basic capabilities of computer graphics systems such as whether the surface
and the inside of the object can be displayed and also how efficiently graphical processing
can be done in terms of processing time and memory space. Various advanced geometry
models such as surface models, solid models and surface/solid interface models are
presented by six papers to cover the essential technological breakthrough in this area.
Graphie languages are devices for users to actually handle graphical objects based on
geometry modelling. Two advanced high level languages are presented. The first one is a
high level data flow language. This provides designers with a natural and concise way of
parallel manipulation of graphie objects. An application example shown is the simulation of
a robot manipulator movement wh ich involves parallel control of several joints. The other
language presented is Mira-Shading. This is a structured high levellanguage for synthesizing
and animating realistic images. Mira-Shading has been used to produce computer animated
movies. As you see, advanced languages drive 3D geometry models interactively to generate
images of moving bodies on graphie displays.
Visualization techniques show you varieties of approaches wh ich have been developed
to present information graphically. Four papers cover cases of visualizing dynamic
phenomena (such as material flow) and geographie relief, and also methods to realize artistic
visual etfects.
vi
Human factors are weil known as a typical area which is still under development in spite
of their importance. Starting from human factor design and evaluation iIIustrated by the first
paper, we look into human factor aspects of input peripherals wh ich is roughly sketched in
the second paper, and finish up with user interface design supported by geometric models
as described in the last paper.
Interactive graphics design is another human-oriented technical area. Two papers give
overviews of graphics design, one on an educational aspect and the other on an office
automation application.
Advances in CAO/CAM, one of the fastest growing industrial application areas of computer
graphics, are extensively covered by five papers. The first two papers iIIustrate the status
of 30 CAO/CAM in practice at factories. The third paper is a case study of the artistic use
of CAO in bottle design. A very advanced VLSI CAO system is presented by the fourth paper.
The last paper concludes the story by looking into the future of CAO in the context of fifth
generation systems. As you see, 30 CAO/CAM is growing into an actual practice area with
some of the flavor of artists' dreams.
Reflecting the rapid progress of VLSI technology, graphic displays and peripherals are
becoming more and more versatile in their functions and more economically accessible by
the increasing number of users, including personal computer users. A new intelligent 30
graphic display architecture with image processing capability is presented by the first paper.
The second paper describes the architecture of a pipelined very high speed image analyser
for real-time image processing. The third paper is on a graphic output peripheral. It reports
an experimental development of a low cost color hard copier using an ink jet printer. The
fourth and last paper proposes a new graphic input device based on a mechanical feedback
touch sensor.
The last area covered is graphics standardization. Reflecting recent progress of graphics
standardization activities within ISO (the International Standardization Organization), the
first two papers talk about the commercial implications and applications of ISO's graphics
standard GKS (the Graphics Kernel System). The last paper looks into the problems of and
requirements for standardizing animation commands. This is a good example of the recent
rapid increase in social needs for standardization.
Computer graphics is a young area, and still making very fast progress. I believe this
volume helps the readers to catch up with its major progress.
Tosiyasu L. Kunii, Editor
Cover Design: Botanical tree images are drawn by the 3D Botanical Tree Image Generator, developed
by M. Aono and TL Kunii at the University of Tokyo, sponsored by Software Research Center of Ricoh
Co., Ud.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Geometry Modelling .................................................... .
A Hierarchical Data Structure tor Representing the Spatial Decomposition ot
3D Objects
(I. Carlbom, I. Chakravarty, D. Vanderschel) .................................. 2
Boundary File Generation trom Octree Encoding
(K. Yamaguchi, T. Satoh, T.L. Kunii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
A Representation ot Solid Design Process Using Basic Operations
(H. Chiyokura, F. Kimura) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
Bridge Edge and Triangulation Approach in Solid Modeling
(F. Yamaguchi, T. Tokieda) ................................................ 44
A Procedure tor Generating Contour Lines trom a B-Spline Surface
(S.G. Satterfield, D.F. Rogers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
An Automated Finite Polygon Division Method ot 3D Objects
(Y. Ota, H. Arai, S. Tokumasu, T. Ochi) ...................................... 74
Chapter 2
Graphie Languages ..................................................... 89
A Data Flow Language tor Intelligent Graphie Displays
(N. Inamoto, K. Yamaguchi, T.L. Kunii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90
MIRA-Shading: A Structured Language tor the Synthesis and the Animation ot
Realistic Images
(N. Magnenat-Thalmann, M. Fortin, L. Langlois, D. Thalmann) ................... 101
Chapter 3
Visualization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115
"Steam Plume" Simulation
(H. Kishino, K. Tanaka) ................................................... 116
viii
Computer Graphics Techniques for Three-Dimensional Flow Visualization
(K.A. Kroos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
Geomatic: A 3-D Graphie Relief Simulation System
(S. Motet, D. Laurent) ..................................................... 146
Realistic Effects with Rodin
(H. Huitric, M. Nahas) ..................................................... 159
Chapter 4
Human Factors 169
Human Factors Redesign and Test of a Graphics System
(P. Reisner, G.G. Langdon, Jr.) ............................................. 170
Toward the Standardization of Input Peripherals in the Urbanistic Design Process
and Person-Machine Interaction
(M. Salvemini) ........................................................... 188
User Interface Management System with Geometrie Modeling Capability:
A CAD System's Framework
(T. Takala) .............................................................. 198
Chapter 5
Interactive Graphics Design 211
Critical Issues in Computer Graphics Education for Graphics Design
(R.G. King) .............................................................. 212
New Office Automation Environment: In-House Graphics and Publishing
Capabilities
(A. Bernhard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
Chapter 6
CAD/CAM .............................................................. 239
A Practical Application of a Computer to Industrial Design
(K. Hatakenaka, M. Yano, A. Kotani, K. Yamada, M. Ishibashi, Y. Shibui,
Y. Kugai, K.M. Jones, K. Kobori, K. Sakashita) ................................ 240
Development of a Total 3D CAD/CAM System for Electric Appliances
(K. Kobori, Y. Nagata, Y. Sato, K.M. Jones, I. Nishioka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 254
Bottle Design Arts System
(Y. Sato, M. Akeo) ....................................................... 266
Interactive VLSI Chip Floor Design Using Color Graphics
(K. Ueda, Kitazawa, I. Harada) ............................................. 281
On Fifth Generation Systems and Their Implications for Computer Aided Design
(D.B. Arnold) ............................................................ 294
ix
Chapter 7
Graphie Displays and Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 309
New Trends in Graphie Display System Architecture
(E.M. Kaya) ............................................................. 310
Morphological Binary Image Processing with a Local Neighborhood Pipeline
Processor
(W.K. Pratt, I. Kabir) ...................................................... 321
Continuous Color Presentation Using a Low-Cost Ink Jet Printer
(S. Kubo) ............................................................... 344
Mechanically Feedbacked Touch Sensor tor Electronic Painting by Skilled People
(S. Kimura) ............................................................. 354
Chapter 8
Graphies Standardization 361
GKS, a Standard tor Software OEMs
(C.N. Waggoner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 362
A Standards Solution to Your Graphics Problems
(M.G. Rawlins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375
Standardization ot Animation Commands tor Computer Animation System
(H. Sato) ............................................................... 417
Author Index ........................................................... 431
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 439
List of Contributors
The page numbers given below reter to the page on which contribution begins.
Makoto Akeo 266 Monique Nahas 159
Hiroshi Arai 74 Ikuo Nishioka 254
David B. Arnold 294 Toshio Ochi 74
Alice Bernhard 224 Yoshimi Ota 74
Ingrid Carlbom 2 William K. Pratt 321
Indranil Chakravarty 2 Mark G. Rawlins 375
Hiroaki Chiyokura 26 Phyllis Reisner 170
Mario Fortin 10 1 David F. Rogers 66
Ikuo Harada 281 Kiyoshi Sakashita 240
Kenji Hatakenaka 240 Mauro Salvemini 188
Herve Huitric 159 Hidemaru Sato 417
Naota Inamoto 90 Yoshinobu Sato 254
Manabu Ishibashi 240 Yoshio Sato 266
Kenneth M. Jones 240,254 Toshiaki Satoh 13
Ihtisham Kabir 321 Steven G. Satterfield 66
Ender M. Kaya 310 Yuichi Shibui 240
Fumihiko Kimura 26 Tapio Takala 198
Shigeru Kimura 354 Katsumi Tanaka 116
Robin G. King 212 Daniel Thalmann 101
Hirohiko Kishino 116 Toshiya Tokieda 44
Hitoshi Kitazawa 281 Shinji Tokumasu 74
Kenichi Kobori 240, 254 Kazuhiro Ueda 281
Akio Kotani 240 David Vanderschel 2
Kenneth A. Kroos 129 Clinton N. Waggoner 362
Sachio Kubo 344 Kazuo Yamada 240
Yutaka Kugai 240 Fujio Yamaguchi 44
Tosiyasu L. Kunii 13, 90 Kazunori Yamaguchi 13, 90
Gien G. Langdon, Jr. 170 Motokuni Yano 240
Louis Langlois 101
Daniel Laurent 146
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann 101
Serge Motet 146
