Electrical Engineering Reference Manual (Engineering review manual series)

530 Pages·1991·50.038 MB·English

by  Raymond B. Yarbrough

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Raymond B. Yarbrough, P.E.
II NATIONAL SOCIETY OF
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
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ELECTRIC A L
ENGINEERING
REFERENCE
MANUAL
Fifth Edition
Raymond B. Yarbrough, P.E.
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.
Belmont, CA 94002
In the ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL SERIES
Engineer-In-Training Reference Manual
Engineering Fundamentals Quick Reference Cards
Engineer-In-Training Sample Examinations
Mini-Exams for the E-I-T Exam
1001 Solved Engineering Fundamentals Problems
E-I-T Review: A Study Guide
Civil Engineering Reference Manual
Civil Engineering Quick Reference Cards
Civil Engineering Sample Examination
Civil Engineering Review Course on Cassettes
Seismic Design of Building Structures
Seismic Design Fast
Timber Design for the Civil P.E. Exam
Fundamentals of Reinforced Masonry Design
246 Solved Structural Engineering Problems
Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual
Mechanical Engineering Quick Reference Cards
Mechanical Engineering Sample Examination
101 Solved Mechanical Engineering Problems
Mechanical Engineering Review Course on Cassettes
Consolidated Gas Dynamics Tables
Electrical Engineering Reference Manual
Electrical Engineering Quick Reference Cards
Electrical Engineering Sample Examination
Chemical Engineering Reference Manual
Chemical Engineering Quick Reference Cards
Chemical Engineering Practice Exam Set
Land Surveyor Reference Manual
Petroleum Engineering Practice Problem Manual
Expanded Interest Tables
Engineering Law, Design Liability, and Professional Ethics
Engineering Unit Conversions
In the ENGINEERING CAREER ADVANCEMENT SERIES
How to Become a Professional Engineer
The Expert Witness Handbook—A Guide for Engineers
Getting Started as a Consulting Engineer
Intellectual Property Protection—A Guide for Engineers
E-I-T/P.E. Course Coordinator’s Handbook
Becoming a Professional Engineer
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL
Fifth Edition
Copyright © 1990 by Professional Publications, Inc. All rights are reserved. No
part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit¬
ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 0-912045-10-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-62327
Professional Publications, Inc.
1250 Fifth Avenue, Belmont, CA 94002
[phone]
Current printing of this edition (last number): 7 6 5 4 3
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE . 2 Linear Circuit Elements.2-3
A. Resistance.2-3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
B. Capacitance.2-4
C. Inductance.2-4
1 MATHEMATICS 3 Linear Source Models.2-7
4 Circuit Reduction Techniques.2-12
1 Real Numbers.1-1
A. Source Conversion.2-12
2 Complex Numbers. 1-1
B. Series and Parallel Combination Rules.2-13
3 Algebra.1-3
C. Partial Reductions.2-13
A. Quadratic Equations.1-3
D. Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Conversion.2-15
B. Exponentiation.1-3
E. Redundant Impedances.2-16
C. Logarithms.1-3
F. Voltage Dividers .2-16
D. Partial Fraction Expansion.1-3
5 Network Theorems.2-17
4 Trigonometric Identities.1-4
A. Thevenin’s Theorem.2-17
5 Analytic Geometry.1-4
B. Norton’s Theorem.2-17
6 Differential Calculus.1-5
C. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.2-18
7 Integral Calculus.1-5
D. The Superposition Theorem.2-19
8 Differential Equations.1-6
E. Miller’s Theorem.2-19
A. First-Order Differential Equations .1-6
F. Current Dividers.2-20
B. Second-Order Differential Equations.1-6
6 Two-Port Networks .2-21
9 Fourier Analysis.1-8
7 Network Analysis.2-22
10 Transient Analysis by Laplace Transforms .1-9
8 Impedance Analysis.2-26
A. Initial Value Theorem.1-11
9 Commonly Encountered Impedances.2-27
B. Final Value Theorem.1-11
Practice Problems.2-30
11 Finite Fourier Series.1-11
12 Fast Fourier Transforms.1-13
13 The Fourier Transform .1-14
3 WAVEFORMS, POWER, AND
14 Determinants.1-16
MEASUREMENTS
15 Linear Simultaneous Equations.1-17
A SI Prefixes.1-19 PART 1: PERIODIC SIGNALS.3-1
Practice Problems.1-20 1 Average Values.3-1
2 RMS Values.3-4
3 Parameters of Fourier Series.3-5
2 LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF DC AND
1 Review of Fundamentals.2-2 PERIODIC SIGNALS.3-8
A. Ideal Resistors. 2-2 4 Introduction.3-8
B. Ideal Independent Voltage Sources.2-2 5 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments.3-8
C. Independent Current Sources .2-2 A. DC Voltmeters.3-8
D. Controlled or Dependent Voltage Sources.2-2 B. DC Ammeters.3-9
E. Controlled or Dependent Current Sources.2-3 6 The Electrodynamometer Movement.3-9
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL
IV
7 Moving-Iron Instruments.3-10 C. Power Factor Correction .5-13
8 Thermocouple Instruments.3-10 D. Induction Motor Starting.5-14
9 Rectifiers, D’Arsonval Meters, and Opamps.3-10 6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections.5-14
10 Peak Detection Using Opamps and 7 Voltage Control.5-16
D’Arsonval Meters.3-12 8 Representative Values of Power
11 Digital Meters.3-13 Device Parameters.5-16
PART 3: POWER WITH SINUSOIDAL CIRCUITS . . 3-15 9 Fault Calculations.5-17
12 Review of Phasors.3-15 Practice Problems.5-29
13 Phasor Power.3-16
14 Power Factor Correction..3-19
15 Three-Phase Power System Definitions . ..3-20 6 TRANSMISSION LINES
16 Two-Wattmeter Method of Three-Phase
1 Introduction.6-2
Power Measurement.3-20
17 Two-Wattmeter Method with Balanced Loads .... 3-21 2 Skin Effect.6-2
Practice Problems.3-23 3 External Inductance.6-4
4 Capacitance.6-4
5 Power Transmission Lines.6-4
4 TIME AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE 6 Three-Phase Transmission Lines.6-6
A. Inductance.6-6
1 Introduction.4-1
B. Capacitance.6-7
2 First-Order Transient Analysis.4-1
7 Power Transmission Line Representation.6-8
A. Introduction.4-1
A. Introduction.6-8
B. First-Order Solutions .4-2
B. Delta-Wye Transformation.6-8
C. First-Order Switching Transients.4-2
C. Short Transmission Lines.6-9
D. First-Order Pulse Transients.4-5
D. Medium-Length Transmission Lines.. 6-9
3 Second-Order Transient Analysis.4-6
E. Long Transmission Lines.6-11
A. Introduction.4-6
8 High-Frequency Transmission Lines.6-13
B. Step Response of Second-Order Systems.4-9
9 The Smith Chart.6-14
C. Initial Conditions in Second-Order Systems . . . 4-10
10 Impedance From VSWR Measurements.6-18 ••
4 Laplace Transform Analysis.4-11
11 The Elemental Antenna.6-19
A. Introduction.4-11
A. Radiated Power.6-20
B. Capacitance.4-12
B. Antenna Directivity.6-20
C. Inductance.4-12
C. Radiation Resistance.6-20
D. First-Order Sytems.4-13
D. Ohmic Resistance .6-20
E. Second-Order Systems.4-14
E. Antenna Efficiency.6-20
F. Higher-Order Systems.4-16
F. Antenna Gain.6-21
5 Sinusoidal Analysis.4-16
12 Short Dipole Antenna.6-21
A. Introduction.4-16
A. Radiated Power.6-21
B. Transfer Functions.4-16
B. Antenna Directivity.6-21
C. First-Order Response.4-16
C. Radiation Resistance.6-22
D. Second-Order Response.4-23
D. Ohmic Resistance .6-22
E. Higher-Order Response.4-27
E. Antenna Efficiency.6-22
Practice Problems. 4-33
F. Antenna Gain.6-22
13 Dipole Antennas.6-22
A. Radiated Power.6-23
5 POWER SYSTEMS
B. Antenna Directivity.6-24
1 Three-Phase Circuits.5-1 C. Radiation Resistance.6-24
2 Power Transformers.5-5 D. Ohmic Resistance .6-24
A. Open-Circuit Tests.5-5 E. Antenna Efficiency.'.6-24
B. Short-Circuit Tests.5-6 F. Antenna Gain.6-24
C. ABCD Parameters.5-7 G. Input Impedance.6-24
3 The Per-Unit System .5-8 14 Communications Links.6-24
4 One-Line Diagrams.5-11 A. Antenna Apertures.6-25
5 Distribution Transformers .5-11 B. Relationship of Directivity and
A. Typical Per-Unit Values.5-12 Effective Aperture.6-25
B. Voltage Regulation.5-13 C. Beam Solid Angle .6-26
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
D. Communication Link Transmission.6-26 C. P-Channel JFET Characteristics.8-7
E. Communication Link Examples.6-26 D. JFET Circuit Symbols .8-8
A Copper-Wire Table, Standard 3 Depletion Mode MOSFETS.8-8
Annealed Copper.6-27 4 Depletion Mode FET Biasing.•. . 8-10
B Approximate Dielectric Constants.6-28 A. Introduction.8-10
C The Smith Chart.6-29 B. Simple Self-Biasing Circuits.8-10
Practice Problems.6-30 C. Biasing for Device Characteristic Variations . . 8-11
5 Enhancement-Mode MOSFETS.8-12
A. N-Channel Enhancement-Mode
7 ROTATING MACHINES Characteristics.8-13
B. P-Channel Enhancement-Mode
1 Review of the Fundamentals of DC Machines.7-2
Characteristics.8-13
2 DC Generators.7-3
C. Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
A. Introduction.7-3
Circuit Symbol.8-14
B. Separately Excited DC Generators.7-3
D. Voltage Feedback Biasing.8-14
C. Self-Excited Generators . ..7-4
E. Current Feedback Biasing.8-14
D. Compound Generators .7-5
F. Vertical Enhancement-Mode
E. Advanced DC Generator Fundamentals.7-7
MOSFET (VMOS).8-15
3 DC Motors.7-7
G. Double-Diffused MOSFETS (DMOS) .8-15
A. Introduction.7-7
6 Small-Signal FET Parameters.8-16
B. Separately Excited Motors.7-7
A. Introduction.8-16
C. DC Shunt Motors.7-8
B. Low-Frequency Small-Signal FET
D. Compound DC Motors.7-11
Equivalent Circuit.8-16
E. DC Series Motors.7-12
C. High-Frequency Small-Signal FET
4 Induction Motors.7-12
Equivalent Circuit.8-17
A. Introduction.7-12
D. Miller Effective Impedance.8-17
B. Induction Motor Tests.7-15
7 Bipolar Junction Transistors.8-18
C. Starting Induction Motors.7-16
A. Introduction.8-18
5 Synchronous Machines.7-18
B. Bipolar Junction Transistor Biasing .8-19
A. Introduction.7-18
C. Stability.8-20
B. Synchronous Motors.7-21
D. Parameter Variation.8-20
C. Power Factor Correction .7-22
E. Small-Signal Parameters .8-21
D. Synchronous Capacitors.7-22
8 Small-Signal Amplifiers.8-23
E. Synchronous Generators.7-23
A. Introduction.8-23
F. Power Factor Relations for
B. Common-Emitter Bipolar Junction
Synchronous Generators .7-24
Transistor Amplifier.8-23
A Magnetic Conversion Factors.7-26
C. Common-Collector Amplifier.8-24
B Power and Energy Conversions.7-27
D. The Common-Base Amplifiers.8-24
Practice Problems.7-28
E. Common-Source FET Amplifiers.8-25
F. Common-Drain FET Amplifiers.8-25
9 MOSFETS with Active Loads.8-26
A. Introduction.8-26
B. Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
8 FUNDAMENTAL SEMICONDUCTOR
with Enhancement Load.8-26
CIRCUITS
C. Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
1 P-N Junction Characteristics.8-2 with Depletion Load.8-27
A. Introduction.8-2 10 FET Differential Amplifiers.. . . . 8-28
B. Avalanche Breakdown of P-N Junctions.8-3 A. Introduction.8-28
C. Low-Frequency Characteristics of B. Depletion-Mode FET Differential Amplifier . . . 8-28
P-N Junctions. 8-4 C. Enhancement-Mode Differential Amplifier .... 8-29
D. Piecewise Linear Model.8-4 D. Small-Signal Analysis of an FET
E. Temperature Effects.8-5 Differential Amplifier.8-30
F. Junction Capacitances.8-5 11 Multiple Transistor Circuits.8-31
2 Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) .8-5 A. Introduction.8-31
A. Introduction.8-5 B. BJT Differential Amplifier with
B. N-Channel JFET Characteristics.8-5 Emitter Resistor.8-31
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL
VI
C. BJT Differential Amplifier with C. High-Pass Sallen and Key Circuits.9-18
Ideal Current Source Bias .8-33 D. Sallen and Key Band-Pass Circuits.9-18
D. BJT Differential Amplifier with 7 Large Signals and Operational Amplifiers.9-19
Real Current Source Bias.8-35 A. Introduction.9-19
E. Darlington Circuits...8-36 B. Saturation and Maximum Slew Rate.9-19
F. Cascode Amplifiers.8-36 C. Slew Limiting in the Voltage Follower.9-19
12 Frequency Effects.8-37 D. Sinusoidal Full Output Frequency Limit.9-20
A. Low-Frequency Behavior.8-37 8 DC and Other Operational Amplifier Problems . . . 9-20
B. High-Frequency Bipolar Junction A. Introduction.9-20
Transistor Behavior._.8-38 B. Offset Voltage.9-21
13 Current Sources.8-39 C. Inverting Input Bias Current.9-21
A. Introduction.8-39 D. Noninverting Input Bias Current.9-21
B. Enhancement MOSFET Current Mirror.8-39 E. Reduction of Bias Current Effects.9-21
C. BJT Current Mirror Circuits.8-39 F. Common-Mode Gain in Differential Amplifiers . 9-22
D. Improved BJT Current Mirror Circuits.8-40 9 Amplifier Noise.9-23
A Semiconductor Device Symbols A. Shot Noise.9-23
and Characteristics.8-41 B. Johnson or Thermal Noise.9-23
Practice Problems.8-47 C. Low-Frequency Noise.9-23
D. Interference Noise .9-23
E. Bandwidth Limiting of Noise.9-23
9 AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS
F. Noise Source Equivalent Circuits.9-24
1 Ideal Operational Amplifiers.9-2 G. Optimum Source Resistance.9-25
A. Introduction.9-2 H. Noise Power to an Input Resistance .9-26
B. Amplifier Definitions.9-2 I. Noise Figures for Cascaded Amplifiers .9-27
C. Inverting Amplifier Analysis.9-3 J. Noise Temperature and Noise Resistance.9-27
D. Inverting Amplifier with Multiple Inputs.9-3 Practice Problems.9-29
E. Noninverting Amplifier Analysis.9-4
F. Voltage Follower Analysis.9-4
10 WAVESHAPING, LOGIC, AND DATA
2 Opamp Frequency Characteristics.9-4
CONVERSION
A. Introduction.9-4
B. Frequency Response of the Inverting 1 Diode Circuits.10-2
Opamp Circuit.9-5 A. Introduction.10-2
C. Frequency Response of the Noninverting B. Precision Diodes.10-2
Opamp Circuit.9-6 C. Clipper-Limiter Circuits.10-3
D. Effects of Secondary Amplifier Pole.9-6 2 Voltage Regulators.10-5
E. Noninverting Amplifier with A. Introduction.10-5
Positive Feedback .9-7 B. Ideal Zener Voltage Regulators .10-5
3 Simple Inverting Active Filters .9-8 C. Practical Zener Diode Regulators.10-6
A. Introduction.9-8 D. Operational Amplifier Voltage Regulators .... 10-7
B. Inverting Integrator.9-8 3 Logic Circuits.10-9
C. Single-Pole Low-Pass Filter.9-10 A. Introduction.10-9
D. Single-Pole High-Pass Filter ..9-10 B. Logical NOT Inverter Circuits.10-9
E. Lead-Lag or Lag-Lead Filter.9-10 C. Gate Delays.10-12
F. Differentiator.9-11 D. Logical Functions.10-12
4 Biquad Filters Using Inverting Opamps.9-11 4 Types of Logic .10-13
A. Introduction.9-11 A. Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL).10-13
B. Two-Pole Low-Pass Filters.9-12 B. Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL).10-14
C. Two-Pole High-Pass Filters.9-13 C. Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL).10-14
D. Two-Pole Band-Pass Filters.9-13 D. TTL Output Circuits.10-16
5 Biquad Inverting Filters with Feedforward.9-15 E. Emitter-Coupled (ECL) or
A. Notch Filter with Y% Resistive.9-15 Current-Mode (CML) Logic.10-16
B. Notch Filter with Y\ Capacitive.9-16 F. PMOS Logic Gates.10-16
6 Active Filters with Noninverting G. CMOS Logic Gates .10-17
Operational Amplifiers.9-16 5 Analog Switches .10-18
A. Introduction.9-16 A. Introduction.10-18
B. Low-Pass Sallen and Key Circuits.9-17 B. CMOS Transmission Switch.10-18
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