Dover: Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery

416 Pages·1987·30.95 MB·English

by  Vera I. Evison

Dover:
The Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery

HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND
Archaeological Report No. 3
Dover:
The Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery
Vera I Evison
LONDON: HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND
MONUMENTS COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND

Contents
Page Page
List offigures . 7 Positionsofbroochesandbeads 69
Listofplates . 9 Analysis ofthe glassbeads . 70
Listoftables 9 Pins . 82
Acknowledgements . 10 Braceletsandfinger rings . 85
Buckles,beltandstrapmounts 86
ChapterI Excavation Containers:
i Introduction 11 pottery . 92
ii Featuresother than Anglo-Saxon glass . 94
graves coffins . 99
a. Prehistoricbarrow 13 woodenboxeswithironfittings 100
b. Romano-Britishpit 15 bronzebowls . 103
c. Postholes .. 15 buckets . 104
d. Medievalreburial 15 turnedwoodenvessels . 105
e. Moderndisturbance 15 bone-coveredboxes . 106
f. Disturbancebyanimals 16 bronzeworkbox . 106
iii The Anglo-Saxon cemetery bonelid . 108
a. Orientationofgraves 16 Tools:
b. Theshapingofthe graves 16 sharpeningsteels . 110
c. Thefillinthegraves 17 awls . 110
d. The skeletons, positions of ?mattock . 110
bones 18 fire-steels . 110
e. The grave furniture, positions hones . Ill
ofobjects 18 Weavingequipment:
f. Grouping as suggested by the ironweavingbattens . Ill
planofthecemetery .. 19 boneweavingpick . 112
g. The limitsofthe cemetery .. 20 bronzeneedle . 112
spindlewhorls . 112
ChapterII Grave goods: discussion oftypes shears . 113
Weapons: Personalequipment:
swords .. 21 knives . 113
spears .. 26 keys . 116
arrows .. 30 girdle-hangers .. 117
seaxes .. 31 tweezers .. 118
shields .. 31 spoons .. 118
irondiamonds .. 118
Jewellery: ivoryrings .. 118
brooches,square-headed .. 35 silver,bronzeandironrings .. 119
small-long .. 39 combs .. 119
Kentishdisc .. 39 bronzebalance .. 120
Frankishdisc .. 47 ?lyre .. 121
saucer .. 47 Amuletsand keepsakes:
button .. 48 cowrieshell .. 121
annular .. 48 horsetooth .. 122
Pendants,coins .. 49 fossils .. 122
goldbracteates .. 51 iron ore, pebbles, playing piece,
silverdisc .. 55 stud,coins 122
silver,ovalandmushroom,gamet
-set,shell,glass,bronze .. 56 ChapterIII Discussion
Beads,non-glass,amber .. .. 57 Determinationofsex andage 123
amethystquartz .. 57 Age atdeath 127
jet .. 57 Skeletonpositions 129
stone .. 60 Groupingaccordingtogravefinds 134
shell .. 60 Relativeandabsolutechronology . 136
whitecomposition .. 60 Interpretation of the layout and
bronzeandsilver .. 61 expansionofthecemetery .. 142
Glassbeads .. 61 Familygrouping 145
glass, monochrome .. 61 Socialstatus 146
glass,polychrome .. .. 63 Depthsofgraves 150
Discussion .. 65 Cemeterylayout andorientation 152
THE BUCKLAND ANGLO-SAXONCEMETERY
Page Page
Comparablecemeteryplans 162 Organic material associated with
Anglo-SaxonDover 168 metalobjects,/ Watson 196
Listofgravesineachplot 175 The wooden belt from grave 20,
List ofgravesallocatedto phases ., 175 K Wilson 196
List of Anglo-Saxon finds in the Hones,S E Ellis 197
Doverarea 176 Seedanalysis, G WDimbleby 197
ChapterIV Specialist reports Human skeletal remains, R Powers
Prehistoric pottery sherds, andR Cullen 197
P Ashbee 179 Bibliography 202
The petrology of the Anglo-Saxon Chapt?rV
pottery,/ CFreestone 179 Catalogueofgraves 214
Coins,/ P C Kent 180 Concordance of catalogue numbers
Goldanalyses,M Cowell 181 and British Museum registration
Quantitative analyses ofbeads, numbers 254
/ Bayley 182 TableLV,Gravecontents 262
Textiles,E Crowfoot 190 Distributionmaplists 266
Wood,D F Cutler 195 Index 405
List of figures
Page Page
30 Orientation, a-d. Graves influenced by barrow 158
Textfigures
31 Orientation, a-d. Graves not influenced by
la,bSitelocationmaps 12
PlanofAnglo-Saxoncemetery, BucklandEstate, barrow 159
32a CemeteryatLyminge,Kent: sex
Dover 14
Sword C/l, reconstruction of leather holder b CemeteryatLyminge,Kent:chronology 163
3a
Sword 27/3, reconstruction of button and 33a CemeteryatOrpington,Kent: sex
b
b CemeteryatOrpington,Kent:chronology 165
baldric
Spears:a.Dover8/1.b.Mucking662/1 34a CemeteryatBerghApton, Norfolk:sex
4
Shieldapplique, Dover 93/10d b CemeteryatHolborough,Kent: sex 167
5a
Shieldapplique, Muckinggrave600 35 The Dover area in the Roman period (after
b
Shieldapplique,ThamesatBarnes 33 Philp) 169
Animal ornament on Dover square-headed 36 Anglo-SaxonsitesintheDoverarea 170
37 Plotofanalyticalresultsformonochromebeads;
brooches: a. 13/1, b. 13/2, c. Unassociated 9,
iron(Fe)v.manganese(Mn) 182
d. 20/8 36
38 Histograms ofanalytical resultsfor manganese
Kentish disc brooches in the Dover cemetery 40
Designondiscbrooch,AventNo.20 42 (Mn)andtin(Sn) 183
39 Plotofanalyticalresultsformonochromebeads;
Runicinscriptionon the back ofdiscbrooch
tin(Sn)v.copper(Cu) 184
126/1 46
40 Plotofanalyticalresultsfrommonochrome
10 Designs on gold bracteates
a,b,c. Nebenstedt, Dannenberg, West Ger beads;zinc(Zn)v.copper(Cu) 185
many d,e,f. Dover20/4 g,h. Dover1/1, i. 41 Plotofanalyticalresultsformonochromebeads;
Kingston, Kent j. Dover 134/1, k. Dover lead(Pb)v.copper(Cu) 185
50 42 Plotofanalyticalresultsformonochromebeads;
29/8, 1.Bolbro,Odense,Denmark
Dover:Non-glassbeads,monochromeglassbead iron(Fe)v.copper(Cu) 186
11
forms, drawnglassbeadforms 58 43 Textiles:
i,a.Tabbyweave, b.2/2(fourshed)twill, c.
12 Dover: polychromeglassbeads 64
Dover: positionsof beads and broochesin the Four-shed chevron twill
13 ii.Diagram ofgroundweave, patternthreads
graves 68
Drawingofradiographofpin, Dover 161/3 missing,from spearhead 4/1
14a
Hi. Diagramofbrokendiamondtwillweave,
b BronzeheadfromGatebo,Oland 84
15a Reconstruction of belt, Dover grave 56 shadedthreads aspreserved on96b/7 194
b Reconstructionofbelt,Dovergrave98 44 Grave28,objectsatwaist 223
Reconstructionoflacingofwoodenbelt,Dover 45 Grave 38,ironobjectsbetweenfemurs 227
16
46 Grave48,objectsatlefthip 230
20/19 91
Diagramofboltplateinboxlid,sectionofshot 47 Grave 129,objects atrightshoulder 244
17a
48 Grave 134,a.objectsatneckposition
bolt with key inserted in lock
b.objectsatlefthip 246
b Viewofboltinsidethebox 101
18a Reconstruction of box, Dover grave 43 49 Grave138,objectsatlefthip 247
b Reconstructionofbox, Dovergrave 143 102 50 Grave 141,objectsatleftwaist 248
19 Reconstructionofbronze-boundbucket,Dover
28/1 104
Figures accompanying catalogue
20a Bronzeworkbox,Dover107/4beforelateralter
1 Objects inGravesBandC 272
ations
Bronze workbox from Hawnby, North 2 ObjectsinGraveCcontinued 273
Yorkshire 3 ObjectsinGraveCcontinued,graveCor D
BronzeworkboxfromSibertswold,grave60 andgraveD 274
dc Bronzehinges,Dover84/3 . 107 4 Objects inGravesFand1 275
21a Bonelid,Dover157/6h 5 ObjectsinGrave1continued 276
b Bone box and lid, Sainte Walburge, Liege, 6 ObjectsinGraves3,4and5 277
Belgium . 109 7 Objects inGrave6 278
22 Knife typesatDover . 113 8 ObjectsinGraves8,9,10,11and12 279
23 Reconstructionofknife158/2 . 114 9 Objects inGrave 13 280
24 Reconstructionofcombandcase110/9 . 120 10 ObjectsinGraves14and15 281
Objects inGrave15continued, graves 16,
25 Gravegoodtypesinphases 1and2 . 138 11
26 Grave goodtypesinphases 3and4 . 139 17,18and19 282
27 Gravegoodtypesinphases5,6and7 . 140 12 ObjectsinGrave20 283
28 Cemeteryarea withfieldboundariesaccordingg 13 ObjectsinGrave20continued 284
tothe tithemapof1842 . 144 14 ObjectsinGraves21and22 285
29 Orientation.Allgraves . 157 15 Objects inGraves23and27 286
THE BUCKLAND ANGLO-SAXONCEMETERY
Page Page
16 ObjectsinGrave28 287 66 GraveplansC, F, 1,3-6,8 . 337
17 ObjectsinGrave29 288 67 Graveplans9-16 . 338
18 Objectsin Grave30 289 68 Graveplans17-19,22 . 339
19 ObjectsinGrave32 290 69 Graveplans20, 21,23,25,27-30,32 . 340
20 ObjectsinGraves33, 34,36and37 291 70 Graveplans33-40 . 341
21 ObjectsinGrave35 292 71 Graveplans41-44,46,48-50,52 . 342
22 Objectsin Grave38 293 72 Graveplans53-59 . 343
23 Objects in Grave 38 continued, graves 39 73 Graveplans60-67 . 344
and40 294 74 Graveplans68-76 . 345
24 ObjectsinGraves41and42 295 75 Graveplans77-85 . 346
25 Objects in Grave 42 continued and grave 43 296 76 Graveplans87-93 . 347
26 ObjectsinGraves44and46 297 77 Graveplans94A-96B,98-102 . 348
27 ObjectsinGrave48 298 78 Graveplans103-110 . 349
28 ObjectsinGraves49,50,52and53 299 79 Graveplans111-117,119,121 . 350
29 Objects in Grave 53 continued and grave 54 300 80 Graveplans120,122-125,127-130 . 351
30 ObjectsinGrave55 301 81 Graveplans131-138 . 352
31 ObjectsinGrave56 302 82 Graveplans139-146 . 353
32 ObjectsinGraves57and58 303 83 Graveplans147-151,155-157 . 354
33 ObjectsinGrave59 304 84 Graveplans158-165 . 355
34 ObjectsinGrave60 305 85 Distribution. Weapons and weaving swords 356
35 ObjectsinGraves61and62 306 86 Distribution.Shields . 357
36 Objectsin Graves63, 64and65 307 87 Distribution.Brooches 358
37 ObjectsinGraves66and67 308 88 Distribution. Pendants , 359
38 ObjectsinGraves71,74and75 309 89 Distribution.Beads 360
39 Objects in Graves 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 90 Distribution.Beads 361
and83 310 91 Distribution. Pins .. 362
40 ObjectsinGraves84,85,87and90 311 92 Distribution. Buckles, bronze or white metal 363
41 ObjectsinGrave91 312 93 Distribution. Glass vessels, pots, bronze
42 ObjectsinGrave92 313 bowls,buckets 364
43 ObjectsinGrave93 314 94 Distribution.Woodenboxesandcups. 365
44 ObjectsinGrave94a,94band95 315 95 Distribution. Bags orpouches. Iron dia
45 ObjectsinGrave96a 316 monds,fire-steels,ivoryrings 366
46 Objects inGraves96b,97and98 317 96 Distribution. Knives 367
47 ObjectsinGrave98continued 318 97 Distribution. Keys 368
48 Objects in Graves 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 98 ThecemeterydividedintoplotsA-I 369
106,107and108 319 99 Sexdistribution 370
49 ObjectsinGraves109and110 320 100 Skeletonpositions 371
50 Objects in Graves 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 101 Phase1 372
117and119 321 102 Phase2 373
51 Objects in Graves 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 103 Phase3 374
and125 322 104 Phase4 375
52 ObjectsinGraves126,127and128 323 105 Phase5 376
53 ObjectsinGraves129and130 324 106 Phase6 377
54 ObjectsinGraves131and132 325 107 Phase7 378
55 ObjectsinGraves133and134 326 108 Depthofgraves 379
56 ObjectsinGraves135,136and137 327 109 Orientationofgraves 380
57 ObjectsinGraves138,139and140 328 110 Layoutofcemetery 381
58 ObjectsinGraves141,142and143 329 111 Distributionofbuttonbrooches,classB 382
59 Objects in Graves 144, 145, 146, 147 and 112 Distribution ofsaucer brooches decorated
148 330 withfivespirals 383
60 Objectsin Graves149,150and155 331 113 Distribution ofdolphin buckle loops with
61 ObjectsinGraves156and157 332 tails 383
62 Objects in Grave 157 continued, graves 158, 114 Distribution of glass Kempston-type cone
159and160 333 beakers 384
63 Objectsin Graves161,162,163and164 334 115a,b Distribution of glass claw-beakers in Eng
64 Unassociated objects. 1-3 A reburial. 4-12 land 385
Finds made before the beginning of the 116 Distribution ofbronze bowls with beaded
excavation 335 rim 386
65 Unassociated objects continued. 13-15 Finds 117 Distributionofbronzeworkboxes 386
from the area where fivegraves were 118 Distributionofivory rings 387
destroyed between graves 8 and 38. 16-19 119 Distributionofbronzebalances 387
Loose finds in topsoil. 20-21 Unidentified 120 Distributionofcowrieshells 388
knives 336