Table Of ContentThe following text was originally published in Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education
(Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, p. 411-22.
©UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, 1999
This document may be reproduced free of charge as long as acknowledgement is made of the source.
SREGOR LRAC
)7891-2091(
1
Fred Zimring
.snto s isiefltrgH o raeosdsarglaa iC eoowhehnnRhnaeco cgytfisnor peee nmhtiAtsmoomrp
nnoam mwoecinvu fo n,ae mrhuuchtiah nwdel mih e tyoaptnairg edia hnretaouoqhicnyusp
.noitacud ef owei vtnereffi d ami hevag
.n ogsin At ir cfh esn iots ei oadeatrHdsa mwsanrrao ic aetsegspnhoaoslcao whacysp
tso meh tf oen os adema nsa we h,stsigolohcys pnacirem Af osyevru slareve sn I.derimd aylediw
detcelf edroht es mi.Hysrevortn ohcc udmetaren e,grevew o,hdoht ecmituepare hs ti.Hlaitneulfni
,fle seh tezilautc ao tytilib an a,nosre peh tn i,s iereh ttah ts iwei vsih T.eruta nnamu hf owei vsih
tstoasnwipar ee.hhstTmel b sgonrrinrweohipohv lnoo ss trenlehiu ptsl el,rid we ,efhricfihw
ot eb d otnm o raeet de lhsoepdbtr hdxnoewwieardocpnhe uddt li, ur. oedehehebshtvtalRos
ypa rt eunhootbiat is.sisohmpTel bloarn po r se esrvow’eltot popn edseeel ihrutltfoschispareht
l aeiss ursaeacvweo brttinoc syarwartn ooct n eolhiattn poltmiaausuhssstseuaf oerhpttneilc
.smelborp reh ro sih evlos ot trepxe na sdeen
.denerot ei rseHt eeihats wmshcugd easTuon ee isadbisprnfveatiauaoihhtmrsauwnh
r s eed a o e hnkwo, tdd recastsfinefhaamoaahtetsttaisu hsdttnnsaeer etstnaneh i dteuahthtst
.smsaisuhtn edn astseretn ieseht
aotn inro bsa we htah twon ko tgniknih t’srego Rf otsa ceh tgnidnatsredn un iple hya mtI
y nh atymilwimaf gnir e sed enao h euoht otehli ed istap.mfwevsooheSt u mlnraraveftsewdiM
s ee. yuseealec vmahndavTeehd l no e f et lltesp slpaiietdi ohlhdcrwsetenaaepbniwdiouttitta
.setat cyitdei c eo yhs eatnhwrt agoentli vma ohdref e eryrf ea,fhsitevlesm ethitfe nte abshytaw
ehT s emcr natefhigr uesaprtxeeg otRuo byati leihbt adt nihavtegnniert sfo htworg ni.erutan
, y ldlsdae la eitemae dgtah oudnnrnnftrtiiueeio afcomnim eherehrlahtlgoeutlkJpcecxtaenbI
yewe Ddna l sanfcie iitgln o eaefllbthooaster e helthtbuociarilPPl ld,insT arhechitheowrew
.ecneirepxe suoigiler fo snoisnemid lanretni eht htiw denrecnoc
siH gnolefil tseretni ni erutan dna htworg del ot sih gnisoohc erutlucirga sa sih
ls , a r.ree rradn egtye oeeinteatvejyd sifluieha itnAldssmfcao oaroececredshgvitriWendUnu
,ereh wyranime Slacigoloeh Tnoin Ueh to ttne we h,429 1n I.kro wsuoigile rn iya lerutu fsi htaht
retfa owt ,sraey eh emac ot leef taht eh dluoc ton krow ni a dlei ferehw eh s adweriuqerot
.enirtco dsuoigile rcificep s an ieveileb
eH neht tnew ot eht sreh c,aeegTe laliobCmtuilsorCevinU ,y erehw eh sawylgnorts
decneulfn iyb mailliW s.’Hkc isretsarpuloicK ni e hythposolih pfo noitacud edna erehweh
s r.e ggenoc iRns s n eaeirrsihsoai rtafesnebl aopshx’pe ymthneecthw aioeeotwJDmtnanocic
e h ttsara eeyvle wttne pnse hdt n,aecnadi udgli h ncginizilaice p,stsigolohcy slpacini leacmaceb
ret s deelh cic.nhocaCRidniiulG CtA eht trats fo sih krow , rteatse hechoR sdaewsremmnii
l asce icgginovilrdoe ihsnvcioyrspp l a en.hortietnin daramaretN eht dne fo sih emit erehteh
gmg n e nsieldie dshbndheo otoaitvhfnruitogpgteaamitdi rnntoao nhg ieeteothrubtstraeuucq
t athu wofblaes mn iaehhgtdelw orn e kdts attahenbe istl i acnehoh ae tt,gsedehabet s.ntIneitap
t nsaatw rdonpam iye hdtluoc e bdeile rno e n oint motriaethtcw eeodrtid ekg anrtievtifeacer
.ypareht
nI ,0491 sregoR devom ot oihO etatS .ytisrevinU eH nageb ot ezilaer taht ehdah
depol eevv eia dttcnniiotpsi dfo wei vtuoba ypar ehhctiohhwcys pedhetnese rnpi Counseling
1
and psychotherapy .)2491( morF eht yrev gninnigeb ta oihO etat SytisrevinU eh edamsih
eh tf onoitceri deh tenimrete do tsesruo csi hn istnedut seh tgniriuqe r,laitneirepx eero mgnihcaet
.tnetno cst idn aesruoc
eH devom ot yethitsrev ifnoU ogacihC ni 5491 erehw si h gsnsiewnoerrga wfaosih
n ofiot a ,c, di1 nnel5eiitb9hlu1 tupys p eeae rprvfyei othtt tcnsniaio tpaswiediv Client-centred
therapy . , ’ ng dInd e iensehro shcti e uantrhacee uetstcflti-oopdt vag nnehnseociidkhuntiSh‘t
tuoba gnihcaet sa gnilellarap eht egnahc ni sih thguoht tuob a.yparehtohcysp traP fosiht
n arheth tsaerdut i etfctonaatro pegmhnitizisa h ’poemtveitcerid-n ognn ‘im eosnbraofwitulove
r eet lpsnpaiiihhc ct nt .isssrriepiHufqinhcet ;yelwtc enro isrdreeh pth oct nao :aenestnwaa‘wc
.’s g egenes nHi t oewins arp hayrigte retsf a hni dnuhi,eeilsyaaptrdlhtialecaottcnlloeaocmsf
.meht rof ecruoser elbixelf a sa gnivres dna ssalc eht fo srebmem eht rof
The central conditions
nI e hyTr‘assec e dtnsnnnaeoiictiifd f ny ucotfsicio tl’uaeengpona sar)rhe7ech5pt91s(regoR
edam a roj atmnemetats fo sih saedi . ytpuaorbeah troehtcayLsp eh dednetx eeseht saediot
.noitacude fO eht xi ssn o,idteibdinrocc seeedrht era .lartnec enO saw taht eht ‘tsiparehteb
tneurgnoc ro detargetni ni . ’ephithsno istiah lTte sr,iypcanreeuhrtg nooscla demrtestipareht
, sy srcssensef e enesr oner’a rtentpforiss oauinewnp ahaeaesrtgrhetetc hn yteeaihwrse/pexhe
p iehhstnoi tdanlae rre he/dsuithitta ot eht .tneil cs inhoTitid nooscla srefer ot se’httsipareht
lartn erceh to owe t hfyt oae w hnstidna t tfseiicneirep xsei httuo beatacinumm oosctsengnilliw
.snoitidnoc
lanoi tsied cnnnoaeci nrt uessp in xspo teaaieawrt h heirtlthde‘a tnhrefottsoconenehAct
eviti sdorpager rof eht .’tne islrcegoR :dias ot‘ eht tnetxe taht eh ttsipar eshdtni fflesmihsa
,e ce ggsnctn nae nriti if a a ecchrostf p abencet’pomfpeapate rosiexhnceaaretechweiatplxce
’.drage revitiso planoitidnocn ugnicneirepx es ie h,tneilc
gnidnatsr ecdinhu ts aenpcamneeir etpsxiepa r ee thhnsattoah‘iwtti dlnaorc t tnesehacTl
e hoettcneirep xsei hettacinumm oosctruovaed nd eneacneref eferoma rlfanret nsi’tnei le chfto
’.tn esirlecgo R:syas oT‘ esnes eh ts’t neetialvci rdplrow sa fi ti saw ruoy ,nwo tubtuohtiw
’.ypareht ot laitnesse smees siht dna ,yhtapme si siht—ytilauq ’’fi sa‘‘ eht gnisol
t Idluoh seb dezi sta ahsh pntemosei eteh irttdehnwgoucoh tot t neebici fsfaus llewsa
.yra stsaehcWe nsaw ytr oadnslsueoches neb . dgenti ohrnteohNt onaht ehst neoviotbiadnoc
saw nees s a.tnatrop meih Ttsipare hsteod ton evah o tdnatsred neuht sy’ttinleainlocsrerpo
,smelborp d neaniun e sgtisipare het h fthiguo n se ti.Imelbo rep hgtnivl o osttnei lec hetdi urgon
.tneil ceh tgnidnatsredn uyllacitehtapm eelih w,gnitpecc ayllanoitidnocnu
g gn yni, tpin’ nnatrndni a riaoniec9eereiahi 5htWltfn9taa ii1tcnnsuigdieS‘ d a tesfo
sno indt oe ini ledittesnaalo ochlhtcutatadrheatp eh . y d peadasheretehea hTrtrtesoowfhcysp
gtnnian crtniaaaf ehcirltnugc icysolno ot e heter gteadht ethntedu tsgsinikr sonmwoelborp
rehca eet htta heterg eed h otytl ndoetatilic a efnb agcninra etlnacifing itsa h;tm i ohlta eer rtaaht
s ieniu n. etdgnneaur g,nnnIooci tei hdrtde‘ahca eothw na cy l,mtrpaewc coahw naecdivorp
lanoi teivdintoicsn ou,pdrager dna nac ezihtapme htiw eht sgnileef fo , rnaoeiftapicitndana
tnemegaru ohccsiihdw era devlovni ni gniteem wen ,slairetam lliw evah enod a taerglaed
’.gninrael rof snoitidnoc eht gnittes drawot
retfA a nezod sraey ta ,ogac ishrCegoR tnew ot e hyttisrevin Ufo nisnocs i,Wdnani
rebm esa ma ew7h8 9 n1hita esd ilhit n.Uaimeda ctaf eols l ea,hytisrevi ntua hgtniva e nl,o3691
,s e tet tstulnrutaei tir d ffi tuendsotnsohenesrnitpacnei venItnadesehnieheicWtBS ehrtetneC
rof eshetidu tfSo e.hntosr etPI saw ni s idhoti rtyealp hl,ta sissgciinehhi pt9si6er9w1koob
Freedom to lear.noitacud enn istseretn idaor bsi htcelfe ro tnage b,
2
nI siht ,koob desiver dna dehsilbuper sa Freedom to learn for the 80s ,)3891(eh
gnignah cyllaunitno ceh tf oesuace b,tah tdia se H.egdelwon kgnikee sf ossecor peh tdezisahpme
:er ae w,evi le whcih wn ierehpsomta
noitatilic aef h st,ievivr u oset r e afw,inoitacu d feloa oeg hetre hnwoitacu d nenioitaut iws eynlerit n nehat idwecaf
d ; . eeye ed g snhtlgw h eeontiat annon Tdnhhip mooco ahasnrtwnas thuehmiaardadwdgc eaahnenfleaaolhc
na md o eeht zgwas,id h a eletets shorala giyenuewhsdlvc rotsenieeg nel o gshnakcwsftiooiokrnsrepkaoebfs
esnes yna sekam taht gniht ylno eht si ,egdelwonk citats nopu naht rehtar ssecorp no ecnailer ,ssengnignahC .ytiruces
.p( dlrow nredom eht ni noitacude rof laog a sa .)401
:sdro weseh tn islao gsi hdebircse dsregoR
ny iae wh,tn agmninra ee lhptolev eehdwci hny wiae wh,tnoitacu dfm eoie ahsgtaninra efnlooitatilic ae fhe teIs
y ahmci hnwoitcn ue fhsgtaninra efnlooitatilic ae fhe .teIssseco re phnstilaudivid nseiav ionltra en laehcwcihw
y t aneh dascsomeietbhiwtix esl rpteoe rs mtwsee fossppeosne ehac,etogdrnpig n,aehvcita t,neevtitcurt sdnlooch
.p( .)501
:snialpxe sregoR ,laog siht eveihca ot woh ot sA
ylralohc ssi hnop uto n,redae leh tf osllik sgnihcae teh tnop uto nstse rgninrae lhcu sf onoitaitin ieh ttah t.. .won keW
egdelwo nfko eht ,dleif ton nopu rs,aiglhnuicninr artluopcn nopu sih esu la ufso i,vs-doiiadu aton nopueht
hguohtl a,skoo bf oecnadnub an anop uto n,snoitatneser pdn aserutce lsi hnop uto n,sezilit ue hgninrae ldemmargorp
tna chnic o f atieiffe htsno o.gaeg teith i,acm i t es ordle enrNueimthoe ozcin thsrsiataetaoelftb orirnntoaaupmi
lanidutitta niatrec nopu stser gninrael eh tdn arotatilica feh tneewte bpihsnoitale rlanosre peh tn itsix ehcih wseitilauq
.p( renrael .)60-501
ehT tsrif fo e sleahnt isdeuittiitltaa uhqc iehtwat iglniicnarfael dna( eseht era eht eerhteroc
.gninrae lf orotatilica feh tn i’ssenlaer ‘s i)noitacud eo tylpp ayeh ts aevob adenoitne msnoitidnoc
:setats sregoR ytilauq siht tuobA
ro tsaint oia.lns lsaereisehehcerWptanf esn s iserue nondsleuiag telirat it st a c pneti eaehssfshstoaoersmbheetP
er ohmc use,mihedac artfon o granfitnese rtpuoht irwenra ee lhhtt ipwihsnoita l oeat rnginiret n, esetiha hgwnieb
eel lb oba gotal ,ns t l iehm iis yi.a rcischgslae vtaihnn nie vveaahaeoihkeaihhweitlT ihtt mresltceeeiebpffxfee
tah tsnae mt I.etairporpp af imeh tetacinummo co telb adn a,meh te b,sgnilee feseh tevi lo telb as ie htah t,ssenerawa
eh taht snaem tI .sisab nosrep-ot-nosrep a no mih gniteem ,renrael eht htiw retnuocne lanosrep tcerid a otni semoc eh
.flesmih gniyned ton ,flesmih gnieb si
si hhti wpihsnoitale rsi hn inosre plae rae bna crehcae teh ttah tdetseggu ss it iwei vf otnio psih tmor fneeS
.stn eedHu t, scniatc sea hiesb unhatcne e,bder oebh n adce t ,ses ebtnrnie etednhuit snac e,byrgna eh naceb
e.sc u isa es tgcevteenehip shiB tedetlsicnhaeascatpen amfesysi sh,nwo eh sah on deen oets ompemhit nosih
.stn eedHu tnsa ceki l ergk oni tilt tuysa tcolihanu hpdt edytmtdoli iiurewdtpvos iostg icreoj bdoab ro tahteht
nih tsitws itx aeghnti l, etaecfud o er rhpgotnfi lg enaeifsser pyxlep m.es i dHidsra oobtsonigeduts ,s u.hfTlesmih
,tnemeriuqer ralucirruc a fo tnemidobme sselecaf a ton ,stneduts sih ot nosrep a si eh hcih whguorh tebu teliret s aron
.p( rehtona ot noitareneg eno morf dessap si egdelwonk )601 .
ed hnpTou c oe esr cssegfne d oaiedu.,s ttsn ttgatpieafisnhuelheotuiocatstrzbcueatiAaqhrtp
:stnemmoc sregoR
re he trsoeinhaT sdiehv tr. eg esnIvbiaonh rganeiltati ll iuncfiasfse cesote csdhurnu onwoaishha ctteisdhuwtitta
d e. ct.tnieee dYi t urIiet e vispdatixrht e aa o whttmoarn hekow tttu po t,t io s. l I al krlIenei sivwfuheo tstisa
,snoi n,sisipghoni lgsenieihf z,irrepn rgeanheitlzirp evissess o,tpru -eban no. rnnt greaoIsnohe si iftlsrarieahpc
. tt h hIs tnsngigriiwinohor iw,vnaoh ser tel apasrua adapievs ird ene shicfitnoho at. tgt pnIs eiincracaac ci saab
tsurt ,ecnatpecc a,gnizir pt illa ce wrehteh W.yhtrowtsur tyllatnemadnu(cid:31) fwohemo ss inosre preht osih ttah tfeile ba
eerg eedlbaredis n s oaaoc hhrwotatilic ae fh.Tsy aewlbavres bfyootei r npasaiuvwo ht,simr erteh teom ortsosurt
llew sa melborp wen a sehcaorppa eh sa tneduts eht fo noitatiseh dna raef eht fo tnatpecca ylluf eb nac edutitta siht fo
si h,yhtap alanoisacc os’tnedut seh ttpecc ana crehcae t ahcu S.tnemeveihc an inoitcafsita ss’lipu peh tf otnatpecc asa
eveihc ao tstroff edenilpicsi dsi hs alle ws a,egdelwon kf osdaor-y beh terolpx eo tserise dcitarre na ce H.slao grojam
tp elcacnaosrep sgnil ehecfihw hto bbrutsid dna et ogmnoirnprael — yrlav ihrtiw a ,gn idlebritsah ,fyotirohtua
3
g nn iatemcb ue rh fge gsrn n sn aeifrniiepb oaa zhm iaetiti. rla ryechepcwsWraeaud qleadnao st runeorpbeacnoc
htiw ynam ,sgnileef yn a.mslaitneto pesh’Trota tginliizciarfp ro ecnatpecca fo eht renrael si nalanoitarepo
.p( msinagro namuh eht fo yticapac eht ni tsurt dna ecnedifnoc laitnesse sih fo noisserpxe .)901
:sevresbo sregoR ,ytilauq lanidutitta driht eht ot sA
Arehtruf st en.glh egnashmniiiceint lildrn, bhen aed aawacseieettiilrttssheaaertpimeaxt idpeirlnmnocueif-fles
eht fo ssenerawa evitisnes a sah ,edisni eht morf noitcaer s’tneduts eht dnatsrednu ot ytiliba eht sah rehcaet eht nehW
gnsiin rtanealcif id nofgooihsil enek ihi natl,egthant es d moeugethtnetsisn rndaoneialt as csfueod ceyeoahrwtp
.desaercni
evitaul alvae u esmhu ottrnferef fyildpr agshnisidnatsre ddfn nousiikhT sewhot lhl cogifnhiwdnatsrednu
n oniei th ,cteraheetvr e,wyohht ae pve m irnes.te e i’ihht hgdu sttaaWnnosnihoa yiewwrtns wsrfre oetIdt‘naup
gsnd i n ,hwsaf nto wt or rehsoste eem il rantntothlse‘riotsstoldaea afene mpdleulsonfmsae eost ebt ueomhtiw
’.nrael dna worg dna mossolb nac I woN .em egduj ro em ezylana ot gnitnaw
,ss ’t e gts sehy,nn o gidg e sie sm enuu n dedde’lfhi tofislonuhraotweiroirhatteehthhostshitttTwstvao
ssorc agnimo ctuohti wsnoitcaretn imoorssal cyranidr of osdnasuoh to tnetsi ldluo cen O.moorssal ceh tn if odraehnu
e .negocnn iay, dt lecn s,etiatn dvahtuifeirtsBo ttuaryaicpelcscmdrinaen aneuteusilmcmoc sahyl sauodnemert
.p( srucco ti nehw tceffe gnisaeler .)21-111
:no seog eH .eveihca ot tluciffid era sedutitta eseht taht dezingocer sregoR
t u,Bn‘oits e euehqst isarrehc aee mt.ogSnibirc sne ed ees vbeIadhuti t eteha vtsayha w tlteooa awdnlhatru ttsaiin
tah wfi I , cmi ahg otn tdai,opltnmeoe en t f, aetszniie h rmttrpopome crc o ae. k s’itt ?lanynhemeWdyhuMtts
esdauwt i sttliatahh attt.n dete dI nsitoicoic ntasneed mut tn fiaeo tthstrt sa ostee pisnhem o ltsitmsanaieohrptser
r i serthonted u srteioskhf i dl, nsdaail drroe wnsn’itned ugeftnhositdnatsre denlut t. soeitfaSnlsih ordiefbircsed
, cri oh otetta v upoi npm tteoenlecd - aabufaaooherocd ttrt aueseyfebnrlsoon pcmi,a rttturs ioeosicmivlaaheb
.gnirac
s n o,a,t eletrbamnoeeru r, gtr nso,o ee crnn. o oiseo h udlTsye nnp albstse um triiagsoituahissoBetnn
tuoba yaw siht lle tyln ona c I.mi hro flae rs itah wwon kto no d Iesuace b,rehton atuob alae re btonna c I.fleseno (cid:31) f i
tsenoh ylurt eb ot hsiw I (cid:31).p( em ni no gniog si tahw .)311
’ sfd h soe oteetatxhm cit‘ra se ehhtr c cnniaaeih edws tinncoanii tsnre em,geolR ps mAnaaxe
dtn aa me!’nsI sse imhh ttei vwgointlined ddta nim:Iis‘fs a rldec lh eo.htsSs aklrcow terdaarg
:dia ssrego Rtnedicn isih tgnissucsi D’.noitcartsi do te mgnivir ds it idn aylredro
stmaoorss annloicm meo rcho cmhsucim i yhdawewsiug s ei,nhdyitltneref f tieud mo dosacghnil e reeefshoppus
.lsll aee vhteSh lge iv:madhias‘ uoY e rn aet rseedehvli t’isrIh sec!evnmee eus otY’ n eos rdstaeucnoibrdaoit
neisn ee s hn,tissenla ersroseneniun efegolpma xnte aoynletinif etds ossmii h’T!elbirr etts ue jru ao.Yssenilnaelc
owt eht neewteb noitcnitsid dnuoforp a si erehT .smret eseht gnisu ma I hcihw llep so teki ldluo wIhcih wstnemetats
.tuo
nerdlihc eht sseltbuoD .sgnileef reh fo enon gnirahs ,flesreh fo gnihton gnillet si ehs tnemetats dnoces eht nI
s ieh srehteh wo ts aniatrecn ue bya myeh tdwerh sylevitpecre per anerdlih cesuace btu b,yrgn as ieh stah tesne slliw
tnemetat stsri feh tf oytseno heh tf oeno nsa ht I.lapicnir peh thti wtnemugr an amor femo ctsu jsa hr o,meh tt ayrgna
.noitcartsid ot nevird gnieb fo gnileef nwo reh fo ,ssentespu nwo reh fo sllet ehs hcihw ni
oc ee shfttocep sraehtonA ts oemk id ln,anoitaula vrseotnemegd ufpejoud al mlsttaiia hsttinemeta tdsn
era yeht tahw ni devlovni dna deticxe ylpmis yeht era ro ,yssem nerdlihc eseht erA .elbaugra lla era yeht ,stnemegduj
?ehs sa soahc eht yb debrutsid sa emos era ro ,yssem lla yeht erA .gniod
:swollo fs at idetat se H.sedutitt aeseh tgniveihc an iseitluciffi deh tdootsredn usregoR
tsurb u ,ctecinoiu ny e ls goueetrhb t seni newno h edw,vntealucif f t isssdsoiemn l tafneoermevei heychlatlautcA
a, elle hu a sytmft lulrontan oei b ia s fm,rt a ri dgde ogt se.n d evfnnrfdtyaeauesoieirt lhjnulCoasetoewmireafr
hcih wsdnuos ekil eht gnirahs fo sgnile elfliw ton .pleh tI si tsu jre hetconnaatsni fo a ,edacaf fo a kcalfo
elbap a,csgnile esf’e noeotso letcbs ue mn,ol lftaosr i,fr o.Fla eyrlu reontbtra een lwayclwo lysl n.Osseneniuneg
gnisiugs itd o,nedis n,ie ryae h stmae hgtnira h fskos ier hetk a otgtnill i ewtbs uem nnoe h.Tme h fteora wgani efbo
.p( elpoep rehto ot meht gnitubirtta ro ,stnemegduj sa meht .)411
4
Principles for learning
. p,969 1,sregoR (selpicnir peseh T.gninrae ltuob aselpicnir pf orebmu n adetcartsb asregoR )411
:era
.1 .gninrael rof laitnetop larutan a evah sgnieb namuH
.2 seh ty bdeviecre ps iretta mtcejbu seh tneh wecal pseka tgninrae ltnacifingiS ro fecnavele rgniva hs atnedut
reh/si hn,wsoeso pnreuhpw leahutdiv isdanhi a lao gehs /seehhsiw ot eveihc adna sees ehltairetam
.ytidipar taerg htiw ecalp sekat gninrael ,laog eht ot tnaveler sa reh/mih ot detneserp
.3 egi ns aeahvclo vhnci ighnwinraeL noitazinagro- fnles (cid:31) fle s nefonoiotpe c renehipt (cid:31) gdnniane ta esriht
.detsiser eb ot sdnet
.4 esohT lanre tnx eedhewtalimi s dsdnaeaviec ryelpi sea r eeofr m l aegeohnsttinetae r ehhrtca ishgwninrael
.muminim a ta era staerht
.5 t aoe ethnertsehhhttW gnnai cn nrdoani eahdlseatfaitne rde ef nv feiinice adncecerb iefr p le,sepwixoel
.deecorp
.6 .gniod hguorht deriuqca si gninrael tnacifingis hcuM
.7 .ssecorp gninrael eht ni ylbisnopser setapicitrap tneduts eht nehw detatilicaf si gninraeL
.8 aitini-fleS det renra eel h ftnoosr eeplo hew hstevlov nhici hgwninrael (cid:31) tcellet nslial esgwanile ef (cid:31) eshit
.evisavrep dna gnitsal tsom
.9 y,tei cvenicetnd aandeienrlpa ceeerdr-nafIl eds eml tslnaiaotci iitnltae iiuhdcrlwnaecaafr-vafel-efsles
.ecnatropm iyradnoce sf os isreht oy bnoitaulav edn acisab
.01 ehT tsomaicos yll luf egsnuinrael ni eht nredom dlrow si eht gninrael fo eht ssecorp fo ,gninraela
.egnahc fo ssecorp eht fleseno otni etaroprocni ot dna ecneirepxe ot ssennepo gniunitnoc
g ndni meangon crnrieaifabett labs tod e i oatmdlfheuoe io tdoSnsc feibrratomaaefaeghlowR
. p,969 1,sregoR (gninrae lgnitatilica fro fsenilediu gsih .)461
.1 .ecneirepxe ssalc ro puorg eht fo etamilc ro doom laitini eht tes ot rotatilicaf eht rof tnatropmi yrev si tI
.2 srs poeyt lt s f ioeafoeidcthtophrnii rtaalleuleihtpccTaf sla undi ieesvhhsitad lns cialle wsa ehetrom
.puorg eht fo sesoprup lareneg
sregoR seog no ot yas tuoba e h:trotatilic affI‘ eh si ton lufraef fo gynriottpceicdcaartnoc
gnita tnmsiodee rfefos n leaasudivid ne ihttimr eoeptl b s eafi,hism iganitcilfn od cnsaesoprup
’.gninrael rof etamilc a etaerc ot gnipleh si eh neht ,od ot ekil dluow yeht tahw
.3 eso httnemelp motitnedu thsc afeeoris ee dhnto psueil errotatilic aefhT rgonfin aee vmhach ishewsoprup
.gninrael tnacifingis dniheb ecrof lanoitavitom eht sa ,tneduts eht
.4 r osfecruos e freogn aerlbiss otpsed iew hetlbalia vyalis aeek adm neazinag r oostruovaed nreotatilic aefhT
.gninrael
.5 .puorg eht yb dezilitu eb ot ecruoser elbixelf a sa flesreh/flesmih sdrager rotatilicaf ehT
.6 t gnidnopser nI dn atnetno clautcelletn ieh thto bstpecc arotatilica feh t,puor gmoorssal ceh tn isnoisserpx eo
f oeerge detamixorpp aeh ttceps ahca eevi go tgniruovaedn e,sedutitt adezilanoitom eeht thici hswisahpme
.puorg eht ro laudividni eht rof sah
.7 a ts pAeehctca y lrgo nteo ,iamtsdsto ieaiceehelelhsaribbticc alnas bifeea mttmoasocmeoe irbtlsncsalc
.ylno laudividni eno fo esoht sa sweiv reh/sih gnisserpxe ,puorg eht fo rebmem a ,renrael tnapicitrap
.8 sreh/flesmi hgnirah sn ievitaitin ieh tseka trotatilica fehT puor geh thti wfle (cid:31) sthguo h stlal e swsagnile ef (cid:31)
st ny ghe ay ncdtml li iunp dar,h temr nn aewn s s ieaaorhsitsehshmsosouyrcternpbapiidemwehepirwn
.evae lr oekat
.9 p eefveoidtaci dsnnioisse r tpeorx hteestlnaia mreortatili ce,aheftcneire pmxoeorss aetlhuctohguorhT ro
.sgnileef gnorts
gnidnatsr ecdinhu t dadeopnhomattes rd ele dubsnoguhns i sl seeen r so eoteoegyfagthahotstR
.detacinummo ce bdluohs
.01 r e enh t zw/spdiosrenn iucagohoco tva c, a r eggereernndodh ii ntatsnnfeae arootlnai iI etslalciinhcuaff
.snoitatimil
5
dnnoaitatili ctacfe fsfnaoitati meisl e whsotnhial p,xeelpicn isr ipnfhootitanal p sx,niesihregoR
sy assreg o.Rgninra efelovitatilic at foe nrsaedutit ts ainhe hodwdluo hrsotatilic ae fhtta howsla
:taht
e.Hmodee rhfc ugsniv i ngeilbatrofm o sc eitha httnet xee h otsttnedu tss i ohmtodee rtfna rng a]crotatilic aefh te[H
yl nnoac yl nno a ec.Hstnedu tes h ftdolr orwen nei hrtet n oesteris eydllaut c eatha httnet xee h otgtnidnatsred neub
si hneh wsemi tyna me blli wereh T.. .ksi rtah tgnika tn ielbatrofmo cylbanosae rs ie htah ttnetx eeh to tflesmi herahs
seduti tetraa ev ittoanti l fi.ocganfinra eelH lliw dn iffles msgiunhoiiecbip sfuos s.ishtnedu tesH lliw dnifti
elbi sotstpoepcmcia sy elh rdgcmeunioftohrfi rwfitstdtis ah.nwo eH lliw e ebdlnb aae tnmosuotrs efdonueht
’stneduts t nle udffuott ns ye drsfn g e lam.ntrse o nan iserdweyhmHfnoraiiemh ffyflidd e hk ecrsriagahmnwileef
sedut idtrtaawot mih dna yrgna fo t.nserduuotisvah eebH yam dnif fles mginhi lye lelgfantonretmsgdudjna
eb ot ,meht ot esolc teg ot ruovaedne lliw eh ,evitatilicaf-non era hcihw sedutitta gnicneirepxe si eh nehW .evitaulave
es e,hstre gens aedhetsse r ep secx.ahnefhOles mniihh t ey itr eswsamh auetej h t dt,ao nmt teaesfr hoaytwlaraelc
stc aefvitcej bst oao,nflesm inhiht imwo rgfnim ogcnihtem osssareh tfsootbu oedse h,tstsurts iemse h,tstnemegduj
na hcuS .stneduts sih dna flesmih neewteb egnahcretni tnacifingis a rof deraelc ria eht dnif lliw eh ,ytilaer drawtuo ni
t ieka msuh tdn a,gnicneirepx enee bsa he hhcih wsedutitt ayre veh tgnivlose rdrawo tya wgno lao gna cegnahcretni
.gninrael fo rotatilicaf a fo erom eb ot mih rof elbissop erom
Applying Rogers’ principles
s eelspe ihecTvnaihr pneeb tup ot esu ni a rebm u,lnsa gnfnoo iihttctauecssude ssamargorp
demia tgani zl,iann coasiimtdtupeahmmceutdtea ot egnahc eht looh cmsetsys ,naiinrofilaC
.oihO fo egelloC lacideM eht ta gnisrun ni margorp etaudarg a dna noitacude rehcaet
nI eht rettal ,margorp ni gnisu nair esgeolRpicnirp ot hsilbatse a s'retsamed eergni
,gnis reurneht erew o wgtni r.rsuecuesrsi enO dah ot od htiw eht ytl ugcnaifra hrsewopdna
.ytil inbIis neomp ossseersa c eyhttlu cdaifd ttocn erpiseehr tn wsotim i dlsdnteantendaurtgs
smod ehetrif whcihw e hyttluc asfa w.el btao tn rr,oo eFfllm apoyrmcteaslvxrueeecsbamfem
da hd eswtonleldaut s oettaito gteuno sfeoiti vtiathcta eh t dyletarlieutdcniaesfsn sooecteht
.g nsi ’ ntt,rAnsae ee dymleuti htltttsul cetafrf unh esh twen he dtdeiuzd titsn ogrnooecuelrav
zytn t aodle h dauhsw.o hctr rko a oeecteffhhfil otTfhceuoCiha(ttra e bst iie,)rh.6ctl8sa9e1d
:ecneirepxe
y s lteednr vle eotlbr os pf n eaistae ofoessruswt detmtmeq eanlnnede hreiuoehirncprordtsaixcciunhevtownsCe
noit af.szoy’ it ytelletnrau hlee bcaTummdra cniefeaodv ffrtaio svnenkeam ti .eefcans en’iisr teenphextdeuts
snoitatn o’r sftt t nlnyn.ygsou ete elns ccsdsdevlieondiiieurealnt infhvnteiidnsafTeoswhcneaiHceapwdaphose
stnemeriuq eersru otcuo byatluc ae fhhtt iywrg nnaet feor eywe h,tderewop meemac esbtnedu ts.sAytluc ae fhhttiw
.)airetirc gnidarg dna(
.mro flanoitacud enaipot u,citsilaed in ato nsa whcaorpp adertnec-nosre peh ttah trael cemace bt iyllaudarG
pihsnoit anloesrrep-ot- nyol slaraeipt nh ecssaisoe rdpepratnec-n o ds teero esahreteuahtepbrwtvto ctssaaihwdW
.stneduts dna rehcaet neewteb
.degdelwonkca eb renrael eht dna rehcaet eht htob fo ecneirepxe eht taht saw deriuqer saw tahW
de rnheooTujc saesssmst ai ngtwgdena nndihsmiaut teevtaf dhisuoratglorafgveeht
.esru oscA trap f,onoi t cenuyihattmtiletud scadsnaceaifatw c.e speotxttneaeudluatvse ehT
d nraew oep hmte hhtt igwnira h sssatnedu t ysnbe ets osn aywtluc a yfnboitaula v feeop yltausu
eht ytilibisnopser rof rieht .gninrael ,yllaudarG ytlucaf derevocsid seigetarts rof gnirahs
raoifret i erthcut orbaa ey l rsco eeeat.bnvwsOtned uht tssiswec onropitaul a evsnhenitoisiced
d ntaf a ntraondemm oos ctarwehto n.Anetti rd wndaengis sear eswrep ae phetrof enboitaulave
re ee p sosu tarwehto nt ae.Yed a nraegv iegr eywe hetrof esbrep aeptirw eosrttnedu te shwtolla
.srepa peh tgnidar gn inoitaulave
esmotatnce d te.uesahstnahttsOwtn em danuro t gss sotfircohp etef ef ereerhretewhT
stnedut s,noitidd an I.detcerid-fle sero memace bdn agninrae lrieh tro fytilibisnopse rero mtpecca
tlef sse lsselpleh dn adesicre xeerom rewop ni eht cim e.dganciattes A driht tceffe sawtaht
.ytluca fhti wspihsnoitale rtnednepedretn iero mdehsilbats estneduts
6
yltneuqerF eseht naire gloaRnoit asceuldpeicnirp devorp ot eb .lufssecc,ursevewoH
s teeda rgehe ensthswaotehpicpcoarcu adeerhuc bns endrontianteartsi nli omsodehamcistemos
n ods i ncdts t aina rffa.tuceeoohsiouhgtmlfdto ao eRdrpeegmtoo a rsengp cindaminlrkapeatt
eeefrshouut l sirsaoef c tcefnuhoastnimre ttendatr o e pnrtmaeniwemhsilba tlsaenoitac uedhet
.selpicnirp eseht fo
selpicnir peseh tereh wsmargor peh tf oerulia fr osseccu seh tn ostrope reh to tnoitidd anI
sedu tgi ntdi t et sahta ntc c ts oc rouefi ane edasdholn,hefeveelntietefhaisaoceubethrecabotrf
fo eht rehcaet no eht .stneduts nI seiduts yb ypsA dna ,kcu b, ey,oheRtcanpemuergnodcna
evitisop drager erew derusaem yb deniart sretar ohw detar oidua sepat fo ehtmoorssalc
s’redna lr Fodfet aors lear eswep ae th,tsedutit tganitatilic ar fogfnit aonrtoitid dn.aIsnoitcaretni
.sevitcejbo lanoitacude fo ymonoxaT s’moolB rof dna sisylana noitcaretni
9691( troper kcubeoR dna ypsA :)
n Ine tg e rn sn , ai yto0so gvmdn 0 rt0rloue)0ee0eortde,dh6dvfsuv0acn n(tl1raisi segekrfwteot hochaweetrew
deni aor ttre f hfesgocl i nee h de vv,d r udeiy nfasrelt hea ogtgriltrhennasoaetreoporpwidcmptmfwuoneotcosc
er eswrehca eetvitatilic ahfg i fhsotnedu tes h.Tsnoitidn oecvitatilic aefse h ftsolev ehlg irhef fto odn iod hswrehcaet
:ot dnuof
.1 raey eht gnirud loohcs fo syad rewef ssiM ;
.2 rcni evaH drager-fles evitisop erom gnitacidni ,serusaem tpecnoc-fles no serocs desae ;
.3 serocs gnidaer dna htam htob gnidulcni ,serusaem cimedaca no sniag retaerg ekaM ;
.4 smelborp yranilpicsid rewef tneserP ;
.5 ytreporp loohcs ot msiladnav fo stca rewef timmoC ;
.6 )5-K sedarg( stset .Q.I no serocs rieht esaercnI ;
.7 dna ;yaM ot rebmetpeS morf serocs ytivitaerc ni sniag ekaM
.8 .gnikniht fo slevel rehgih esu dna suoenatnops erom eB
nI ,noitidd aeseht stifeneb er e;wevitalumu ceht erom sraey ni noisseccu stahtduts stne dah ahgih
,3 8,9s1reg osRr(ehc agentinoit c snwftuoonfled uh ttdsiewrap mn oeschn wierahegtta ee,rhrgtehc agentinoitcnuf
.p .)30-202
d nsacitameht a,mgnida e nrsoedutit tganitatilic aef h ftsotcef fee hdterusa ekmcube odR nyapsA
hsilgnE .tnemeveihca yehT deniart emos srehcaet ni eseht evitatilicaf sedutitta dna neht
e l.b1sarTeh cdaeentia rddte nnnta u ihye agbhsrutttan tet dnfeueohtmtseve idehehcrtaapmoc
.yduts lacipyt eno fo stluser eht stroper
.1 ELBAT naeM secnereffid ni detsujdaniag 1 neewteb stneduts fo den i)aervtitatil iscraefh(caetdna
.srehcaet deniartnu
level edarG tnemeveihca gnidaeR tnemeveihca htaM tnemeveihca hsilgnE
3-1 88.01+ 2 detset toN detset toN
6-4 66.3 + 3 44.51+ 2 66.81+ 2
9-7 69.2 + 3 01.4 + 3 57.11+ 2
21-01 65.1 + 4 49.1 + 4 69.0 + 5
SETON
.1 .gnidnats tset-erp dna tneitouq ecnegilletni erew setairavoC
.2 100.<p
.3 10.<p .puorg )gniniart on( lortnoc fo ruovaf nI -
.4 50.<p .puorg )gniniart( latnemirepxe fo ruovaf nI +
.5 .tnacifingis toN
Rtah tnee seva he w,yrammu snI eh tf ofle sdn anoitavito meh thti wdenrecno csa wsrego
,,dtt enan mehiseudt r hsu.edts t t glar snhtho u eeagntRtowhb hueinhotetadweshahtudrttusts
.h t ywrtooirfcg a epst anancin aanemireerht ,s h s,cf esiiecshho ewtrgcpnoirzpilautca -sfilheTs
gn i htdgsnuaaol re,o rdhh o itcemgspirniahoirwm n nrdoanieatlaitin i d-l ,aflodel iteleswesirf
.gninrae llanoitidar tnaht
,s itah T.sedutitt aralucitra psa hrehcae taneh wdeer fer asessecor pgnizilautca-fle sesehT
eseht sessecorp era ,deerf dna detaitini-fles gninrael ,srucco nehw eht tneurgnocrehcaet
7
yllanoitidnocnu sezirp dna sdnopser yllacitehtapme ot eht dlrow ,fo ot eht stseretnidna
ne eebv ashedutit traehca eetse hetre hswmargo rep h ftyorots ieh h.Ttnedu tes h,t fsomsaisuhtne
,osteduti trtia eehgtn asohrtcotartsini m ddsnaraehc a retotlfuci f tft saiisihdettaci ddneitpmetta
.nrael ot stneduts rieht fo noitavitom cisnirtni eht tsurt ot dna ytilibisnopser dna rewop rieht erahs
rieh tegnah csrotartsinimd adn asrehcae tereh w,tah tsetacidn iosl asmargor peseh tf oyrotsi hehT
.devorpm is iruoivahe bdn asgninrae l,noitavito ms’tnedut seh t,sedutitta
Note
.1 .)a csi e rftdeoaemtt ASignnUi (rdmeirZF d eogyk gnt r ,aiinof8c vsi wo5i.arm9 hDheo1eC.vrhhiftPnU
litn uogacih Cf oytisrevin Ueh tf oytluca feh tf orebme M.retne Cgnilesnuo Ceh tn isrego Rlra Chtiw ,0791
neht devom ot ethntemtrap e fDyogolohcy sfPo esa Cnre t esyvetrWiessre eRlviitnnUu eht.tneserp
lac isttesreoreehtTni era denrecno chtiw eht sesuac fo seg nganhictlu sde ermrotrn;feycp-atrneehitlc
h csrtaseesreert neira no e hetvi tsitncgeofcfe fgo n.i sbrgionrticilsdeeeed-fo Cfo eht Person-centred
journ.hcaorppa dertnaec-tneilc eht htiw denrecnolc lacidoirep a ,
References
, k . c.9, uF6y;b9p.e1sDoAR h c .rrdsaunge Oansrieudronif In : Rogers, C. R . Freedom to learn: a view of what
education might become.p , .712-991 .llirreM .E selrahC ,HO ,submuloC
.689 1.l at e;. H. G,znodokcihC .margor pgnisru netaudar gwe naro ftnemnorivn edertnec-nosre pagnitaerc Person-
centred review. p,)A C,kra PyrubweN ( .02-102
.2491 .R .C ,sregoR Counseling and psychotherapy ..nilffiM nothguoH ,AM ,notsoB
.1591 .—— Client-centred therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory. n.ilffiM nothguoH ,AM ,notsoB
. eygtnialhac ncois trsuenepo pifa tortiend heny tior. .cca—d7i s—n5fesa9fhe1uTcsen Journal of consulting and
clinical psycholog.p ,y12 .on ,)CD ,notgnihsaW( .301-59
gt.nn—ia —nc.ri9 af5 nei9yiln1pgairS edhnta .n oniitacude Educational leadership , airdn a,x)eAlVA(.on ,61
.p .24-232
.9691 .—— Freedom to learn: a view of what education might become.lli r.reM .E selrahC ,HO ,submuloC
.3891 .—— Freedom to learn for the 80s.lli r.reM .E selrahC ,HO ,submuloC
Works about Carl Rogers
.noitacu dosetnoitubirtn o’csreg olRr a.,CFkcube o; R.,DypsA Person centred review. l,o )v,AkC ryarPubw eN( ,3
.on .p ,8891 ,1 .81-01
.— — meo nrsa Famyeugdh oi oledtonnn aahkm ccuneahitb a yg.nasaemmit Education ,eli b,o)ML(A.lov ,59
.on .p ,4791 ,2 .17-361
.noitac uwnd eoe’isvre glo rR,..anAJCewoB American journal of occupational therapy . ,l,)oeDvlMlivk coR( ,82
.on .p ,4791 ,4 .12-022
,niodoB ;.N ,sanukiP .J evi tgcneifnfrAael dna ttnneetmneovceih cnai sedar geerht dna .ruof The journal of
educational research.lov ,)CD ,notgnihsaW( .on ,07 .p ,7791 ,5 .73-532
]376251 DE :ehciforcim CIRE[ .oemiM .5791 .ledom lacihposolihp a :tnempoleved mulucirruC .H .W ,gnineurB
,k c.iE r. eCydheWrF e n h o?coydatnaeaetr .n od iewtr ect diung rvrenfatciows-d onnaatioesrrep Person centred
review.lov ,)AC ,kraP yrubweN( .on ,3 891 ,1 .p ,8 .85-05
.sgnidni fhcraese rlanoitacud etnerru cdn ayhposolih p’srego Rlra C. J. H,grebierF Person centred reviewyrubwe N(
.lov ,)AC ,kraP .on ,3 .p ,8891 ,1 .04-03
,yrneH .sretnuocne rehcaet/lipup eno-ot-eno rof srehcaet gniniarT .L .P College student journal.lo v,)L A,eliboM ( ,9
.on .p ,5791 ,2 .19-971
.emit ruo ni citnamor A .D .S ,eivI Person centred review.lov ,)AC ,kraP yrubweN( .on ,3 .p ,8891 ,1 .92-91
,drofsnuL .A .nAailetots i.rsAv nai r:etgnoermugra .atnemssessaer College composition and communication
.lo v,)L I,anabrU( .on ,03 .p ,9791 ,2 .15-641
,al lool Ml.-oRi rrs raeeaMddsuetD inteca s sotolnne mmeu phls oTaefl[doe uv.te] iDsnttitnAedutS Revista de
psicología y pedagogía aplicada.lsov ,)niapS ,aicnelaV( .on ,61 .p ,5891 ,13 .44-53
,nosrettaP .C .H Insights about persons: psychological foundations of humanistic and affective education.
.7791 ,tnempoleveD mulucirruC dna noisivrepuS rof noitaicossA ,CD ,notgnihsaW
.e D. A,ittereP Les contradictions de la culture et de la pédagogi,si r.a]Pnoietac u ddenEraut lsfunoCoitcidartn oC[
.p 892 .9691 ,ipE’l ed snoitidE
.— —lsrraeCgoR .]y téi tv lii srvttraiceeCte g[crdoe inRradail-dn-onNon Information psychologique ,)slessurB(
.on .p ,2791 ,84 .31-3
8
.al eD .M ,etneuP Carl Rogers: de la psychothérapie à l’enseignemen.]gnihcae to trparehtohcst pmor f:srego RlraC [
.p .0791 ,ipE’l ed snoitidE ,siraP .373
.—— O odot e omotdartnoc e doduts e omrãeacla ouect hsidTeso[hte Mfo tycdaurttS nnoiC.]m oeohrtssalC
Didatica.lov ,)lizarB ,ailiraM( 2891 ,81 .p , .45-74
.tnempoleve ddn agninrae lecnahn ehcih wscitsiretcarah clanoitauti sdn arehcae T.L. K,nosrete P;. B,eocsoR College
student journa.lolv ,)LA ,eliboM( .on ,61 .p ,2891 ,4 .49-983
,nayR .E .R :noitacudE na egnahcxe fo saedi gnoma eerh tc.isttssiingaomluohhcysp Journal of humanistic
education and developmen.lov ,)AtV ,airdnaxelA( .on ,03 .p ,2991 ,4 .19-871
,wa h.SS .M Teachers in transition: the need for freedom within . Education ,el i,b)oLMA.(lov , 59 .on , 2 ,4791
.p .44-041
.R ,hcsuaT .A ,hcsuaT ; Erziehungspsychologie: Begegnung von Person zu Perso-nnosre p:ygolohcys planoitacudE [
.p .7791 ,efergoH ,negnittoG .]gniteem nosrep-ot .724
.nrael ot modeerF .J ,rekcahT Educational and child psychology.lov ,)KU ,retsecieL( .on ,5 .p ,8891 ,4 .77-37
9
