Table Of ContentBig Data in Medical
Image Processing
Big Data in Medical
Image Processing
R. Suganya
Department of Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
S. Rajaram
Department of ECE
Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
A. Sheik Abdullah
Department of Information Technology
Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
CRC Press
TCaRyClo Pr r&es Fsrancis Group
6T0ay0l0o rB &ro kFernan Scoisu nGdr oPuaprkway NW, Suite 300
B60o0c0a RBarotoknen, F SLo 3u3n4d8 P7a-2r7k4w2ay NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
C© R22C0011 P87r beyss T ias yalno ri m&p Frriannt coifs TGaryolourp ,& L FLrCancis Group, an Informa business
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
VPreirnstioedn oDna taec:i d2-0f1r7e0e1 p1a9per
Version Date: 2200117710011119
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4799-8 (Hardback)
International Standard Book Number-13: 997788--11--14398857--54772949--68 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
mThaidse b tooo pk ucbolnisthai nresl iianbfoler mdaattaio ann odb itnafionremd afrtoiomn ,a buutht etnhtei ca uanthdo hr iagnhdly pruegbalirsdheedr scoaunrncoets .a Rsesuasmoen arbeslep oefnfosirbtisl ihtya vfeo rb etehne
vmaaliddei ttyo opfu abllli smha rteelriiaablsle o dr atthae a cnodn isnefqouremnacteiso no,f bthuet itrh ues aeu. tThhoer aauntdh oprusb alinsdh epru cbalnisnhoetr sa shsauvme ea trteesmpopntesdib tioli ttyr afcoer tthhee
cvoalpiydritigy hotf haolll dmerast eorfi aallsl mora ttehrei aclo rnesperqoudeuncceeds i nof t thhise ipr uubsleic. aTthioen a auntdh oarpso alongdi zpeu tbol icshoperysr ihgahvte h aotltdeemrsp itfe pde trom tirsascioe nt htoe
pcoupbylirsihg hint hthoilsd eforrsm of h aalsl mnoatt ebreieanl roebptraoidnuedce. dIf iann tyh cios ppyurbiglihcta tmioante arniadl ahpaos lnoogti zbee eton caocpkynroiwghletd hgoeldd eprlse aifs ep ewrrmities sainodn lteot
upus bklnisohw i nso t hwies fmoramy r heacst infyo ti nb eaenny ofubttuairnee rde.p Irfi annt.y copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted,
oErx cuetpilti zaesd p ienr manityt efodr mun dbye ra Uny.S e. lCecotproyrniigch, tm Leacwh,a nnoic apla, rot ro of tthheirs mboeoakn sm, nayo wb ek nreopwrinn toerd h, erreeparfotderu cinedve, ntrteadn,s minictltuedd-,
ionrg u ptihloizteodc oinpy ainnyg , fmorimcr obfyi lamniyn gel, eacntdro rneicco, rmdiencgh,a onri cina la, noyr iontfhoerrm mateiaonns s, tnoorwag ek noor wrent roire vhaelr seyasftteemr i, nwvietnhtoeudt, winrcitlutedn-
pinegr mphisostioocno fpryoimng t,h me ipcurbolfiislmheirnsg., and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(Fhotrt pp:/e/rwmwiswsi.coonp ytor igphhto.ctoocmo/p)y o ro cr ounstea cmt tahtee rCiaolp yelreigcthrto Cnliecaarllayn cfreo Cme nttheirs, Iwnco.r (kC, CpCle)a, s2e2 2a cRcoessesw wowodw D.croipvye,r Digahnt.vceorms,
M(htAtp 0:/1/9w2w3,w 9.7co8p-7y5r0ig-h8t4.0co0m. C/C) oCr ciso an tnaoctt- tfohre- Cproopfyitr iogrhgta Cnilzeaatriaonnc teh Caet nptreorv, iIdnecs. (lCicCenCs)e, s2 2a2n dR oresgewisotroadti Donr ifvoer, Da avnarvieertsy,
oMf Au s0e1r9s.2 F3o, r9 7o8r-g7a5n0iz-8a4ti0o0n.s C thCaCt hisa av en obte-efnor g-praronftietd o arg pahnoiztoatcioopny t lhicate npsreo vbiyd eths eli cCeCnCse,s a a snedp areragtiest sryastitoenm f oorf pa avyamrieentyt
hofa su bseeresn. Faorrra onrggeadn.izations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment
has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
iTdreandteifmicaatriko nN aontidc ee:x Pprlaondautciot nor w ciotrhpoourta itnet nenamt teos i mnfaryin bgee t.rademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Liu, Jian (Chemical engineer), editor. | Jiang, San Ping, editor.
NTNiatamlem:e Mse: sLe:si uoS,p uJoigaronau n(sCy mhaea,m tReirc.i,aa lal seu fnotghri onarde.ev ra)n, ceeddit oenr.e |r gJiya nstgo, rSaagne Panindg c, oendviteorrs.ion
TtTeictithlleen: o:M lBoegisgioe pdso a/r etoadu isitn om rmsa,t eJeirdainaic lLsa ifluo i,rm D aadepgvaaern tcpmerdoe ncetne oesfrs gCiynh sgetm o/ riRacga.e l S Eaunndggi acnoneneyvraien,r gsDi,oenpartment of
tF ea c cIhunnlftooylr oomgf iaSecsti io/e nendc Teit eoanrcsdh, JnEianonglo iLngieuye,,r DiTnehgpi, aaCrgtuamrrteainnjt aU orn fC iCvoehrlelsemitgyice, aP ole Efr tnEhg,ni WngeiAenr,einegr,ing, Madurai,
FAaucsutrltayl ioaf, SScaine nPcine ga nJida nEgn, gFiuneelesr ainngd, ECnuerrtginy TUencihvenrosliotyg,y P Ienrstthit, uWteA &,
AD ue pTstaarramtlmiiale,n nSata donuf P ,C iInhnged mJiiaaicn,a gSl, E.F nRugeailnsja eaernardimn Eg,n, DeCruegrypt aTiner tcUmhnneiovnleotr gsoiyft yIE,n PCsetEirttu,h tT,e W h&iAag,arajar College of
DA ue pEstanrragtlmiinae.enet roifn Cgh, eMmaicdaul rEani,g iTnaeemriinlnga, Cduur, tIinnd Uian,i vAer. sSityh,e Piekr tAhb, WduAll,ah, Department of
AD ue sIsTctrr,ai pTlitahio.iang: Baoracaja Rra Ctoonl,l eFLg e: C oRf CE Pnrgeisnse, Tearyinlogr, & M Fardanucrias iG, Troaump,i l2n0a1d7.u |, India.
DSDeeresicesrsci: prAitpi sotcinoi:e nBn:co Bec apo uRcbaalt ioRsnha,e FtrosL nb : ,oC oFRkLC | :IP nCrceRlsusCd, eT sPa byrleiobsrli so&,g F[r2arap0nh1ci8cisa] lG| r"reAofeu rspec,n 2ice0en1s7c.e | publishers
Sanerdi eins:d Aex s.cience publishers book | Includes bibliographical references
aI dn e dbn iotniofdikeerx."s. : |L ICnCclNu d2e01s6 b04ib2l5io0g9|r aISpBhNic 9a7l 8r1e4f9e8r7e4n7c9e9s8 (ahnadrd ibnadcke x: a. lk. paper) |
IIIdSdBeenNnt i9tfii7fei8er1sr:4s L9:C8 L7CC4N8C0 21N08 1 2(6e00-b41o27o50k04)96| 8IS1B9N | 9I7S8B14N9 8977478919183 (8h5ar5d7b2ac4k6 : (ahlka. rpdabpaerc)k | : alk. paper)
ISSSuBubNjbe jc9et7sc8:t 1Ls4C: 9LS8HC74:S 8EH0le1:c8 Dt (reiica-b gboanotokte)srtiiecs -im-Maagteinriga-l-sD. |a Ftuae lp creolclse--sMsiantegr.i a| lBs. i|g data.
SSCuolblaajres ccsteisfl:li csL-aC-MtSioHant:e :E rLlieaCclstC.r |i c RM bCeats7toe8pr.oi7er.soD-u-5Ms 3ma taSetr8eira5ila s2l.s 0|. 1Fu8e l| cDelDlsC-- M61at6e.r0ia7l/s5. |40285--dc23
SColalasrs icfeicllast-i-oMn:a LteCrCia lTs.K |2 M90e1s o.Mpo4r7o u2s0 1m7 a|t DerDiaCls .621.31/24240284--dc23
CLLClCa sr esricefoiccroadtr iadov naa:i vlLaaCbilClea abTtlK eh2 tat9pt0 s1h: /.t/Mtlpc4csn7:/ .2/lol0cc1c.7gn o|. vlDo/2Dc0.Cg16 o60v241/22.350101/9274024460288149- -dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042509
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
hVtitspit: /t/hwew Twa.ytlaoyrl o&r aFnrdanfrcains cWise.cbo smite at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
hanttdp t:/h/we CwRwC.c rPcrpersess Ws.ceobm site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Preface
This book covers the syllabus of the various courses like B.E./B.Tech
(Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Biomedical
Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering), MCA, M.Tech
(Computer Science and Engineering, Bio Medical Engineering), and other
courses related to department of medicine offered by various Universities
and Institutions. This book contains the importance of medical imaging in
modern health care community.
The chapters involved in this book provide solution for better diagnostic
capabilities. The book provides an automated system that could retrieve
images based on user’s interest to a point of providing decision support.
It will help medical analysts to take an informed decisions before planning
treatment and surgery. It will also be useful to researchers who are working
in problems involved in medical imaging.
The brief contents of this book chapter-wise are given below:
Chapter 1: Provides the importance and challenges of Big Data in Medical
Image Processing through Hadoop & Map reduce technique.
Chapter 2: Starts with Image Pre-processing, importance of speckle in
medical images, Different types of filter and methodologies. This chapter
presents how to remove speckle noise present in the low modality medical
images. Finally this chapter ends with discussion about metrics used for
speckle reduction.
Chapter 3: Contains the importance of medical image registration, mono
modal registration, multi modal image registration. This chapter also
covers the procedure involved in the image registration. This chapter
deals with optimization techniques like various similarity measures-
correlation coefficients and mutual information. Finally this chapter ends
with applications of medical image registration with corresponding sample
case study.
Big Data in Medical Image Processing
Chapter 4: This chapter begins with introduction on texture analysis and
importance of dimensionality reduction. This chapter discusses different
types of feature extraction for different medical imaging modalities.
Chapter 5: This chapter includes an introduction on machine learning
techniques and importance of supervised and unsupervised medical
image classification. This chapter discusses various machine learning
algorithms like Relevance feedback classifier, Binary vs. multiple SVM,
Neural network, Fuzzy classifier with detailed algorithmic representation
and simple pictorial representation. Finally this chapter concluded with
image retrieval and case study.
Features
This book has very simple and practical approach to make the readers
understand well. It provides how to capture big data medical images
from acquisition devices and doing analysis over it. Discuss an impact of
speckle (noise) present in the medical images, monitoring the various stages
of diseases like cancer and tumor by doing medical image registration.
It explains the impact of dimensionality reduction. Finally it acts a
recommender system for medical college students for Classifying various
stages involved in the diseases by using Machine learning techniques.
vi
Contents
Preface v
1. Big Data in Medical Image Processing 1
2. Image Processing 46
3. Image Registration 71
4. Texture Feature Extraction 95
5. Image Classification and Retrieval 125
References 190
Index 199
Authors’ Biography 201
1
Big Data in Medical Image
Processing
1.1 An Introduction to Big Data
Big data technologies are being increasingly used for biomedical and
healthcare informatics research. Large amounts of biological and clinical
data have been generated and collected at an exceptional speed and scale.
Recent years have witnessed an escalating volume of medical image data,
and observations are being gathered and accumulated. New technologies
have made the acquisition of hundreds of terabytes/petabytes of data
possible, which are being made available to the medical and scientific
community. For example, the new generation of sequencing technologies
enables the dispensation of billions of DNA sequence data per day, and
the application of electronic health records (EHRs) is documenting large
amounts of patient data. Handling out these large datasets and processing
them is a challenging task. Together with the new medical opportunities
arising, new image and data processing algorithms are required for
functioning with, and learning from, large scale medical datasets. This book
aims to scrutinize recent progress in the medical imaging field, together
with new opportunity stemming from increased medical data availability,
as well as the specific challenges involved in Big data. “Big Data” is a key
word in medical and healthcare sector for patient care. NASA researchers
coined the term big data in 1967 to describe the huge amount of information
being generated by supercomputers. It has evolved to include all data
streaming from various sources—cell phones, mobile devices, satellites,
Google, Amazon, Twitter, etc. The impact of big data is deep, and it will have
