Beginning Physics II: Waves, Electromagnetism, Optics and Modern Physics

546 Pages·1998·27.23 MB·English

by  Alvin Halpern

London
Emeritus
Lisbon Montreal
Delhi
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF
THEORY AND PROBLEMS
of
B E G I N " G PHYSICS 11
Waves, Electromagnetism, Optics,
and Modern Physics
ALVIN HALPERN, Ph.D.
Professor of Physics
Brook Zy n CoZ leg e
City University of New York
ERICH ERLBACH
Professor of Physics
City College
City University of New York
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES
McGRAW-HILL
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ALVIN Ph.D., Professor of Physics at Brooklyn College of
the City University of New York. Dr. has had extensive teaching
experience in physics at all college levels. elementary through He
was chairman of the physics department Brooklyn College for ten years,
and Vice President for Research Development at the Research Foundation
of CUNY for four years. He presently is Acting President of the Research
Foundation University Dean for Research.
ERICH ERLBACH, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Physics at The City
College of the City University of New York. He has had over 35 years of
experience in teaching physics courses at all levels. Dr. served as
chairman of the physics department City College for six years and served
as Head of the Honors College for over ten
years.
Schaum’s Outline of Theory of
BEGINNING PHYSICS I1 : Waves, Electromagnetism, Optics, and Physics
Copyright 0 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
United of America. Except as permitted Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
base or retrieval system, without the prior permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 PRS PRS 9 0 2 109 8
ISBN 0-07-025707-8
Sponsoring Editor: Barbara
Production Souffrance
Editing B. Walker
Library of Congress Catalogiag-in-PublicationD ata
Halpern, Alvin M.
Schaum’s outline of theory problems of beginning physics 11:
waves, electromagnetism, optics, physics/Alvin Halpern,
Erich Erlbach.
p. cm.- (Schaum’s outline series)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-025707-8
1. Physics. I. Erlbach, Erich. 11. Title.
QC23.H213 1998 98-24936
5304~21 CIP
McGraw -Hi22 E
A Division of The McGmwHill Companies
Bernard
This book is dedicated to
Edith Erlbach, beloved wife of Erich Erlbach
and
to the memory of Gilda and Halpern,
beloved parents of Alvin Halpern
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Preface
Beginning Physics II : Waves, Electromagnetism, Optics and Modern Physics is
intended to help students who are taking, or are preparing to take, the second half
of a first course that is quantitative in nature and focuses on
problem solving. From a topical point of view the book picks up where the first
volume, Beginning Physics I: Mechanics and Heat leaves off. Combined with volume
I it covers all the usual topics in a full year course sequence. Nonetheless, Beginning
Physics II stands alone as a second semester follow on textbook to any first
ter text, or as a descriptive and problem solving supplement to any second semester
text. As with Beginning Physics I, this book is to allow students
with relatively training in mathematics and science problem solving to quickly
gain quantitative reasoning skills as well as confidence addressing the subject of
physics. A background in High School algebra and the rudiments of trigonometry is
assumed, as well as completion of a first course covering the standard topics in
mechanics and heat. The second chapter of the book contains a mathematical
review of powers and logarithms for those not familiar or comfortable with those
mathematical topics. The book is written in a “user friendly” style so that those
who were of physics and struggled to succeed a first
course can gain mastery of the second semester subject matter as well. While the
book created a “coaxing” ambiance all the way through, the material is not
watered down ”. Instead, the text and problems seek to raise the level of students’
“
abilities to the point where can handle sophisticated concepts and sophisticated
problems, in the framework of a rigorous noncalculus-based course.
In particular, Beginning Physics II is structured to be useful to pre-professional
(premedical, predental, etc.) students, engineering students and science majors
taking a second semester course. It also is suitable for liberal arts majors
who are required to satisfy a rigorous science requirement, and choose a year of
physics. The book covers the material in a typical second semester of a two semester
physics course sequence.
Beginning Physics II is also an excellent support book for engineering and
science students taking a calculus-based physics The major stumbling block
for students in such a course is not calculus but rather the same weak background
in problem solving skills that faces many students taking non-calculus based
courses. Indeed, most of the physics problems found in the calculus based course are
of the same type, and not much more sophisticated than those in a rigorous non-
calculus course. This book will thus help engineering and science students to raise
their quantitative reasoning skill and apply them to physics, so that they can
more easily handle a calculus-based course.
ALVINH ALPERN
ERICHE RLBACH
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exploration the iaindntedea n ded
and book. student
opportunity
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as
book. good
material. supplementary the chapter
ultimate
stretching and
To the Student
The Preface gives a brief description of the subject matter level, the philosophy and
approach, audience for this Here we wish to give the
brief advice on how to use the book. Beginning Physics I1 consists of an inter-
weaving of text with solved problems that is intended to give you the to
learn example. The most effective way to gain mastery of
the subject is to go through each problem if it were an integral part of the text
(which it is). The last section in each chapter, called Problemfor Review and Mind
Searching, gives additional worked out problems that both review and extend the
material in the It would be a to try to solve these problems on your
own before looking at the solutions, just to get a sense of where you are in mastery
of the Finally, there are problems at end of the
which given only numerical answers. You should try to do as many of these as
possible, since problem solving is the test of your knowledge in physics. If
you follow this regime faithfully you will not only master the subject but you will
sense the of your intellectual capacity the development of a new
dimension in your ability. Good luck.
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Disturbance
Boundary
and
Mind
Logarithmic
Perception
Mind
Potential
of Distributions
Contents
Chapter I WAVE MOTION ................................................... 1
.......................................
1.1 Propagation of a in a Medium 1
.......................................................
1.2 Continuous Traveling Waves 7
.......................................
1.3 Reflection and Transmission at a 13
.....................................................
1.4 Superposition 18
...............................................
Problems of Review and 30
Chapter 2 SOUND ............................................................................ 37
............
2.1 Mathematical Addendum-Exponential and 37
2.2 Propagation of Sound-Velocity. Wave.Fronts. Reflection. Refraction. Diffrac-
................................................................
tion and Interference 42
.......................................................
2.3 Human of Sound 50
....................................................
2.4 Other Sound Wave Phenomena 53
..............................................
Problems for Review and 58
Chapter 3 COULOMB’S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELDS ............................ 64
.........................................................................
3.1 Introduction 64
.....................................................................
3.2 Electric Charges 64
......................................................................
3.3 Coulomb’s Law 68
...........................................................
3.4 The Electric Field-Effect 70
.........................................................
3.5 The Electric Field-Source 72
....................................................
3.6 The Electric Field-Gauss’ Law 80
..............................................
Problems for Review and Mind Stretching 90
Chapter 4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE ........................... 101
.....................................................
4.1 Potential Energy and 101
..................................................
4.2 Potential Charge 103
........................................
4.3 The Electric Field-Potential Relationship 105
.......................................................................
4.4 Equipotentials 110
................................................................
4.5 Energy Conservation 114
..........................................................................
4.6 Capacitance 117
.........................................................
4.7 Combination of Capacitors 120
................................................................
4.8 Energy of Capacitors 123
............................................................................
4.9 Dielectrics 125
..............................................
Problems for Review and Mind Stretching 128
Chapter 5 SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ............................................... 138
....................................................
5.1 Current. Resistance. Ohm’s Law 138
...........................................................
5.2 Resistors in Combination 143
................................................
5.3 EMF and Electrochemical Systems 146