Armour, C. L. 1991.

18 Pages·1998·0.3 MB·English

Biological Report 90 (22)
December 1991
Guidance for
Evaluating and
Recommending
Temperature Regimes
to Protect Fish
lnstream Flow
Information Paper 27
Riverine and Wetland
Ecosystems Branch
Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Biological Report
sih Tnoitacil bsuepires fo eht hsiF dna efildli Wecivr esSesirpm osctroper no eht stluser fo ,hcsrtaneesmeproleved
ni lacigo lsoyceevrus dn aseirotnevni fo stceffe fo esu-dn aslegnahc no yrehsif dna efil.dsleicwruoser
technology, and
yehT edulcni sgnideecorp fo ,spohskrow lacinhce t,secnerefnoc ro ;aisopmys dna eviter.psreeithnpiargoilbib
may
seipoC fo siht noitacilbup yam eb deniatbo morf eht snoitacilbuP ,tinU .S.U hsiF dnaefildliW
potS liaM ,.W.N ,teertS C 9481 ,ecivreS 130-ARLSQ, desahcrup eb yam ro ,04202 CD ,notgnihsaW
morf eht lanoitaN lacinhceT noitamrofnI ecivreS ,)SITN( 5825 troP layoR ,daoR ,dleifgnirpSAV
22161.
NSSI 0895- 6291
This publication may be cited as:
1991 .L lraC ,ruomrA . Guidance for Evaluating and Recommending Temperature Regimes to Protect Fish. U.S.
hsiF Wildl. .vreS , Biol. Rep. 90(22). 13 pp.
Contents
Page
Prefac e ........................................................... v
.stl uescenRar eelrouTtare plmaetTnemi rn eo:pi1xtEpO .................... 2
t odnluo htSa h)TTAW Me(rutarepm eeTgare vyAlke emWumixaM
dedeecxE eb d ...................................................
.erutarep mleaTviv r)uM STmSu(mi xmarMet-trohS .....................
em ieTrusop x n Efayotilaht e fLnooitamitsE ...........................
.erutarep meerTuso p rnxeoaE mfliaTvivruS ...........................
sega teSf iyL erK oefmig eeRrutarepm edTetalum i faSyotilibati u :Sn2oitpO ...
egakco lnBoitarg igMninwa p faSsotcef f fEnooitamitsE .................
em ieTcnegre mfnEooitamitsE ......................................
.doi rleaPc ie tt z daihianrtSaCw oh rseGilFin e nvfouoiJtamitsE ...........
noitpO :3 noitalupoP scitsitatS dna detciderP sesnopseRot
detalumiS erutarepmeT s ........................................... 10
g.neicdnualdcinuoGC ............................................... 11
tnemgdelwonkcA s .................................................. 13
Reference s ........................................................ 13
. . .
111
Biological Report 90 (22)
rebmec1e9D91
Guidance for Evaluating and Recommending
Temperature Regimes to Protect Fish
Instream Flow Information Paper 28
BY
lraC .LruomrA
.S.U Fish and Wildlife Service
National Ecology Research Center
4512 McMurray Avenue
Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
.S.U tnemtrapeD fo ehtroiretnI
hsiF d neafielcdilvirWeS
,notgnihsaW .C.D04202
Preface
,eda h,swo lgfnidulc nsirotc alfarev eydsbetcef fe arraet agwniwo lfsfoemig eerrutarepmeT lennahc .ygolohprom
and
smnaoeirtta Srteath lt eaergu ntsaaehrmceipgmeer tdna tceffa hsif nac e btluciffi do t.etaul asvi ehtTnemuc oldliwdia
stsigoloib ni gni zeyrluatnaare psmeemtiger dna gni ryalpl ea srcenpilonbihitcsaendtenfeemdm orcoefr hsif.noitcetorp
sihT troper sedulcni na noitanalpxe fo cisab erutarepmet ecnarelot snoitaler sulp eerht snoitpo rofgnipoleved
syel lps , p penno i kaliot e chtopamn hlgngnomtliotl nihuenarata.eirsomixesshrpihuhepntpftccosloiAdtadnemmocer
.seiceps
Guidance for Evaluating and Recommending Temperature
Regimes to Protect Fish
by
lraC .LruomrA
.S.U Fish and Wildlife Service
National Ecology Research Center
4512 McMurray Avenue
Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
Abstract. serudecorP era detneserp rof gnita uelrauvtearepmetemiger s rof .hsif hguohtlAselpmaxe
nnkoi oma goltonnartiiserhppcs suhcnyhrocnO( ,)ahcstywahst .seic erpe s hyotlt opspealpicn i erhpt
spih seencro nuicattiraaserlaleeBoprtmet r odfebircs ee drsanoit peoer hd tndaenialp xe erhas irfof
gnirapmoc evitanretla erutarepmetsemiger . ehT snoitpo era ot esab snosirapmoc nolatnemirepxe
erutarepme tecnarelot ,stluser ytilibatius fo a detalumi serutarepmet emiger rof yek efil ,segatsro
noitalu psocpitsitats dna detcider psesnopser ot detal.usmeirsutarepmet
eK y .sem iegreurtare pemveittanr e,telrautare prm ee,ttnaow mkloaosnihC
words:
retaW erutarepmet si eno fo eht tsom tnatropmi-norivne retaw seiceps nac ecudorper dna evivrusserutarepmet
o
l gasntrinot etchmcesafifff ayrF (,7n6 o9;s11n7i9h1ctuH rehgi hnaht03 C . Piperet al . ( )2891 detroper tahtretawdloc
o
.)6791 roF ,elpmaxe erutarepmet semiger ecneulfni-argim seiceps yllareneg nwaps ni serutarepmet woleb8.21 ,C
,noit gge ,noitarutam ,gninwaps noitabucni ,sseccus,htworg retawlooc seiceps ni serutarepmet neewteb4.4 o Cdna
-retni cd inefaviicte ip,tsyeatprimtloniciba dnaecnatsiser 6.51 o C, dna mraw retaw seiceps evoba6.51 o .C sihT-rofni
ot ,setisarap ,sesaesid dna .stnatullop A rojammelborp noitam setartsnomed a deen rof gnitaulaveerutarepmet
gnirednih esice rgpnidnatsrednu fo erutarepmet stceffesi stnem erroif u sqhee cirs ateeeii slceuaerarpacesenbeogot
-l u hmesicisnfeu lsyfranom itlcaatfnemnor i yvtnnaaehmt .esicerpmi
ylsuoenat .giF( .)1 ,eromrehtruF emos srotcafnoitcnuf
eerhT snoitpo rof gnipoleved erutarepmet semigerot
ecfnoe u sl ekfyhsnltaitmneuqe sh nc,oiychlwlacitsigrenys
tcet ohrspif deerba i,recr s eyedhldeisraabm inrop-irepxe
laudividni.snoitaler
semi gyfetorilibat i,usstlu seecrnare leortutarep mleattnem
nehW lareneg erutarepmet stnemeriuqer era-disnoc
rof yek efil ,segats d nn aosictiatlsuiptoa ptdsnadetciderp
,dere hsif nac eb depuorg otni ,retawdloc ,retawloocro
sesnopser ot detalumis.serutarepmet
re tsaewimrroag weetlabcaT( .)1 nosnakoH dnaregniseiB
snoitad ndeemvmiorceedR morf eseht snoitpo yameb
dehsilbupnu( )troper detroper eht tsehgih naemylkeew
deilppa ot smaerts taht era ro lliw eb detceffa yblennahc
serutarepmet ni eht .dleif roF %59 fo eht atad ,steseht
,snoi t,ascniofiisdro emrviiodvres e,rsesaeler rogniniojda
tseh geighareva naem syelrkueteawre prmo,efrtetawdloc
hcihw fo lla ,lavomer noitategev sa hcus secitcarp esu-dnal
,retawlooc dna retawmraw seiceps erewyletamixorppa
o o o niatrep selpmaxe hguohtlA .semiger erutarepmet retla yam
22 ,C92 ,C dna03 .yle v ,ieCth cTselpesveerl fo-cus
ssec dna htlaeh fo eht hsif erew t,odnetnemuc oodseno ot gnir pksoonihcomlas n (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha),
eht selpicnirp ylppa ot rehto hsif .seicepsnoitamrofnI
cannot assume that the temperatures represent each
o detneserp ereh nac eb desu ni noitcnujnoc htiwerutarepmet
s’yrogetac reppu stimil rof .sseccus roF ,elpmaxe22 C
dluow eb deredi senvoicssecxe rof noitcudorper dna-orp seiduts debircsedi n Instream Flow Information Paper 13
degnol sseccus fo .sdinom l,ayslesrevnoCiatrec n warm- wolohtraB(.)9891
1
2 B IOLOGICA L R TROPE 09)22(
Genetic adaptatio n pH
(geographic variation) \ doirepotohP
Fig. 1. s eel mp somfr Saootxtaech atn-fauclfni
- eerrutarepm eohtts ifefosnops ee rhetcne
- lanosaeS mdoer ifnf oisiditoamm r .oesfhenTmiig
nosnihctuH.)6791(
\
\ eelgcaytcs-efiL
Diet
Parasites and
diseases
erutarepmeT secnarelot nac ebeyalpsid d lanogylo pani fo noitamilcca gniwollof erutarepmet noitamilcca nevig a
nrettap .giF( )2 gnitacidni gnidaol level dna gnitibihnilevel .erutarepmet
senoz .giF( .)3 snoitinifeD fo smret detaicossa htiweht Line of equality (LE). eniL ta a54 o elgna ot eht-met
snogylop.wollof n oei rtgu ant ymiastitriilnexlcepaacsuaeqr epfeor-ilcca
noitam dna esnopser.serutarepmet
Acclimation temperature. erutarepmeT ni eht-relot Final preferendum (FP). lautnevE eciohc fo-arepmet
rof ot desopxe yllatnemirepxe era hsif tset taht enoz ecna erut e neovzitcepserr ifo noitam.iylrcoctasih
larev essya derofeb aecnar.etlsoett
Upper incipient lethal temperature (UILT). The up-
Option 1: Experimental Temperature
rep erutarepmet taht %05 ytilatrom si devresbo rofa
nevig noitamilcca .erutarepmet ehT TLIUsesaercni Tolerance Results
htiw noitamilcca serutarepmet ot a tniop tahtrehgih
noi tsaemriultcacraepme tevah on.tceffe latnemirepxE erutarepmet stluser rof a seiceps elbaT()2
Lower incipient lethal temperature (LILT). The nac eb desu ht i dsw)eedtreautltcuaimrdiee sprrmpoe(fta
erreuwtoalr etpamhett % 0y5tilatro msi devresb orofa wen emiger ot etaulave elbissop .stceffe fI siht noitposi
nevig noitamilcca.erutarepmet ,detnemelpm i,revewoh noituac si yrassecen esuaceb-xe
Upper ultimate incipient lethal temperature s t l -ln addua,teusc sntle ereccryrbomenbetifihcrftaeaofp
(UUILT). ecnare lh oc etitrhauwtarep mtesteh geihhT yrt s ,i. rhmx,d eteennytg hso aa an,csgdhweeanslzeiiisfs
seod ton esaercni hti wgn insoaietracmn-iialrcecpamet tnatuoC( 1970), ro yb ,esaesid citeneg ,noitairav dnaeht
.serut nO a ,nogylop siht erutarepmet si tnatsnocdna efil elcyc egats .giF( .)1 roF emos seicepserutarepmet
lellarap ot eht noitami lecrcuatarepmet.sixa stnemeriuqer fo selinevuj dna stluda yrav.ylbaredisnoc
Temperature of instantaneous death (TID). snneo esiet ut hfs aastoiecip-hg rur Tataoeocvrftegflieds
erutar eepdmiesTtuo eht ecnarelot enoz ta hcihwhtaed tne tatib.ashepyt
si.suoenatnatsni sno ilmta oine rnoesfiirmfthreiTeddtd ani elbaT 2lliw
Acute thermal preferendum (AP). laitinI eciohcfo n odt. esiea1nrntshiaoputiOt as r uihoeqssfheaitblbatse
Growth optimum (GO). erutarepmeT rednu-nemirepxe
elbaT .1 Some examples of fish that can be grouped into lat snoitidnoc ta hcihw htworg ,setar desserpxe sathgiew
n i rtale ig ap,r.n fm eoeueeoiemfgrhxfiaataittmls
coldwater, coolwater, or warmwater categories.
Zero net growth (ZNG). serutarepmeT rednu-irepxe
Coldwater retawlooC Warmwater latnem snoitidnoc ta hcihw suoenatnatsni htworgdna
ytilatrom setar rof snoitalupop era .lauqe htworGsetar
koorBtuort nrehtroN pike Bluegill -nemnor i rvfonoteaci dlnli a d ro eeetnrbvaeodis neorca
nworBtuort Sauger nworBdaehllub lat ytilauq dna ylgnimees era eht tsom evitisnesfo
koonihCnomlas Walleye lennahChsiftac dyelsr safeliru pc,xisetnroa ipetccnnaumf rsouforierpav
ohoCnomlas wolleYhcrep daehtalF hsift ac sa orez ten htworg nehw doof si ton gnitimi lsgnurB(dna
niatnuoMhsifetihw drazziGdahs
Jon1e9s7 7).
kniPnomlas htuomegraLssab
wobniaRtuort htuomllamSssab Physiological optimum (PO). erutarepmeT rednu-xe
latnemirep snoitid ngoncitamixorppa taht rofmumitpo
eyekcoSnomlas
,htworg ,animats traeh ,ecnamrofrep dnaehto r func-
EVALUATING AND RECOMMENDING TEMPERATURE R EGIME S 3
UUILT
Fig. 2. eercuntaarreelpomteT sesnop sreorf a
%01 ytilatrom h.Ths ilfacitehtopyh e area represents
dotted
FP eht enoz fo lamreht ecnarelot tterB(;0691
tnatuoC ;0791 gnilboJ 891 .)1 PA =etuca
,ytilau qfeo-e n E,i=Lmludnerefe rlpamreht
%05 mortality TLIL = rewol tneipicni lahte,lerutarepmet
FP , m= uTd LnlIeaUrnUeiff e=rp rep-piutlu
etam tneipicni lahteelrutarepmet , TID -=met
Rr,T ehZ=w tLosalueodenatn ae trfsuontiarep
enoz fo la m,reechntatsise rdna RTZU =-pu
rep enoz fo .leacmnraeths tieshseTersnopser
LILT
nac yrav nihtiw dna neewt esbeicepessuaceb
-lualtfnneimn o,rsievcnnee rce ifftfoeindeg
,secne dna rehto ,srotcaf gnidulcni ehtefil
.eg ae th dsTaeedrn auyobb eyhtt i%l0a5trom
enil si eht enoz fo lam.reechntarelot
noitamilccAerutarepmeT
Loading level
Inhibiting level
Fig. 3. lac in tor egoehyf rtlauootppayrhepmeT
hsif hti wgnida ollevel dgnnaiti.bsiehnnoiz
-bi h ennhiith tsirwu cncooitcudor plearmroN
gnit ilevel e ndoezrapmo cot lamrhotnworg
nihtiw eh tgnid aloelvel eno ztter.B)(0691
ACCLIMATION TEMPERATURE
e t desnabuommitalup i,tdsered i ns Oen.sPhosiWcnoit nac eb detamitse y bgnignarra eerht:noitauqe
rehtehw ti si ro f ,lsanroeinteigdn oac cifniocietpcsnuf
,)gninwaps(o r na .e)gealinevuj( .PF-OP2=OG
f In o O,i,Prt nean (wguos onqsidn iennk)saan1ekuioBH(
eht fi eulav eht etamitse ot desu eb nac )troper dehsilbupnu ,oslA eht gniwollof noisserger snoitauqe gnilboJ( 891)1
PF dna sOeGrutare pemreat:nwonk sfeilbai r)na1ov(ita ursqoeefu leatvam i d ntoeeastsbceu
latnem inroeiptxaemrofni si:elbaliava
.w+oG=Op
2 PF (=1 .05()G O ) - 0.53, (2)
TLIUU = 67.0 )OG( + ,18.31dna (3)
,y lf giynniawdtroccA o selbairav era ,nwonk ehtdriht UUILT = 0.66 (FP) + 16.43. (4)
4 LACIGOLOIB TROPER 90 (22)
elbaT2 . Experimental temperature response data for esaercni htiw gnisaercni noitamilcca-arepmet
s.egriu.Ft)(2
juvenile chinook salmon.
erutarepmeT rof%05 fI TO si ,nwonknu eht tniopdim fo adednemmocer
noitamilccA erutarepmet ytilatrom ”( /a )C egnar nac eb desu sa na .noitamixorppa roF,elpmaxe
o
(o )C reppU Lower nosliW te .la )78 9d1e(trope rtaht8.01 C si ehttniopdim
d eefdgonn earhemrothm kfwtoeoo clorfeingorniehvcuj
5.0 - 21.5 .nomlas yB gnitutitsbus 8.01 rof TO ni noitauqe )5(dna
10.0 0.8 24.3 gnimussa TLIUU ot dnopserroc ot eht tsehgih lahtel-hserht
15.0 2.5 25.0 (25.1 old Odetaluclac si TAWM evitavresnoc a )2 elbaT ;C
20.0 4.5 25.1 : sswaollof
h tmwuomriGtpo ”( )C 8.41 tterB( te .la)2891
htwo rtg eonreZ ”( )C 1.91 reppUnosnakoH( TAWM = 8.01 + 25.1 - 8sol ,
3
,regni sdeniaB
o
dehsilbupnu b\)troper = 10.8 + 4.8 = 15.6 C.
nosna kro eH5w(.o4L
,regni sdeniaB tterB te .la )2891( detroper na lamitpo tniopdimfo
o
dehsilbupnu report)\b 8 e.fg 4ond1aerdnemmocer -id nloactnemire prxe edCnu
mudneref elrapniF ”( )C 7.11 nosnakoH(dna sd6e1 e sTc.,iAx 2ehWe= .uTM s8l hi1a.thvsitnWoit o C
Biesinger, taht resieR dna nmojB )9791( detroper sa eht reppuegnar
dehsilbupnu b\)troper
timil rof aksalA hsif taht ylbis seorpiuqer rewol-arepmet
lmaucmiigtoplOoisyhP ”( )C 6.31 nosnakoH(dna
tures.
Biesinger,
noi tf aoTtAe Wr. MpsdeteriehauetThltatan lviauclac
dehsilbupnu b\)troper
desab no latnemirepxe atad si eht reppu erutarepmet-cer
dednem mroof a cific eepfsi l.egats ehT TnAoWiMretirc
morF/a tn as tenu liolbCaamt reht ( 1972)
ehT /sbrohtua did to netaci d,neicar tub eht syelublaam vudsleuropweb nac eb desu ot etaulave eh tytilibatpecca foserutarepmet
evitatneserp errof gnirps koonihc.nomlas .)semiger wolf evitanretla ,.g.e( snoitidnoc etis tnereffid rof
roF l,aecl ip atmneaa hxey temlmokupemyeihwx-ammet
serutarep dluoc eb detalumis rof evitanretl amaertsswolf
evitcepseR r seulav rof snoitauqe (2), (3). dna )4(era elbaT( .)3 ,nehT a kcehc dluoc eb edam ot tciderp fieht
o
,739.0 ,668.0 dna 088.0 gnilboJ( .)1891 esehTylevitaler TAWM fo6.51 C rof gnirps elinevuj koonihcnomlas
hgih seulav etacidni taht a doog raenil noitalerstsixe dluow eb ;dedeecxe TAWM dluow eb dedeecxe rofeht
neewteb selbairav ni eht.snoitauqe .w o sl0ff5c9
selp mesar nx ufoEetoima tirtageauephlrmtadevlteuoc
eb ,edam desab no esoht detroper yb tnatuoC )2791(dna
Short-term Maximum (STM)
sgnurB dna senoJ ,)7791( era debircsed sa.swollof
Survival Temperature
Maximum Weekly Average Temperature -arep mmeutmi x)esaMh imTtmSu(mi xmarmet-trohS
,erut desab no latnemirepxe ,atad taht %05 fo eht hsifdluoc
(MWAT) That Should not be Exceeded
sa emas eht si ti ;)ssel ro h 42 ,.e.i( emit trohs a rof evivrus
latne meirruetpa xrnEeopimteatmrofni si aetisiuqererp eht tneipicni lahtel .erutarepmet ehT eulav nac eb-itse
rof na TAWM ,noitaulave dna eht noitamrofni tsumeb detam yb gnisu eht noit asugqneurB( dna senoJ:)7791
elbaliava rof a cificeps efil egats ,.g.e( elinevuj;gniraer
2).Table m if gt oMo=TlS e - a (6)
ehT noitauqe rof na TA WnMoitaluclac:si b ,
TAWM = TO + ;“‘“ - ,TO )5(
elbaT .3sU e of the MWAT criterion to evaluate tempera-
tures for spring juvenile chinook salmon.
where
evitanretlA swolf)sfc(
1,500 1,200 950
ralu c ei rrteourhftatapre pl maTem Otid te=ptor oaper
detalumiS naemylkeew
efil egats r o,noitcnudfna
maximu m erutarepmet (” C) 14.2 14.9 19.7
TLIUJ_I = eht upper erutarepmet taht ecnarelot seodton TA WsMI exceeded? No No Yes
E VALUATIN G R ECOMMENDIN G T EMPERATUR E R EGIME S 5
AND
nsaetun insemiimiT d a dna b are noissergernoitauqe Estimation of Lethality of an Exposure Time
stnatsnoc morf latnemirepxe seiduts elbaT(.)4
ecniS noitauqe )6( sesserpxe %05 lavivrus rof anevig noitauqE )6( nac eb degnarraer tnatuoC( )2791 ot-itse
o
noitamilcca ,erutarepmet a2 C ytefas ,nigram sa-gus etam fi a n eevmiig te-rtursoohps xdeluow eb:lahtel
tnatu oydCbetseg ,)2791( meMdohTertStfca rn taebcbus
erutarepmet ot evired eht detciderp eulav rof %001-rus
emit
12
laviv elbaT(.)4 [a + b erutarepmet( O + C 2” ])C (7)
10
a-emitgoJmS = im 044,1 fo emit gol n - 9 .31 55 , fI eht detaluclac eulav si lauqe ot ro ssel naht ,1eht
b - 0.3 107 erusopxe dluow ton eb .lahtel sA na elpmaxe fognisu
= 3 .158 4 - 9 .3155 equatio n (7), a dna b seulav elbaT( )4 rof eht ’51 C
-0.3107 ’ noitamilcca erutarepmet era 4544.61 dna ,4635.0--cepser
= 19.8’ C. .ylevit gnimussA taht elinevuj koonihc nomlas dluoweb
desopxe rof 6 h 063( )nim ot a erutarepmet fo 27” ,Ceht
- u dl el aobunvtooecire t niMeforThoicSttacil pepnaO noitaluclac dluow:eb
seruotfa r deyepttmi aelfltiou bmeait tsaephetcca r alterna-
eehstop p,ueslpm alxaeciteht o r p.oaysFhemi gwe orelvfit
360 360
noitamilcca erutarepmet rof gnirps elinevuj koonihcnomlas
o J6.4454 + (- 0.5364) (27 + 2) = J6.4454 - 15.55 56
t us0oi1ba lav il Mva%rTrc 0oSui0fst1 e Cr doenehahtt
o
si9.12 C elbaT( .)4 desaB ndoetal uhm-i4ms2umixam
= 360 _
seruta r eervpoimfteat nsrweotllfalbaT( e 5), ehtdetciderp 360 or 46.3983.
,,0.8898 7.7589
lav idvlruuosw eb ssel naht %001 rof 059 s fecsuaceebht
MTS dluow eb.dedeecxe esuaceB 3893.64 si retaerg naht ,ytinu sihterusopxe
y lndb olad .iubeel so otbasuwsrrhilipoythcpbeTnploucs
eht latnemirepxe stluser fo tterB ( 1952), ohw dnuof tahteht
elbaT .4 Temperature data for spring juvenile chinook TLI UsUa w1.52 O2).(Table C
salmon.
detaluclaC mret-trohS Survival Time for an Exposure Temperature
mret-trohs erutarepmet o
72 ta emit lavivrus detcepxe ehT ytilatrom %05 htiw C
Acclimation maximum rof%001
detami t neseabercutarep mn e edtt veaaitgamil chc sarioff
temperature erusopxe survival
yb eht gniwollof noitauqe tnatuoC( ;2791 sgnurB dna
(” /a)C a b temperatur e (” /b)C (” C)c/
Jo1n9e7s7 ):
5 9.3155 - 7013.0 19.8 17.8
10 16.4595 - 5755.0 23.9 21.9 ) e=m igto(l a + b )erutarepmet( (8)
15 4544.61 - 0 .5364 24.8 8.22
20 22.9065 - 1167.0 26.0 24.0 erehw a dna b are naem noisserger stnatsnoc elbaT( .)4roF
24 18.9940 - 2995.0 26.4 24.4 d ehtsaimfi ltcaca51 o ,C gnis u sniohit tdaluuqtoelwuser
in:
noitamrofnI/a from lamreht selbat ni tnatuoC ( 1972).
o
tsuM/b eb ,detaluclac taht ,si eht MTS eulav rof5 C si nwohs.woleb
c/Must eb ,detaluclac rof ,elpmaxe eulav rof8.91 o C =.91 8 - 2= (gol emit ) = 16.4454 + (- 0.5364 ) (27),
o
8.71 .C = 16.4454 - 14.4828,
= 1.9626,
mit e = golitna,6269.1
elbaT5 . Use of the STM criterion to evaluate temperature = 7.19 nim erofeb gnihcaer%05
for spring juvenile chinook salmon. detciderp.ytilatrom
evitan rsewtollAf)sfc( fI s’tnatuoC )2791( nigram fo ytefas fo2 o C si desuot
1,500 1,200 950
etamitse eht emit taht hsif dluoc etarelot ehterusopxe
n o,niyo tti feait eohcl atutiahuulfttqoairiehvdowtomimw
detalumiSh-42
)d8l(u:oewb
mumixam erutarepmet (” C) 16.5 16.9 23.6
sITS M ?dedeecxe oN oN Yes
golemit( ) = 16.4454 + (- 0.5364) (27 + 2),