Table Of ContentA
ANTON PILLAR ORDER AS A WEAPON OF PROTECTION
OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
“The scope of intellectual property rights is very wide. The field
encompasses such legal concept as trade marks, patents, designs
as well as copyright. All these legal concepts deal in one way or
the other with the protection of the fruits of man’s creative
efforts. The man who thinks up a distinctive and original name,
device or get-up to market his goods in order to make the goods
easily recognizable or even more attractive to the average
purchaser, and had over a period of time procured through the
quality of his goods substantial goodwill for the name, device or
get up, deserves some protection for such name, device or get-up,
and he is indeed protected by the law of trade marks. The man
who spends money, energy, ingenuity and time in conducting
research and inventing a new machine, discover a new device or
process is protected by the law of patents. The man who designs
a new shape for a motor car or settee or designs a new patterns
for textiles is also creative. He is protected by the law of designs.
The man who writes a new song, or story, or the architect who
designs a unique building are all creative. They on their part are
protected by the law of copyright”
The above is an attempt to present in a nutshell what intellectual property is about.
However, apart from Patents, Designs, Trade Mark and Copyright there are other
legal concepts which are often treated as species of intellectual property. These
include trade secretes, confidential information and breach of trust.
1
2. W.R. Cornish: Intellectual Property; 3rd Edition pgs 5-6
1
The various aspects of intellectual property rights differs in purpose and detailed
rules. Each can be studied as a special legal subject. However, they all share one
fundamental common feature, and that is that the rights protected by them are
negative in nature, they are rights to stop others from doing certain things – rights in
other words, to stop piracies, counterfeiters, imitators or even in some cases third
parties who have independently reached the same ideas, from exploiting without the
licence of the rightowner.2
Intellectual property protects applications of ideas and information that are of
commercial value. The subject is growing in importance, especially in the
advanced industrial countries, as the fund of exploitable ideas becomes more
sophisticated and as the hopes for successful economic future comes to depend
increasingly upon superior corpus of new knowledge and fashionable concepts.
There has recently been a great deal of political and legal activities designed to
assert and strengthen the various types of protection for ideas.
The above statement is equally applicable to Nigeria as an integral part of the
world intellectual property community to the extent that our future economic
fortune depends to a large extent on the volume of new knowledge and exploitable
idea at our disposal. However, whilst the developed countries and some
developing countries especially in Asia continue to engage in a flurry of activities,
legal and political, targeted at strengthening
2
2
the protection afforded to intellectual properties, the same cannot be said about
Nigeria. There seems to be an insufficient appreciation of the key position of
intellectual property in the developmental process of a nation and of the fact that
the level of development of a state is a reflection of the knowledge and ideas at its
disposal and the use it is able to make of them.
Information technology is fast changing the face of the world with its unending
vistas of possibilities and the great challenges it posses to intellectual property law.
Nigeria as most countries in Africa is clearly lagging behind.
The only way to encourage the growth of new ideas and search for productive
knowledge is for the inventors, the creators and researchers to have full confidence
that whatever they come up with will be adequately protected by effective legal
machinery so as to justify the resources, financial and otherwise, expended in their
efforts.
By law, there are diverse remedies, which are tailored at addressing the
infringement of different species of intellectual property rights. These include
damages, accounts of profit and injunction. There are also reliefs under the
criminal law.
However, the most effective and therefore the most frequently sought remedy is the
injunction3. Even, then, one specie of injunction, that is, Anton pillar order,
stands out as an invaluable weapon in the armoury of an intellectual property
lawyer and rightowner. This is a product of its flexibility (as an equitable remedy)
as well as the stage of its intervention.
o international
3
3
3
In this paper, an attempt will be made to consider briefly some of the principal
branches of intellectual property rights and their infringement.
Other traditional remedies and their shortcomings, injunctions generally, the Anton
pillar order, its historical and procedural context, its relation to other aspects of law
like constitutional law and the law of evidence and needs for safeguard. The paper
will conclude by highlighting some attendant problems and suggested solutions.
SOME HEADS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
1. COPYRIGHT
Principally, the law regulating copyright in Nigeria today is the Copyright Act Cap
68 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990. Before the Act, there had been the
Copyright Act 19114 and the Copyright Act 1970.
In Nigeria, as in most commonwealth jurisdictions, Copyright law is largely
4.
statutory. There is also a general body of case law amplifying the statutory
provisions. Apart from municipal laws, there are als For a further consideration of
these conventions see (a) Shahid Atiku: International Dimension of Copyright Protection – the
Global Perspective at page 15 of Copyright law and administration in Nigeria edited by Prof. E.E.
Uvieghara (b) Judesola Akande: International Dimension of Nigeria Copyright Law at page 55 of
Copyright Law and administration in Nigeria Ed. – Prof. Uvieghara.
5. Black’s law Dictionary, 5th Edition page 304.
6. Lahore: Intellectual property in Australia: copyright [Sidney Butterworhs] 1977 page 80. See also S
1(2)(a) of the Copyright Act LFN 1990.
4
conventions, which impact upon the administration of Copyright law. The two
major international treaties on copyright are the Bern Convention of 1888 as well
as the Universal Copyright Convention 19525.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines copyright as:
“the right of literary property as recognised and sanctioned by positive
law. An intangible incorporeal right granted by statute to the author
or originator of certain literary or artistic production, whereby he is
invested for a limited period, with the sole and exclusive privilege of
multiplying copies of the same and publishing and selling them”.6
The subject matter of copyright in Nigeria can be found in Section 1 of the
copyright Act. By that section, works that are eligible for copyright are literary
works, musical works, artistic works, cinematographic films, sound recordings and
broadcasts.
However, for copyright to subsists in any of the works listed above, some other
conditions must be satisfied.
In the first instance, the work must be “original”. Originality is a fundamental
principle of copyright. It is in fact regarded as the basis of the protection given by
the law of copyright to particular forms of expression.7
4
7. Lahore: Op. Cit page 81
8. Holmes Vs. Hurst 174 U.S. 82, 19 SC 606 (1899)
9. (1916) 2 Ch.d. 601 at 608; see page 3 Intellectual Property Case Books (Copyright) edited by Professor
W.R. Cormish.
5
Originality in this regard, however, does not connote originality of ideas, concepts,
facts or opinions. Copyright exists only in the form in which these are expressed
such as written words, musical notation, drawings and so on 8 . As stated by Mr.
Justice Brown of the U.S. Supreme Court :
“The right thus secured by copyright Act is not a right to the use of certain words,
because they are the common property of the human race, and are as little
susceptible of private appropriation as air or sunlight; nor is it the right to ideas
alone, since in the absence of means of communicating them they are of value to
no one but the author. But the right is to that arrangement of words, which the
author has selected to express his idea.... The subject or property is the order of
words in the author’s composition, not the words themselves, they being analogous
to the element of matter, which are not appropriated unless combined, nor the ideas
expressed by those words, they existing in the minds alone which is not capable of
appropriation”9
However, originality does not require that the idea expressed in the work be
necessarily novel or new, it being sufficient that the author contribute something
more than a mere trivial variation, something recognizably his own. In the words
of Peterson J. in University of London Press Ltd. V. University Tutorial Press
Ltd.:10
“The word original does not in this connection mean that the work must be the
expression of original or innovative thought. Copyright Acts are not
5
11. Copinger and Skone James on Copyright – 1st Edition para 116 at pg. 44.
12. Ibid.
13. Lahore Op. Cit. Page 38
14. 8 Fed. Cas. 615; Story U.S. Rep. 8/768 (1848)
15. (1923) 40 T.L.R. 186
6
concerned with the originality of idea, but with the expression of thought and in
case of “literary work” with the expression of thought, in print or writing. The
originality, which is required, relates to the expression of the thought. But the Act
does not require that the expression must be in an original or novel form, but that
the work must not be copied from another work – that it should originate from the
author.”
Where the author makes use of pre-existing material, it becomes necessary to
determine whether he has employed sufficient independent skill and labour to
justify copyright for his result.11 According to Copinger and Skone James, in
determining whether a work is original and entitled to copyright, the work must be
looked at as a whole and if notwithstanding that the author has used existing
material he has expressed sufficient independent skill and labour, he will be
entitled to copyright protection for his work 12. Also, if an author “by using pre-
existing material, produces a work such as an anthology, abridgement, directory,
map or translation, his labour, skill and judgement must be such as to produce a
work which has some quality which distinguishes it from the raw materials used,
and it is this labour, skill and judgement which must not be appropriated by
another13.
In this regard, the statement of Justice Storey of United State in Emerson Vs
Davies 14 adopted by Lord Atkinson in Macmillan & Co. Ltd. V. K. J. Cooper 15 is
instructive. According to Justice Storey:
6
“The work of the Plaintiff is in my judgement, new and original, in the sense in
which these words are to be understood in the cases of copyright. The question is
7
not whether the materials which are used are entirely new and have never been
used before or even that they have never been used before for the same purpose.
The true question is, whether the same plan, arrangement and combination of
materials have been used before for the same purpose or for any other purpose. If
they have not, then the Plaintiff is entitled to a copyright, although he may have
gathered hints for his plan and arrangements, from existing and known sources.
He may have borrowed much of his materials from others, but if they are combined
in a different manner from what was in use before…, he is entitled to a copyright
…. In truth, in literature, in science and in art, there are and can be, few, if any,
things which in an abstract sense, are strictly new and original throughout. Every
book in literature, science and art, borrows, and must necessarily borrow and use
much which was well known and used before. No man, creates a new language for
himself, at least if he be a wise man, in writing a book. He contents himself with
the use of language already known and used and understood by others. No man
writes exclusively from his own thoughts, unaided and uninstructed by the thought
of others. The thoughts of everyman are more or less a combination of what other
men have thought and expressed, although they may be modified, exalted, or
improved by his own genius or reflection. If no book could be the subject of
copyright which was not new and original in the element of which it is composed
there could be no ground for any copyright in modern times, and we should be
obliged to ascend very high, even in antiquity, to find a work entitled to such
eminence .... It is a great mistake to suppose, because all the materials of the work
or some parts of its plan and arrangements and modes of illustration may be found
7
16. Supra
17.
Per Peterson J. at pg. 609 of the report.
18. See Section 126 Copyright Act.
8
separately, or in a different form or in a different arrangement in other distinct
works, that therefore, if the plan or arrangement or combination of these materials
in another work is new, or for the first time made, the author or compiler, or framer
of it (call him what you please) is not entitled to copyright”.
In considering the originality of a work, the brevity of the time used in producing it
is immaterial. In the University of London Press Ltd. Vs. University Tutorial Press
Ltd.16 It was suggested that the time spent in producing the work amongst other
things should be a test for subsistence of copyright. Dismissing this view, Peterson
J. said:
“If time expended is to be the test; the rapidity of an author like
Lord Byron in producing a short poem might be an impediment
in the way of acquiring copyright; and, the complete his mastery
of his subject; the smaller would be the prospect of the author’s
success in maintaining his claim to copyright”17
In addition to a work being original, the copyright Act also requires that it be fixed
in any definite medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced
or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of any machine or
device18. As can be gathered from the above. Copyright does not subsist in ideas or
thought. For a work to attract copyright protection, it must have been reduced to
one form of concrete expression or the other.
Furthermore, for a work to qualify for copyright, it must have been produced by a
qualified person under S. 2(1) or it must have originated in Nigeria in
8
19. Schedule 1 Copyright Act and S. 2(2)(3)(4)
20. Ibid.
21. See S. 10(3) Copyright Act.
9
accordance with Section 3 or must have been made by or under the direction or
control of Government or a state authority in line with Section 4 of the Copyright
Act.
The rights afforded by Copyright is subject to temporal limitation. For this
purpose, copyright works are broadly categorized into two by the Act. The first
category has literary, musical or Artistic works. Here, copyright runs for the life of
the author plus seventy years from the end of the calendar year in which he dies. In
case of government or corporate bodies, Seventy years after the end of the
Calendar year in which the work was first published.19 The second category has
cinematograph films, photographs, sound recordings and Broadcasts. Here
copyright runs for fifty years from the end of the calendar year in which the work
was first published, recorded or broadcast. 20
Subject to the exceptions stated therein, initial ownership of copyright is vested by
Section 9 of the Act in the author of the work. S 10 of the Act makes provisions
for transfer of copyright either by transmission, testamentary disposition or by
operation of law as a movable property. However, no assignment of copyright and
no exclusive licence to do an act the doing of which is controlled by copyright
shall have effect unless it is in writing21 though no specific form is prescribed.
9
22. Ss. 5, 6 & 7 of the Copyright Act Cap. 68 LFN 1990
23. See Generally also 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 of the Act for various Civil and Criminal remedies.
10
Description:The above statement is equally applicable to Nigeria as an integral part of the remedies and their shortcomings, injunctions generally, the Anton.
